Rerum Naturae Exillandschaften The lyrical nature of Viola's painting
Norwid is a biographic hint, a mere scrap from wich a possible existence should emerge. Norwid, the poet whose very slow habits are described, whose head bows before the onslaught of light slanting in from the partly open window, is just a dream.
Luigi Viola's last performance (1979-80) drew its inspiration from Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821-1883), Polish poet of the post-romantic period, unknown to most, who lived in Paris in the total isolation forced on him by his inability to conform to the taste of the time.
The Venetian artist is well aware of how difficult it is in an artistic performance to tell where the creative spirit of the poietés begins. It is made clear in the brief presentation of the 1976 video Who is Luigi Viola?, in wich the autor defined the interchange of identity with some people filmed in the tape as a "... game, perchance a dream?", and when asked "Who is Luigi Viola?" he answered by refracting in the multiplicity of things actions, and people surrounding him. Is he " the man who is praying, the one shaving, or else the one drinking, or maybe the girl who is playing ping-pong?".
In the course of the piéce, performed at Genoa's Centro Uh!, Viola, sitting on the floor, held a round crystal sheet lighted from below and laterally by small spotlights.
With reference to Viola's earliest performances (Renaissance, In quibus membris corporis humani sacra religio), in 1973 Rossana Apicella wrote that " the gesture (the action of writing) translates into alphabetic signs, verbal elements that become explanatory and complementary to a visual element (the human body), yet this body displays a motion, a miming action, uninterrupted kinetic dynamics: the original blending of languages of Visual Poetry (combining idosemantic and phonosemantic elements, that is to say what is seen and what is heard) is joined by a third element - the living body in its mobility and kinetic dimension" .
(According to the theologician and philosopher Erich Przywara, " Pulchrum derives from the Greek word polychroon which expresses the poly of the chróa, the multiple texture of skin, flesh and body, and the way this is experienced through contact" ).
In Video as no video, dated 1977-78, a TV camera frontally filmed another camera for the whale length of the videotape, about three minutes. Viola, in his foreword, stated that the absolute staticity marking the work " the absence of action in the video did not mean its negation, on the contrary, the less space is given to the movement of the image the wider the movement in the imagination" .
What we have then is a double movement, whose polarities we can paradigmatically identify in the alphabet, the static element, animated and trasformed by the body in motion (In quibus membris corporis humani sacra religio), and the camera, the instrument meant to describe the action /motion by following it, but that, on the contrary, frames it in its absolute immobility (Video as no video). The lack of movement, however, must not be mistaken for disavowal of action.
Norwid contemplates the brightly lit crystal omphalós he is holding, but he cannot see the images light is endlessly creating and changing on the wall behind him.
Quoting H.G.Gadamer, " Theorós is the one who is part of a delegation invited to a celebration. Those forming such a delegation have no other qualification or function except in their attendance. A Theorós is then the spectator in the very sense of the word, being part of the celebration by the simple fact he is attending it and through this acquiring a qualification and sacral rights ..." .
Norwid is now at a standstill. He is gazing at the images produced by the crystal
The artist has relinquished the medium he owed so much to in his works of the 70s without however disowing his post-conceptual past.
The performance Norwid's dream can be seen as a tuming point, a threshold through which Viola passed from his cold, conceptual stage to a more intensely pictorial quality marking his works in the 80s. There is no call to order in this choice, only a natural passage from one medium to the next, supported by inner coherence and with no forsaking of yesterday's manner, as the artist's own words on his new interest for the video as a medium clearly explain.
Like Norwid, we stand on the shore, dazzled by the dizzyng light, looking at the water, at the sun on its surface. Golden polymorphic shapes are continually being formed and as quickly become undone. In an area whose outline is constantly shifting, we seem to recognize a face when insubstancial thoughts draw nearer.
The deceptively still water is instead undergoing a sea-change as light as a breath the tide lifts it, swelling its irregular body compressed within earthy boundaries, stretching its surface taut.
In 1983-84, Viola took a determined step in the direction of static image, the place of actio imaginalis, the action of the imagination, by presenting a series of large-format oil and acrylic canvases titled Maree (Tides).
