UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NAVY
- PORTAEREI -
- AIRCRAFT CARRIER -
PORTAEREI USS RANGER (CV61)
AIRCRAFT CARRIER USS
RANGER (CV61)
STORIA DELLA CLASSE
L'"United States" (CVA-58), la prima portaerei postbellica americana impostata, aveva un dislocamento di progetto di 65.000 tonnellate. Avrebbe dovuto avere fumaioli a livello di ponte di volo e una plancia retrattile allo scopo di lasciare in coperta il massimo spazio possibile per far operare i grandi velivoli imbarcati nel dopoguerra.
Tuttavia la sua costruzione fu annullata quasi immediatamente dopo essere stata impostata, nell'aprile del 1949, a causa dei dubbi sul progetto e sui suoi compiti e anche in seguito a pressioni da parte dello Strategic Air Command dell'Aviazione degli U.S.A.
La susseguente "rivolta degli Ammiragli" e la nuova rivalutazione dell'importazione delle portaerei alla luce della guerra di Corea si risolsero nell'autorizzazione alla Marina degli USA a costruire una flotta basata su grandi portaerei: furono autorizzate una "Forrestal" all'anno dal 1952 al 1955 e fra il 1952 e il 1959 furono costruite la "Forrestal" (CV-59), la "Saratoga" (CV-60), la "Ranger" (CV-61) e la "Indipendence" (CV-62).
Erano le più grandi portaerei costruite dopo la giapponese Shinano nel 1944.
Il loro progetto era basato su quello della "United States" ma modificato per trarre vantaggio dal nuovo ponte angolato britannico.
Nel 1952, quest'ultimo fu sottoposto con esito favorevole a prove sulla portaerei "Antienam" (CV-36) della classe "Essex" e procurò lo spazio necessario in copertura pur mantenendo un'isola fissa e il fumaiolo.
La "Forrestal" (CV-59) è la prima portaerei americana costruita con un ponte angolato: è angolato di 8" e il ponte di volo e l'isola sporgono di due volte la larghezza dello scafo.
I quattro ascensori (m.15,90x18,90) sono esterni allo scafo, eliminando così una fonte di debolezza nei ponti delle portaerei precedenti.
La "Forrestal" è anche la prima portaerei americana costruita con catapulte a vapore (un'altra invenzione inglese) e ne ha 2 a prua e 2 sul ponte angolato mettendola in grado di lanciare 4 aerei in rapidissima successione.
Per migliorare le qualità nautiche le "Forrestal" hanno una prua "da uragano" (completamente chiusa nello scafo), la prima installata su una portaerei americana dopo le "Lexington" prebelliche.
Tuttavia, appena completate non riuscivano a mantenere velocità elevate con mare grosso perchè le piattaforme sporgenti del pezzo prodiero da 127 mm. erano soggette ad avarie strutturali a causa delle loro dimensioni e della loro posizione, perciò furono rimosse e la maggior parte degli 8 127/54 sono stati sostituiti con 3 lanciatori per la difesa di punto "Sea Sparrow".
Un altro punto debole del progetto è la collocazione dell'ascensore di sinistra all'estremità prodiera del ponte angolato, dove interferisce con le operazioni di volo.
"Saratoga"(CV-60), "Ranger" (CV-61) e "Indipendence" (CV-62) sono leggermente più grandi della "Forrestal" e hanno apparati motori più potenti che forniscono loro 1 nodo in più di velocità.
La "Ranger" ha un ponte di volo più largo e l'"Indipendence" è leggermente più lunga.
STORIA DELLA PORTAEREI RANGER CV 61
La settima USS Ranger (CV/CVA-61) è una delle quattro super portaerei di classe classe costruite per la Marina degli Stati Uniti nel 1950.
Anche se tutte e quattro le navi della classe sono stati completati con i ponti angolati , la portaerei Ranger ha avuto l'onore di essere la prima portaerei statunitense costruita fin dall'inizio come un ponte angolato.
Commissionato nel 1957, ha lavorato estensivamente nel Pacifico, in particolare la guerra del Vietnam , per cui ha guadagnato 13 stelle di battaglia.
