History

A little of history

Ecology and environmental factors

Ecology

Elements of ecology
and ecosystem definition

Environmental factors

Hypogean habitats

Hypogean abiotic environmental factors

Trophic and biospeleological categories

Biotic factors and trophic resources

Trophic resources
and trophic classification of the caves

Biospeleological categories

Trogloxenes, troglophiles
and troglobites

Hypogean evolution

What's the evolution?

The evoluzionistic theories

Hereditariness

Mechanisms of hereditariness

Natural selection

Factors of selection

Characteristics of the hypogean organisms

Adaptations to the darkness,
humidity and stenohygry ,
reproductive adaptations

Biogeography

Biogeography

Object of the Biogeography

Distribution of living organisms

Endemites and glacialism

Endemites of the Piemonte and the Valley of Aosta