Haplospiza unicolor  UNIFORM FINCH.  Dense shrubbery, bamboo, usually near water.  Lowlands to 1400 m of se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Acanthidops bairdii  PEG-BILLED FINCH.  Shrubby and bushy growth, humid forest.  Mts. of Costa Rica and w Panama.
Lophospingus pusillus  BLACK-CRESTED FINCH.  Open, shrubby plains.  Lowlands to 2200 m, mostly below 1000 m of e,se Bolivia, w Paraguay and n Argentina.
Lophospingus griseocristatus  GREY-CRESTED FINCH.  Arid montane scrub.  Andes, 1000-2700 m of c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.
Donacospiza albifrons  LONG-TAILED REED-FINCH.  Sawgrass near water.  Lowlands to 900 m of n Bolivia, se Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and ne Argentina.

Rowettia goughensis  GOUGH FINCH.  Bushy areas, scrub.  Gough Island in the South Atlantic.  Relationships of Rowettia and Nesospiza uncertain; may be related to African emberizines.
Nesospiza acunhae  NIGHTINGALE FINCH.  Bushy areas, scrub.  Tristan da Cunha Group in the S. Atlantic on Inacessible and Nightingale islands, formerly on Tristan da Cunha I.
Nesospiza wilkinsi  WILKINS'S FINCH.  Bushy areas, scrub.  Tristan da Cunha Group in the South Atlantic on Inacessible and Nightingale islands.

Diuca speculifera  WHITE-WINGED DIUCA-FINCH.  Rocky slopes, puna grassland, roosting in caves at night.  High Andes in puna zone, 4000-5500 m of Peru, wc Bolivia, nw Chile and nw Argentina.
Diuca diuca  COMMON DIUCA-FINCH.  Bushy hillsides, sand dunes, towns; arid gravelly hills.  Andes of Chile s to Chiloé I., extreme se Bolivia in Potosí, and w Argentina s to Santa Cruz; pampas of Argentina from e Mendoza s to e Santa Cruz.
Idiopsar brachyurus  SHORT-TAILED FINCH.  Steep rocky slopes with tussocks of grass.  High Andes in Puna zone, 3300-4500 m of se Peru, wc Bolivia and nw Argentina.

Piezorhina cinerea  CINEREOUS FINCH.  Arid scrub and woodland, esp. mesquite.  Coastal lowlands to 300 m of nw Peru.
Xenospingus concolor  SLENDER-BILLED FINCH.  Thickets, marsh border, farmlands, campos.  Coast and w slope of Andes to 3000 m of c,s Peru and n Chile.
Incaspiza pulchra  GREAT INCA-FINCH.  Arid scrub, cactus, usually with terrestrial bromeliads.  Andes, 1000-2500 m, of c Peru.
Incaspiza personata  RUFOUS-BACKED INCA-FINCH.  Arid scrub, cactus.  Andes, 1000-4000m, of nw Peru.  Sometimes considered a race of I. pulchra.

Incaspiza ortizi  GREY-WINGED INCA-FINCH.  Arid scrub.  E slope of W. Andes, 1800-2300 m, of nw Peru.  Sometimes considered a race of I. pulchra or I. personata.
Incaspiza laeta  BUFF-BRIDLED INCA-FINCH.  Arid scrub, mostly with terrestrial bromeliads.  Andes, 2000-3500 m, of n Peru.
Incaspiza watkinsi  LITTLE INCA-FINCH.  Arid scrub.  Andean foothills, 700-1000 m, of n Peru.
Poospiza thoracica  BAY-CHESTED WARBLING-FINCH.  Scrub.  Se Brazil.

Poospiza boliviana  BOLIVIAN WARBLING-FINCH.  Arid scrub.  Andes, 1600-3000 m, of c,se Bolivia.
Poospiza alticola  PLAIN-TAILED WARBLING-FINCH.  Arid scrub.  Andes, 2900-3600 m, of n Peru.
Poospiza hypochondria  RUFOUS-SIDED WARBLING-FINCH.  Open scrub.  Andes, 2500-4000 m, of Bolivia and nw Argentina.
Poospiza ornata  CINNAMON WARBLING-FINCH.  Bushy pastures.  Lowlands to 1000 m of w Argentina.
Poospiza erythrophrys  RUSTY-BROWED WARBLING-FINCH.  Woodland, brushy areas.  Andes, 1200-2100 m of c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.