Verso la fine della sua carriera ha anche operato nell'Oceano Indiano e nel Golfo Persico.
Ranger è apparso in televisione in The Six Million Dollar Man , Baa Baa Black Sheep e nel film Top Gun , Star Trek IV: Rotta verso la Terra (al posto della portaerei USS Enterprise CVN 65 ) e Flight of the Intruder .
Ranger è stato dismesso nel 1993, e viene conservato a Bremerton, Washington . Un piano per acquisire il suo come un museo per essere ormeggiata sul fiume Columbia a Fairview, Oregon, è stato respinto a fine 2012, in modo che il piano attuale è di rottamare la nave.
DISARMO
A causa dei tagli alla difesa alla fine degli anni '80 la portaerei Ranger non ha subito il processo di modernizzazione SLEP come hanno fatto invece le sue tre sorelle e le successive portaerei di classe Kitty Hawk e dai primi anni 1990 la sua condizione materiale era sempre povera.
Sia l'amministrazione Bush che l'amminitrazione Clinton hanno raccomandato tagli al bilancio della difesa e quindi la portaereiRanger , insieme con le sue sorelle Forrestal , e Saratoga è stato messo in disarmo.
La portaerei Ranger è stato dismessa il 10 luglio 1993, dopo 36 anni di servizio, ed è al Naval inattivo Ship Maintenance Facility , Bremerton, Washington .
Questo smantellamento è venuto al posto di un Servizio di Life Extension Programma (SLEP) refit prevista per lo stesso anno. Tale estensione avrebbe esteso alla vita di Ranger nel 2002, richiedendo una nuova autorizzazione nel 1994.
Nel settembre del 2010, il non-profit USS Ranger Fondazione ha presentato la domanda di Naval Sea Systems Command proponendo la donazione di Ranger per utilizzare come nave museo e centro polivalente, per essere situato sul fiume Columbia in Chinook Landing Marine Park a Fairview, Oregon .
Tuttavia, nel settembre 2012, NAVSEA respinto la proposta della fondazione, e destinato la nave alla demolizione.
The seventh USS Ranger (CV/CVA-61) is one of four Forrestal-class supercarriers built for the US Navy in the 1950s. Commissioned in 1957, she served extensively in the Pacific, especially the Vietnam War, for which she earned 13 battle stars. Near the end of her career she also served in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. She was decommissioned in 1993, and is being stored at Bremerton, Washington. A foundation in Oregon is currently trying to acquire her as a museum, to be berthed on the Columbia River at Fairview, Oregon.
Ranger had the distinction of being the first US carrier built from the very beginning as an angled deck ship.[citation needed] Rangerearned 13 battle stars for service in the Vietnam War.[citation needed] She appeared in the films Top Gun, Star Trek IV, The Final Countdown, and Flight of the Intruder.
Construction and trials
Ranger was the first aircraft carrier in the world to be laid down as an angled-deck ship (her elder sisters Forrestal and Saratogahad been laid down as axial-deck ships and were converted for an angled deck while under construction) She was laid down 2 August 1954 by Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Newport News, Virginia, launched 29 September 1956, sponsored by Mrs. Arthur Radford (wife of Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) and commissioned at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard 10 August 1957, Captain Charles T. Booth II in command.
Ranger joined the U.S. Atlantic Fleet 3 October 1957. Just prior to sailing 4 October for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for shakedown, she received the men and planes of Attack Squadron 85. She conducted air operations, individual ship exercises, and final acceptance trials along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean Sea until 20 June 1958. She then departed Norfolk, Virginia, with 200 Naval Reserve officer candidates for a two-month cruise that took the carrier around Cape Horn. She arrived at her new homeport, Alameda, California, on 20 August and joined the Pacific Fleet.
Service
1950s
The carrier spent the remainder of 1958 in pilot qualification training for Air Group 14 and fleet exercises along the California coast. Departing 3 January 1959 for final training in Hawaiian waters until 17 February, she next sailed as the flagship of Rear Admiral H. H. Caldwell, ComCarDiv 2, to join the 7th Fleet. Air operations off Okinawa were followed by maneuvers with SEATOnaval units out of Subic Bay. A special weapons warfare exercise and a patrol along the southern seaboard of Japan followed. During this first WestPac deployment, Ranger launched more than 7,000 sorties in support of 7th Fleet operations. She returned to San Francisco Bay 27 July. During the next 6 months, Ranger kept herself in a high state of readiness through participation in exercises and coastal fleet operations.