Like the sponges created by Yves Klein, the master of Nouveau realisme and an author not too dissimilar from Viola, for example in the exploration of a profoundly lyrical aspect of conceptuality, the biomorphous splotches of the Venetian artist are organisms that absorb everything around them, transparent metaphors of the artist's activity; who, like a sponge, is ready to take in anything that may be useful in his creative transformation.
" Water is not often dreamt of without a dialectics of reflection and depth being formulated. It is as if some dark matter rose from the depths to increase reflection.
Maree still retain the rigorous seriality of elements typical of the artist's conceptual period and its analytical atmosphere. One such example are the carefully drawn specks of colour, almost emerging from the background very often obtained by using monochromatic nuances of a single colour, or the recurring use of gold as the crowning of the painting.
The gold of Maree is another component that offers a key in tracing the consistency of Viola's artistic progress. The fruit of a long preparation, it is the result of the extreme care that the Venetian artist has always had for the appearance of things and their manifestation in, or rather thanks to, light.
Riccardo Caldura
Luigi Viola at S.C.C. Explanatory remarks on some Viola's works of the 80s
Persistence and flash Drie generaties kunstenaars uit Venetië in Groningen
A-ISM oder von den pluralistischen Spielarten zeitgenößischer Künstler
Am Ende der Welt 1 Am Ende der Welt 2 A' la fin du monde 1
A' la fin du monde 2
Il colore Viola della natura Artriti
Fare spazio dal tempo
Immerita laudatio D'aure pestifere
(on Luigi Viola's work 1973-1986)
Things are indistinctly outlined, because the eye cannot be hold the splendour rushing into the silent darkness.
A window can be seen as the bright top of a well. At the bottom of the well, Norwid, his hands stretched out to reach the high edge, brushes against the rim, almost as if caressing the clarity of a body.
"How silent and disturbing you are, Maria, memory of the boundless world, now emerging and showing yourself to my eyes, irradiating like fever and fire in Norwid's dream" (Viola).
Viola reconstructs the hypnotic vision of Norwid's last days spent at St. Casimir's Polish Hospice, with such a tense participation that it becomes impossible to tell when it is Norwid who is scanning the room and when instead it is Viola who stands transfixed before the monograms of light recorded by his photographic equipment.
So in Norwid. What the subjectivity of the poietés attests is a particular open condition of human experience that accepts only what apparently comes as alterity. The omoíosis with the breath of another life (visionary St. Casimir's) reveals the mystic and pythagoric origin of the assimilation process, where the soul "within itself" welcomes the állos by means of "epodé, (enchantment) and psicagoghía (evocation of the souls)" (Untersteiner).
Behind the performer, small pools of light and bright haloes took shape, almost like clouds decorating the blank backdrop.
Performance, Norwid's Dream, is then an action underlining the corporeally active dimension of the poíesis. The performance as the comprehension of the profound value of kínesis, taken here in its productive valencies, as an operation directly involving the artist.
Physis is the arché of kínesis, said Aristotele.
We must intend the concept of Physis not as a category that includes a vastness different from ourselves, but as something that involves us in the first person, something in wich we ourselves are at stake at all times.
The performer, then, does not simply enact a work, he himself is the work in progress, or rather in action, and thus embodies Physis, the creative principle that, in leaving no room to mediated representation, becomes the happening, mediated and immediate at the same time.
Viola infused life into the alphabet by tracing the letters on parts of his body, so that with each movement the alphabet was changed, and took on the different shapes imparted by the body in its action.
Idosemantic kínesis , written on the surface of the sóma, on the skin. A surfacing alphabet, changing with the changing of the postures.
An alphabet devoid of any representational value, thus not conceding any chorismós. The embodiment of words.
In Voyage - Travelling as a pretext for a search within one's own conscience, 1976, Viola had begun to express the ambivalence of a distance by syncronically setting side by side the development of a yourney between Venice and Turin.
In his description, he employed the dry analytical language of a mathematical enunciation: given a means of locomotions - the train - a traveller, and the limits of the journey - the two stations, points related " in space and time" - how many possible journeys are there?
The photographs and the recording accompanying this work describe the yourney of the train and of some of the passengers " in real terms and therefore as objective truth" .