Poospiza whitii  BLACK-AND-CHESTNUT WARBLING-FINCH.  Bushes, woodland, towns, marshes.  Andes, 600-2800 m of c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.  Sometimes included in nigrorufa, but differs in morphology, ecological requirements and vocalizations.
Poospiza nigrorufa  BLACK-AND-RUFOUS WARBLING-FINCH.  Bushes, woodland, towns, marshes.  Lowlands to 600 m of se Brazil, e Paraguay, Uruguay and ne,c Argentina.
Poospiza lateralis  RED-RUMPED WARBLING-FINCH.  Bushy woodland.

The two groups may be separate species.
 P. l. cabanisi.  Highlands of se Brazil in s Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and n São Paulo.
 P. l. lateralis.  Lowlands to 1800 m of se Brazil from s São Paulo s to Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, Uruguay and ne Argentina in Misiones, Entre Ríos and n Buenos Aires.

Poospiza rubecula  RUFOUS-BREASTED WARBLING-FINCH.  Woodland, brush.  Both slopes of Andes, 2500-3400 m, of n Peru.
Poospiza garleppi  COCHABAMBA MOUNTAIN-FINCH.  Polylepis woodland interspersed with farmland.  High Andes, 3000-3650 m, in puna zone near timberline, of c Bolivia.
Poospiza baeri  TUCUMAN MOUNTAIN-FINCH.  Bushy pastures.  Andes, 2000-2500 m, of nw Argentina.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. garleppi.
Poospiza caesar  CHESTNUT-BREASTED MOUNTAIN-FINCH.  Scrub, low woodland.  Andes, 2500-3500 m, of se Peru.

Poospiza hispaniolensis  COLLARED WARBLING-FINCH.  Arid scrub, cactus, farmlands.  Lowlands and w slope of Andes to 2500 m, mostly below 1000 m, of sw Ecuador, incl. Isla de La Plata, and w Peru.
Poospiza torquata  RINGED WARBLING-FINCH.  Low scrubby growth, thickets.  Lowlands and Andean slopes to 3000 m of c,se Bolivia, w Paraguay, and nw,c Argentina.
Poospiza melanoleuca  BLACK-CAPPED WARBLING-FINCH.  Scattered bushes, sawgrass.  Lowlands and Andean slopes to 1800 m of c,se Bolivia, s Brazil, Paraguay, w Uruguay and n Argentina.
Poospiza cinerea  CINEREOUS WARBLING-FINCH.  Scrubby woodland, campos.  Campos, 600-1200 m, of c Brazil.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. melanoleuca.

Sicalis citrina  STRIPE-TAILED YELLOW-FINCH.  Open woodland, savanna, grassy slopes, campos.  Locally in lowlands and mts. to 2800 m of Colombia, n,s Venezuela, Guyana and extreme n Brazil; se Peru and cw Bolivia; nw Argentina; c,e Brazil.
Sicalis lutea  PUNA YELLOW-FINCH.  Shrubby pastures, farmlands, rocky slopes.  High Andes in puna zone, 3500-4300 m, of s Peru, wc,sw Bolivia and nw Argentina.
Sicalis uropygialis  BRIGHT-RUMPED YELLOW-FINCH  Open slopes.  Andes, 2500-4800 m, of  Peru, c,sw Bolivia, n Chile and nw Argentina.
Sicalis luteocephala  CITRON-HEADED YELLOW-FINCH.  Open slopes.  Andes, 2800-3500 m of c,sw Bolivia.