1960s
With Carrier Air Group 9 embarked, she departed Alameda 6 February 1960 for a second WestPac deployment and returned to Alameda 30 August. From 11 August 1961 through 8 March 1962, Ranger deployed to the Far East a third time.
The next seven months were filled with intensive training along the western seaboard in preparation for operations in Southeast Asia. Ranger departed Alameda on 9 November for brief operations off Hawaii, thence proceeded, via Okinawa, to the Philippines. She steamed to the South China Sea 1 May 1963 to support possibleLaotian operations. When the political situation in Laos relaxed 4 May, she resumed her operations schedule with the 7th Fleet. Arriving at Alameda from the Far East 14 June 1963, she underwent overhaul in the San Francisco Naval Shipyard 7 August 1963 through 10 February 1964. Refresher training out of Alameda commenced 25 March, interrupted by an operational cruise to Hawaii from 19 June to 10 July.
In May 1964, Ranger was deployed near French Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean to monitor the French nuclear tests on Moruroa, a task made possible by launching and recovering a Lockheed U-2 from its flight deck. The mission was so secret that the carrier crew had to go below deck when the U-2 was taking off and landing. Work on modifying the U-2 for carrier landing and take-off started in late 1963 and there was one accident during the carrier landing operation when the aircraft piloted by test pilot Bob Schumacher crashed.
Ranger again sailed for the Far East 6 August 1964. This deployment came on the heels of the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
Ranger made only an eight-hour stop in Pearl Harbor 10 August, then hurried on to Subic Bay, thence to Yokosuka, Japan. In the latter port on 17 October 1964, she became flagship of Rear Admiral Miller who commanded Fast Carrier Task Force 77. In the following months, she helped the 7th Fleet continue its role of steady watchfulness to keep sea lanes open and stop Communist infiltration by sea.
General William Westmoreland, commanding the Military Advisory Command in Vietnam, visited Ranger on 9 March 1965 to confer with Rear Admiral Miller. Ranger continued air strikes on enemy inland targets until 13 April when a fuel line broke, ignited and engulfed her No. 1 main machinery room in flames. The fire was extinguished in little over an hour. There was one fatality. She put into Subic Bay 15 April and sailed on the 20th for Alameda, arriving home on 6 May. She entered the San Francisco Naval Shipyard 13 May and remained there under overhaul until 30 September.
Following refresher training, Ranger departed Alameda on 10 December 1965 to rejoin the 7th Fleet. She and her embarked Carrier Air Wing 14 received the Navy Unit Commendation for exceptionally meritorious service during combat operations in Southeast Asia from 10 January to 6 August 1966.
Ranger departed the Gulf of Tonkin 6 August for Subic Bay, thence steamed via Yokosuka for Alameda, arriving on the 25th. She stood out of San Francisco Bay 28 September and entered Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 2 days later for overhaul. The carrier departed Puget Sound 30 May 1967 for training out of San Diego and Alameda. On 21 July 1967, she logged her 88,000th carrier landing.
From June until November, Ranger underwent a long and intensive period of training designed to make her fully combat ready. Attack Carrier Air Wing 2 (CVW-2) embarked on 15 September 1967, with the new Corsair II jet attack plane and the UH-2 C Seasprite rescue helicopter, making Ranger the first carrier to deploy with these powerful new aircraft. From carrier refresher training for CVW-2, Ranger proceeded to fleet exercise "Moon Festival." From 9 October to 16 October, the carrier and her air wing participated in every aspect of a major fleet combat operation.
Ranger departed Alameda 4 November 1967 for WestPac. Arriving Yokosuka 21 November, she relieved Constellation and sailed for the Philippines on the 24th. After arriving at Subic Bay on 29 November, she made final preparations for combat operations in the Tonkin Gulf. Commander, Carrier Division 3, embarked on 30 November as Commander, TG 77.7; andRanger departed Subic Bay on 1 December for Yankee Station.