At the same time, the performing aspect of the yourney reveals the other possible ways of covering the distance between to limit points in space and time, that is to say " Alice's journey through the train window/looking glass" , a journey during which " adventure grows and discovery matures" .
"Real-life experiences" disclose their "living symbolism" , the actio imaginalis running through them. Only with the awareness of this dual aspect of the viaticum it is perhaps possible to re-integrate oneself "in the totality of experience" (L. Viola).
It must be seen as a guarantee of freedom to act for the imagination. The kinetic element characterizing Viola's works (his openly declared and constant focus on motion) is not denied and even becomes the necessary condition for further development.
Video as no video can then be seen as an attempted descent into the dark well of the camera's eye in an effort to reach "the soul of the instrument" (L. Viola).
Norwid cannot see the luminous happening he is an active part of (his hands holding the crystal, his leaning body, his eyes following the microplay of light on the translucent surface). Yet he is the performer, and thus belongs in the unfolding of the action.
And again, " Attendance implies, instead, participation" and " being a spectator isd an authentic form of participation" .
In Viola actio corporalis turns into actio imaginalis, passing from an action of the body to one of the imagination. Nothing is lost in this passage, there is no denial or drop in the action, thus making it possible to understand attendance as true participation.
In his brilliant essay Science and meditation, M. Heidegger wrote that in the Greek world " ... a way of life (bíos)" was " based on theoreîn" .
Bíos theoretikós was defined as " the way of life of those who contemplate, who look in the direction of the pure appearance of things present" .
Differently from bíos practikós, the existential mode that essentially implies action. However, even while stressing this difference " ... one things must be kept in mind at all times: bíos theoretikós, contemplative life, especially in its purer forms, is for the Greeks supreme action" .
disc/well, omphalós and áxon between the underworld and the sky his eyes are striving for.
He does not act, every movement is suspended, he is no longer the performer, he has given over to space (spatium, in Heidegger's definition, means interval) and contemplation.
In 1981-1982 the Galleria derl Cavallino in Venice and Unimedia in Genua presented a series of Viola's works by now decidedly pictorial in their quality and whose photographic origin (the pictures of the light spots produced on the wall during the performance Norwid's dream) could hardly be identified in the layers of coloured pigments applied with an air-brush.
How could he have done otherwise, when that medium had recorded what Norwid could not see, and when it was the medium itself, the recorder of the graphics produced by light, that enabled Norwid to partecipate and contemplate at the same time, conserving his theorós integrity.
The works exhibited include Fuochi in laguna (Fires on the lagoon) and visions of a land blurred by light, such as a lost island glimmering in golden life-giving water in Paesaggio fantastico di Torcello (Fantastic landscape in Torcello).
It is not so much the medium in itself that interest Viola, as the necessity to make what the medium expresses the only possible statement possessing poietic rigour.
There are smooth waters surrounded by earthen enclosures and framed by reeds and sparse trees. The surface of the water is barely ruffled by a leaping fish,a bird taking flight - symbols of the orphic chant, elements of cosmic mobility in the azure canopy of the skies.
The ripples slowly flow outward like an ethereal song, a sainted syllable. The wind stirs the sleek surface of the waters of the inner lagoon.
At immutable, rhytmic intervals, the tide, like a huge lung, alters the calm water revealing the underlying tension pervading it.
No water, not even the quiet expanses of the inner lagoon, remains still. All water is heraclitean, life-giving, the polymorphous mother of a large offspring, source and origin of potential becoming.
" Water, thou art the source of all things and all possible existence" . (Bhavisyottarapurna).
The particularity of these works that recall the polychromatic, shimmering quality of a biomorphic water skimmed by sun beams, lies in their being like fragments of a flow that has no end.
The paintings, like grounds of an event, are circumscribed témenoi for our gaze contemplating a cosmogonic kínesis.
In Maree there are no recognizable shapes, which does not however implies an abstract outcome of the work, because what is happening on these canvases leads the way to thing to come.
What may look like splotches or smudges are instead elements of a very old and teeming organic unity.