Sicalis auriventris  GREATER YELLOW-FINCH.  Open slopes.  Andes, 1800-2500 m of n,c Chile and wc Argentina.  Winters to lower elevations.
Sicalis olivascens  GREENISH YELLOW-FINCH  Open slopes.  Andes, 2500-3800 m, of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and nw Argentina.
Sicalis lebruni  PATAGONIAN YELLOW-FINCH.  Open plains.  S Chile and s Argentina.  Sometimes considered a race of S. olivascens.
Sicalis columbiana  ORANGE-FRONTED YELLOW-FINCH.  Open scrub, second growth, savanna, campos, farmlands.  Lowlands  to 500 m, e of Andes, in e Colombia, s Venezuela, ne Peru and Amazonian,e,se Brazil.

Sicalis flaveola  SAFFRON FINCH.  Open grassland, savanna, open woodland, second growth, towns, farmlands.  Locally in lowlands to 2000 m of n,e Colombia, n Venezuela, Guianas and ne Brazil; w of Andes in w Ecuador and nw Peru; mts., 2000-3000 m, of Bolivia, Paraguay, s Brazil, Uruguay and n,c Argentina.  Introduced in the Hawaiian Is. on Oahu and Hawaii; c Panama, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.  Includes S. striata described from Buenos Aires, Argentina and regarded as a breeding male of S. f. pelzelni, in immature plumage.
Sicalis luteola  GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH.  Grasslands, savanna, farmlands.

The two groups may be separate species.
 S. l. luteola.  Locally in lowlands of Mexico in Puebla, Morelos, Veracruz, Chiapas and w Campeche, Belize, c Guatemala, e Honduras, ne Nicaragua, nw Costa Rica and Panama; locally in lowlands and mts. to 2900 m from Colombia, w,s,e Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s to n Brazil s to Amazonia and w to Roraima and Rio Tapajós.
 S. l. bogotensis.  Locally in Andes, 2200-3300 m, of Colombia, Ecuador including locally in the Pacific lowlands, and Peru s to Ica.

Sicalis luteiventris  MISTO YELLOW-FINCH.  Grassland, farmlands, marsh edge, cliffs.  From e Peru, c,se Bolivia, Paraguay and c,se Brazil s to Chile, Uruguay and n,c Argentina.  Intro. Lesser Antilles on Barbados, subsequent spread to Grenadines, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, Guadeloupe and Antigua.  Often treated as a race of S. luteola.
Sicalis raimondii  RAIMONDI'S YELLOW-FINCH.  Rocky slopes.  W slope of Andes, 500-2000 m, rarely to sea level, of w Peru.  Formerly regarded as a race of S. luteola, with which it is locally sympatric.
Sicalis taczanowskii  SULPHUR-THROATED FINCH.  Arid grassy scrub, barren rocky areas.  Pacific lowlands to 200 m of sw Ecuador and nw Peru.

Emberizoides herbicola  WEDGE-TAILED GRASS-FINCH.  Tall grasslands, savanna, fields.  Locally in lowlands and foothills to 2000 m of sw Costa Rica and w Panama; from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s through e,s Brazil to extreme se Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Emberizoides duidae  DUIDA GRASS-FINCH.  Grasslands.  Pantepui, 1300-2100 m, of s Venezuela.  Usually regarded as a race of E. herbicola, but they occur on Cerro Duida with overlapping altitudinal ranges and no evidence of interbreeding  (Eisenmann and Short 1982. Amer. Mus. Novitat. No. 2740).
Emberizoides ypiranganus  GREY-CHEEKED GRASS-FINCH.  Sedge marsh.  Lowlands to 900 m of s Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.  Formerly confused with widely sympatric E. herbicola.

Embernagra platensis  GREAT PAMPA-FINCH.  Marshy areas, sawgrass, low bushes.

The two races have been reported as sympatric in Córdoba, Argentina, and may be separate species.
 E. p. olivascens.  Lowlands and mts. to 2500 m of Bolivia, w Paraguay and nw Argentina from Jujuy and Salta e to c Formosa and Córdoba and s to Mendoza and San Luis.
 E. p. platensis.  Lowlands of se Brazil in Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro; from São Paulo s to Rio Grande do Sul, e Paraguay, Uruguay and ne,c Argentina from e Formosa and Misiones s to Mendoza, Río Negro and Buenos Aires.