Arriving on station 3 December 1967, Ranger commenced another period of sustained combat operations against North Vietnam. During the next five months, her planes hit a wide variety of targets, including ferries, bridges, airfields and military installations. Truck parks, rail facilities, antiaircraft guns and SAM sites were also treated to doses of Air Wing 2's firepower. Bob Hope's Christmas Show came to Ranger in Tonkin Gulf on 21 December. Another welcome break in the intense pace of operations came with a call at Yokosuka during the first week of April. Returning to Yankee Station on 11 April, Ranger again struck objectives in North Vietnam.
After five months of intensive operations, Ranger called at Hong Kong 5 May 1968 and then steamed for home. There followed a shipyard availability at Puget Sound that ended with Ranger's departure 29 July for San Francisco. Three months of leave, upkeep and training culminated in another WestPac deployment 26 October 1968 through 17 May 1969.
1970s
She departed Alameda on yet another WestPac deployment in October 1969 and remained so employed until 18 May 1970 at which time she returned to Alameda, arriving 1 June.Ranger spent the rest of the summer engaged in operations off the west coast, departing for her sixth WestPac cruise 27 September 1970. On 10 March 1971, Ranger, along with Kitty Hawk (CV-63), set a record of 233 strike sorties for one day in action against North Vietnam. During April, the three carriers assigned to Task Force 77 – Ranger, Kitty Hawk, and Hancock – provided a constant two-carrier posture on Yankee Station. Hours of employment remained unchanged with one carrier on daylight hours and one on the noon to midnight schedule. Strike emphasis was placed on the interdiction of major Laotian entry corridors to South Vietnam. She returned to Alameda 7 June 1971 and remained in port for the rest of 1971 and the first five months of 1972 undergoing regular overhaul.
On 27 May 1972 she returned to West Coast operation until 16 November, when she embarked upon her seventh WestPac deployment, which had been delayed four months due to an act of sabotage by Navy fireman E-3 Patrick Chenoweth who dropped a heavy paint scraper into a main reduction gear and was charged with "sabotage in time of war", a capital offense. Chenoweth was acquitted by a general court-martial. On 18 December 1972 Linebacker II operations were initiated when negotiations in the Paris peace talks stalemated. Participating carriers were Ranger, Enterprise (CVN-65), Saratoga (CV-60), Oriskany (CV-34), and America (CV-66).
The Linebacker II operations ended on 29 December when the North Vietnamese returned to the peace table. These operations involved the resumed bombing of North Vietnam above the 20th parallel and was an intensified version of Operation Linebacker. The reseeding of the mine fields was resumed and concentrated strikes were carried out against surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery sites, enemy army barracks, petroleum storage areas, Haiphong naval and shipyard areas, and railroad and truck stations. Navy tactical air attack sorties under Linebacker II were centered in the coastal areas around Hanoi and Haiphong. There were 505 Navy sorties in this area during Linebacker II. Between 18 December and 22 December the Navy conducted 119 Linebacker II strikes in North Vietnam. Bad weather was the main limiting factor on the number of tactical air strikes flown during Linebacker II.
On 27 January 1973, the Vietnam cease-fire, announced four days earlier, came into effect and Oriskany, America, Enterprise, and Ranger, on Yankee Station, cancelled all combat sorties into North and South Vietnam.
Ranger returned to Alameda in August 1973 and remained in that area through 7 May 1974 when she deployed again to the western Pacific. During this cruise, Ranger was again deployed to Yankee Station to participate in operations significant to the withdrawal of forces involved there. She returned to homeport on 18 October. On 28 May 1976, while on deployment, helicopter crews from HS-4 aboard Ranger, detachments from HC-3 on Camden (AOE-2), Mars (AFS-1) and White Plains (AFS-4), and helicopters from NAS Cubi Point, Republic of the Philippines, assisted in Philippine disaster relief efforts in the flood ravaged areas of central Luzon. Over 1,900 people were evacuated; more than 370,000 pounds of relief supplies and 9,340 gallons of fuel were provided by Navy and Air Force helicopters.