" Principle of indifferentiated and virtual matter, foundation of all cosmic manifestations, receptacle of all germs, water symbolizes the primeval substance from which they all ultimately return, either by regression or cataclysm.
Water was in the beginning and will return at the end of every historical or cosmic cycle. It will always exist, but never by itself, as water is always germinative, and encloses in its undivided unity the virtuality of all forms.
In cosmogony, myths, rituals and iconography, Water always has the same function, whatever the structure of the cultural framework: it antedates all forms and supports every creation" (M. Eliade).
If Klein propounds a new Empedoclean outcome in the elementary order of the cosmos, Viola can counterpoise the deep tidal blue, the "psychic gold" of one of his Maree to Cosmogonie de la pluie.
Mud is what makes water a mirroring surface" (G. Bachelard).
Let us look at one of the Maree paintings: large specks of a dark thick matter, like something emerging from the water's depths, glide on the monochromatic surface. They may be residual microorganisms, shreds of seaweed, spores, diatom remains, an indistinguishable clot of organic minimalia.
The gold shines bright on the slimy darkness of these emersions, like a crowning glory, a tiara, Sol Invictus warming and accompanying the slow progress of primeval life on the water.
" How new everything looks in this matutinal water! What an intense vitality this chameleon - like river must possess to respond so promptly to the day's early light" (G. Bachelard).
Few elements, a minimalistic process that gradually builds up the planned analytical composition of a sumptuous derm. The highly lyrical result of these works, which we could define, along with E. Crispolti, as hypnographic, is actually supported by the self-evident and purposeful organization of few constituent signs.
Other examples are to be found in the partly open windows of the photographic works depicting Norwid's chamber, or the series titled Interior images in which fragments of tangible reality - small courtyards, again a window, plants, small objects half-hidden in the grass - emerge from the dim background, enlivened only by purplish and greenish flashes from distant deflagrations.
Or again, the clouds, the windswept " psychic gold" whose golden dust is spread on the canvas with elegant brushstrokes, the irreprensible kínesis of the actio pingendi, the act of painting essential to the author's poetic diction.
Gold highlights decorate the dark cloak of night enveloping a celestial body, " almost a luminary" (E. Crispolti) in the series dedicated to Stella, the Star.
And, again, in the very particular photographic works called Mystic centres, the blue and yellow haloes seem to emanate from small field flower which, through a transparent transposition onto a symbolic plane, could be taken to represent mandalas.
A pattern of light seems then to underlie all of Viola's production. Light thought as the necessary condition of the awe tháuma caused by the impredictable rushing of things, their amazing coming to the forefront.
All that manifests itself is under the aegis of Phánes, the Shining One, and of Pháos, Light, giving the name of phainómenon, phenomenon, to what appears to our eyes, and is at the root of Phantasía, phantasy, imagination, the free roaming of human thought.
Light, however, is not to be seen only as a medium through which things appear to us as diapháneia, in Aristotle's words, but first and foremost as an inner property of the bodies themselves, as clearly defined in the works mentioned above.
They are the depositories of a lux intima, the seed of a lux aeterna, the spark of life that animates all creatures.
This is the light that emerges as the conjugation of the inner light rising heavenward and heavenly light shining down on the world, making skins glow and dilating the body's physical boundaries.
It is significative that the explanatory metaphors of the aura " rooted deep within our soul" should be " a breeze and ... a bright halo" (E. Zolla).
Viola, the author of Maree, seems to be well aware of it.
Gold, then, can only be the ultimate iconographic evidence of a poetics of light that runs through the whole production of this artist.
From photography, intended in its literal sense of writing with light, to " psychic gold" surrounding the sidereal glimmer of a Star, culminating in the golden radiance of the Sun reflected in the ancestral water of the Tide in Marea.
Only in eternity
Could I give reality
To my yearning for complete beauty.
In eternity, where there is
No sound or light
Nor taste to say "stop!"
To life's wings.
would turn to blue and gold)
(adapted from J.R.Jimenez)
Venice, 1988, Kirchanschöring, 15 June, 1993
This text, originally titled Dreams, Tides: notes on the work of Luigi Viola, was first composed in 1988.
It is now published, in agreement with the autor, without any substantial change, except for the new title.
Luigi Viola