Embernagra longicauda  PALE-THROATED PAMPA-FINCH.  Presumably grassy areas.  Known only from highlands, 700-1300 m of e Brazil. in int. s Bahia and Minas Gerais.
Volatinia jacarina  BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT.  Open areas, scrub, savanna, second growth, weedy fields, farmlands.  Lowlands and foothills to 2200 m of Mexico, in Sonora, Sinaloa, w Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacán, México, Morelos, Puebla, e San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s, incl. Yucatán Pen., to Panama, incl. Coiba  and Pearl is., and from Colombia, Venezuela, incl. Margarita I., Trinidad, Tobago, and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Chile and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay and n Argentina; s Lesser Antilles in Grenada.
Sporophila frontalis  BUFFY-FRONTED SEEDEATER.  Brushy areas.  Lowlands to 1500 m of se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Sporophila falcirostris  TEMMINCK'S SEEDEATER.  Bamboo, brushy areas, open woodland. Coastal lowlands to 1200 m of se Brazil.
Sporophila schistacea  SLATE-COLORED SEEDEATER.  Bamboo thickets, humid forest edge, second growth, open woodland, brushy areas, farmlands.  Locally in lowlands to 2000 m of Mexico, in ne Oaxaca, to nc Honduras, sw Costa Rica and both slopes of Panama and from Colombia e across s Venezuela and Guianas to n,ne Brazil and s, w of Andes, to nw Ecuador; ne Ecuador, e Peru, n Bolivia.  Includes S. subconcolor, regarded as a subspecies perhaps of uncertain locality.
Sporophila intermedia  GREY SEEDEATER.  Shrubbery, forest edge, second growth, farmlands, pasture, savanna.  Lowlands to 2300 m of w,n,e Colombia, n,c Venezuela, Trinidad and w Guyana.

Sporophila plumbea  PLUMBEOUS SEEDEATER.  Grassland, savanna, open fields, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1500 m of n,e Colombia, nw,s Venezuela and Guianas; e,s Brazil, extreme se Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Sporophila americana  VARIABLE SEEDEATER.  Humid forest edge, grassy areas, shrubbery, second growth, fields, shrub, woodland.

The three groups sometimes are treated as species, but the first two intergrade in Panama and the third is connected by an intermediate population.
 S. a. corvina.  Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Mexico, from n Oaxaca, s Veracruz and Tabasco s to w Panama.
 S. a. aurita.  Sw Costa Rica, Panama, w Colombia, w Ecuador and nw Peru.
 S. a. americana.  Lowlands to 1200 m, e of Andes, of se Colombia, ne Venezuela, Tobago, Guianas, ne Peru and Amazonian Brazil.

Sporophila torqueola  WHITE-COLLARED SEEDEATER.  Bushy and weedy areas, open woodland and scrub, farmlands, savanna.

The two groups sometimes are treated as separate species.
 S. t. torqueola.  Western and interior Mexico on Pacific slope from c Sinaloa and w Durango s through Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Guanajuato, Michoacán. Guerrero, México, Distrito Federal, Morelos and w Puebla to Oaxaca.
 S. t. morelleti.  Lowlands from s Texas, Mexico in Nuevo León and Tamaulipas s on Gulf-Caribbean coast through San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco and Yucatán Pen., incl. Mujeres, Cozumel and Cancun islands, both slopes from Chiapas, Guatemala and Belize s to w Panama.

Sporophila collaris  RUSTY-COLLARED SEEDEATER.  Humid scrub, weedy areas bordering lagoons.  Lowlands to 500 m of n,e Bolivia, e Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Sporophila bouvronides  LESSON'S SEEDEATER.  Savanna, shrubby clearings, grassy fields, second growth, esp. near water.  Locally in lowlands to 1000 m of n,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana and Surinam.  Winters s to e Ecuador, ne Peru and w Amazonian Brazil.