On 12 July 1976, Ranger and her escort ships of Task Force 77.7 entered the Indian Ocean and were assigned to operate off the coast of Kenya in response to a threat of military action in Kenya by Ugandan forces.
In February 1977 Ranger departed Naval Air Station North Island for the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington for major overhaul. While in overhaul she received significant technological upgrades to her Command Information Systems, flight deck gear, and was fitted with Sea Sparrow missile defense systems. Additionally, the main machinery spaces were refitted with more reliable General Regulator forced balance automatic boiler and combustion control systems. In March 1978 the overhaul was completed and she began several months of shake down cruises and sea trials for re-certifications.
On 21 February 1979, the Ranger deployed for her 14th WestPac cruise. Tentatively scheduled to cross the Indian Ocean to present a show of force during the strife between North and South Yemen, a mission she would not complete. On 5 April 1979, she collided with the tanker Liberian Fortune near Singapore while passing through the Straits of Malacca. While the tanker was nearly destroyed, the Ranger endured a significant gash in her bow, rendering two fuel tanks unusable. The Ranger turned back to Subic Bay, Philippines, for temporary repairs and then to Yokusaka, Japan, for full repair.
1980s
1981—Capt. Dan A. Pederson was given a non-punitive letter of censure by Vice Adm. Robert F. Schoultz, commander of the Naval Air Force, United States Pacific Fleet as a result of a three-week investigation into the 14 April 1981 death of Airman Paul Trerice, 20 years old, of Algonac, Mich. Airman Trerice had died after being on a bread-and-water diet for three days, then taking part in punitive exercises in the correctional custody unit (CCU). The ship was at Subic Bay in the Philippines at the time.
Ranger entered the history books on 21 March 1983 when an all-woman flight crew flying a C-1A Trader from VRC-40 "Truckin' Traders" landed aboard the carrier. The aircraft was commanded by Lt. Elizabeth M. Toedt and the crew included Lt.(j.g.) Cheryl A. Martin, Aviation Machinist's Mate 3rd Class Gina Greterman and Aviation Machinist's Mate Airman Robin Banks.
Later that year, at 0910 on 1 November 1983 a fire broke out in 4 Main Machinery Room due to a fuel spill during fuel transfer operations while the Ranger was deployed in the Indian Ocean, east ofOman. Six crewmen were killed as a result of the fire, which knocked out one of the ship's four engines and disabled two of her four shafts, one of which was quickly put back into operation after the fire. The fire spread to the adjacent No. 2 Auxiliary Machinery Room and minor surrounding spaces. Flight operations had not yet commenced when the ship went to general quarters, so no aircraft were yet in the air. This was fortunate because the ship was then out of range of land. She returned to the Philippines after 121 consecutive days at sea.
In early 1985, filming of the film Top Gun took place on board the Ranger, and at one point the film's director is reported to have written the US Navy a $25,000 check to keep the ship on a specific course for shooting landing of aircraft backlit with the sunset In 1986 filming of the film Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home took place on board the Ranger, in port, with lights and canopies set up to mimic the Enterprise. The Marine Detachment provided personnel to chase the actors around the ship and the G2 Division's officer gets about a three-second spot after Chekov was captured. Filming took about a week.
14 July 1987 marked the start of the Ranger's "Pearl" Anniversary Cruise. During this cruise the Ranger relieved the Midway and her Carrier Group in the Indian Ocean. It was during this period that Ranger took part in Operation Earnest Will under which the Kuwait tankers were re-flagged under US Colors.
On 24 July 1987, Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron 131 (VAQ 131) began the first Pacific Fleet deployment of the EA-6B Prowler equipped with AGM-88 HARM missiles, deployed in Ranger.
On 3 August 1989, Ranger rescued 39 Vietnamese refugees, adrift for 10 days on a barge in heavy seas and monsoon rains in the South China Sea, about 80 miles (130 km) from NAS Cubi Point, R.P. SH-3s Sea Kings from HS-14 assisted. An A-6 Intruder from VA-145 spotted the barge, which had apparently broken loose from its mooring near a small island off the coast of Vietnam with 10 men on board. Twenty-nine other refugees from a sinking refugee boat climbed aboard the barge when it drifted out to sea. After examination by medical personnel, all were flown to NAS Cubi Point for further processing.