Sporophila lineola  LINED SEEDEATER.  Open woodland, second growth, savanna, grassy fields.  Lowlands of int. c,se Brazil, n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay and n Argentina.  Winters in Amazonia n to se Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas.
Sporophila luctuosa  BLACK-AND-WHITE SEEDEATER.  Grassland, second growth, farmlands, humid forest edge.  Lowlands to 3200 m, mostly above 900 m, of Colombia, w Venezuela, e,sw Ecuador and c Bolivia.
Sporophila nigricollis  YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER.  Grassland, savanna, shrubby areas, farmlands, second growth, humid forest edge, marshy areas.  Lowlands to 2500 m from sw Costa Rica, Panama, on Pacific slope, incl. Taboga and Pearl is., and Caribbean slope in Canal Zone, Colombia, Venezuela, incl. Patos and Chacachacare is., Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana and Surinam s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru and Amazonian,c,e,s Brazil to ne Argentina; s Lesser Antilles on Grenada and Carriacou; records from Bolivia are unverified.

Sporophila ardesiaca  DUBOIS'S SEEDEATER.  Shrubby and grassy clearings.  Lowlands to 800 m of e Brazil.  Possibly a race or morph of S. nigricollis.
Sporophila melanops  HOODED SEEDEATER.  Unknown.  Known only from type specimen from se Brazil.  Status uncertain; possibly an aberrant S. nigricollis or a hybrid.
Sporophila caerulescens  DOUBLE-COLLARED SEEDEATER.  Brushy areas, open scrub.  Lowlands to 1500 m of c,e,se Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.  Winters n to Colombia.
Sporophila albogularis  WHITE-THROATED SEEDEATER.  Brushy areas at forest edge.  Lowlands to 1200 m of e Brazil.

Sporophila leucoptera  WHITE-BELLIED SEEDEATER.  Brushy areas at forest edge.

The two groups are not known to intergrade and may be separate species.
 S. l. leucoptera.  Lowlands to 800 m of s Surinam, e,s,se Brazil, e Bolivia, Paraguay and ne Argentina.
 S. l. bicolor.  Se Peru and n Bolivia.

Sporophila peruviana  PARROT-BILLED SEEDEATER.  Arid scrub, farmlands.  Pacific coastal lowlands to 800 m of w Ecuador and w Peru.
Sporophila simplex  DRAB SEEDEATER.  Scrub.  Lowlands to 1500 m of Peru.
Sporophila nigrorufa  BLACK-AND-TAWNY SEEDEATER.  Open scrub, campos.  Known only from e Bolivia and sw Brazil.
Sporophila bouvreuil  CAPPED SEEDEATER.  Shrubbery.  Lowlands to 1100 m of e,c Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentiina; se Brazil in se São Paulo.
Sporophila minuta  RUDDY-BREASTED SEEDEATER.  Grassland, savanna, forest edge.  Lowlands to 2300 m on Pacific slope of Mexico, from Nayarit to Nicaragua, sw Costa Rica and Panama, incl. Caribbean slope in Canal Zone, and from Colombia s to nw Ecuador and e through Venezuela to Trinidad, Tobago, Guianas and n Amazonian Brazil.

Sporophila hypoxantha  TAWNY-BELLIED SEEDEATER.  Savanna, grassland.  Lowlands to 1100 m of s,se Brazil, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay and n Argentina.  Sometimes considered a race of S. minuta, but vocalizations are distinct.
Sporophila ruficollis  DARK-THROATED SEEDEATER.  Shrubby pastures, chaco.  Lowlands to 1200 m in Chaco of s Brazil, n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.  Perhaps a color morph of  S. hypoxantha.
Sporophila palustris  MARSH SEEDEATER.  Shrubby pastures.  Lowlands to 1100 m from c Paraguay s to s Uruguay and ne Argentina.  S. palustris may be a color morph of S. hypoxantha.
Sporophila castaneiventris  CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEEDEATER.  Sandy wasteland, swampy fields, farmlands, bushy areas.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s to e Ecuador, e Peru, n Bolivia and w Amazonian,n,ne Brazil.