1990s
President George H. W. Bush addressed the nation on 16 January 1991 at 9 pm EST and announced that Operation Desert Storm, had begun. The Navy launched 228 sorties from Ranger and USS Midway (CV-41) in the Persian Gulf, from USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) en route to the Persian Gulf, and from USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67), Saratoga, and America in the Red Sea. In addition, the Navy launched more than 100 Tomahawk missiles from nine ships in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf.
On 6 February 1991, an F-14A Tomcat from VF-1, off Ranger, piloted by Lt. Stuart Broce, with Cmdr. Ron McElraft as Radar Intercept Officer, downed an Iraqi Mi-8 Hip helicopter with an AIM-9M Sidewinder missile. At 9 pm EST on 27 February, President Bush declared Kuwait had been liberated and Operation Desert Storm would end at midnight.
On 21 April 1992, in harmony with other World War II 50th Anniversary festivities, Rangerparticipated in the commemorative re-enactment of the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, Japan. Two World War II-era B-25 bombers were craned on board and over 1,500 guests (including national, local and military media) were embarked to witness the two vintage warbirds thunder down Ranger's flight deck and take off. In June, Ranger made an historic port visit to Vancouver, British Columbia in conjunction with her final phase of pre-deployment workups.
Fully combat ready, Ranger began her 21st and final western Pacific and Indian Ocean deployment on 1 August 1992. On 18 August, she entered Yokosuka, Japan, for a six-day port visit and upkeep. Ranger entered the Persian Gulf on 14 September by transiting the Straits of Hormuz. The next day, Ranger relieved Independence (CV-62) in an unusual close aboard ceremony and along with her embarked Air Wing, Carrier Air Wing 2, immediately began flying patrol missions in support of the United Kingdom and United States' declared "No Fly" zone in southern Iraq: Operation Southern Watch.
While in the Persian Gulf, former Cold War adversaries became at-sea partners as Ranger, British, and French naval forces joined with the Russian guided missile destroyer Admiral Vinogradov for an exercise involving communication, maneuvering and signaling drills. During joint operations, a Russian Kamov Ka-27 "Helix" helicopter landed aboard Ranger. It was the first such landing on a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier.
Ranger left the Persian Gulf on 4 December 1992 and steamed at high speed to the coast of Somalia. Ranger played a significant role in the massive relief effort for starving Somalis in Operation Restore Hope. The Ranger/CVW-2 team provided photo and visual reconnaissance, airborne air traffic control, logistics support and on-call close air support for Navy and Marine amphibious forces. Throughout Operations Southern Watch and Restore Hope, Ranger took 63 digital photographs which were sent by International Marine Satellite to the Navy Office of Information within hours of being taken. This was the first time digital pictures were successfully transmitted from a ship at sea.
On 19 December 1992, Ranger was relieved on station by Kitty Hawk and began her last journey homeward to San Diego.
Decommissioning
Ranger was decommissioned on 10 July 1993, and is at the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility, Bremerton, Washington. According to U.S. Navy plans, the pier space it occupies at the facility is available until September 2014. In September 2010, the not-for-profit USS Ranger Foundation submitted an application to Naval Sea Systems Command proposing the donation of Ranger for use as a museum ship and multi-purpose facility, to be located on theColumbia River at Chinook Landing Marine Park in Fairview, Oregon. As of September 2011, the re-fitted Ranger at its new permanent mooring is scheduled to open to the public in October 2015.
If it becomes clear that the USS Ranger Foundation will miss the Navy's September 2014 removal deadline, the Ranger will be sold for scrap. If the foundation is successful, theRanger will become the world's largest floating museum, joining projects such as the USS Midway Museum and Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum.
CLASSE FORESTALL / AIRCRAFT CARRIERS FORESTALL CLASS
PORTAEREI RANGER CV61 / AIRCRAFT CARRIER RANGER CV61
PORTAEREI NELLA STORIA / AIRCAFT CARRIERS
NAVI DA GUERRA / WARSHIPS AND BATTLESHIPS