Sporophila hypochroma  GREY-AND-CHESTNUT SEEDEATER.  Bushy areas, savanna.  Locally to 1100 m of n,e Bolivia, sw Brazil and ne Argentina.  Perhaps a color morph of S. cinnamomea.
Sporophila cinnamomea  CHESTNUT SEEDEATER.  Tall deep grass, marshes.  Lowlands to 1100 m of s Brazil, Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Sporophila zelichi  NAROSKY'S SEEDEATER.  Clearings near streams, esp. with patchy woodland.  Known only from ne Argentina.  Status uncertain, may be a color morph of S. cinnamomea or a hybrid with S. palustris.
Sporophila melanogaster  BLACK-BELLIED SEEDEATER.  Scrub.  Lowlands to 1100 m of se Brazil.

Sporophila telasco  CHESTNUT-THROATED SEEDEATER.  Scrub, farmlands.  Locally in Pacific lowlands to 1100 m of sw Colombia, nw Ecuador s to nw Chile and ne Peru.
Sporophila insulata  TUMACO SEEDEATER. Grassy areas, scrub.  Known only from sw Colombia on I. Tumaco off extreme sw Nariño; possibly extinct.
Oryzoborus nuttingi  NICARAGUAN SEED-FINCH.  Open grassy or weedy areas, farmlands.  Locally in Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua, n,se Costa Rica and w Panama.  Formerly treated as a race of O. crassirostris. (See Stiles 1984. Condor 86:118-122).
Oryzoborus crassirostris  LARGE-BILLED SEED-FINCH.  Bushes and thickets in marshy areas, humid forest edge, farmlands, savanna with tangled vegetation.  Lowlands to 1000 m of w,n,e Colombia, nw Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas and n Brazil; ne Peru.

Oryzoborus atrirostris  BLACK-BILLED SEED-FINCH.  Humid forest edge, bushy areas, marsh edge.  Lowlands, e of Andes, of e Peru and n Bolivia.  Usually regarded as a  race of O. maximiliani  or  O. crassirostris, but appears to be sympatric with O. crassirostris in ne Peru.
Oryzoborus maximiliani  GREAT-BILLED SEED-FINCH.  Bushes and thickets in marshy areas, farmlands, forest.  Lowlands to 1100 m of e,se Brazil; reported from e Venezuela, Trinidad and French Guiana; probably all migrants from Brazil.
Oryzoborus angolensis  LESSER SEED-FINCH.  Open woodland, savanna, bushes and shrubs in forest edge, second growth.

The two groups sometimes are treated as species, but appear to intergrade in northern Colombia.
 O. a. funerea.  Lowlands to 1600 m from Mexico in c Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas s on Gulf-Caribbean coast to Costa Rica, both slopes of Panama including Coiba and Pearl islands, and w,c,n Colombia and sw Ecuador.
 O. a. angolensis.  Lowlands to 1500 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s through e Ecuador, ne Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Amaurospiza concolor  BLUE SEEDEATER.  Humid forest edge, shrubbery, thickets, bamboo, pine-oak.  Some of the disjunct populations have been treated as species.

  Mts. of Mexico in Jalisco, Guerrero, Morelos and Oaxaca; locally in highlands, 800-1500 m, of Mexico in Chiapas, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, w,c Panama, sw Colombia and nw Ecuador.

Amaurospiza moesta  BLACKISH-BLUE SEEDEATER.  Shrubbery, bamboo thickets.  Locally in lowlands to 1200 m, in e,se Brazil, Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Melopyrrha nigra  CUBAN BULLFINCH.  Scrub, woodland.  Cuba, incl. coastal cays and I. of Pines, and Grand Cayman.
Dolospingus fringilloides  WHITE-NAPED SEEDEATER.  Savanna near forest edge.  Known only from s Venezuela and nw Amazonian Brazil.
Catamenia analis  BAND-TAILED SEEDEATER.  Scrubby or stony hillsides, irrigation ditches, weedy areas, Mts., 1000-4600 m from Colombia s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to n Chile and nw Argentina.

Catamenia inornata  PLAIN-COLORED SEEDEATER.  Scrubby hillsides.  High Andes, 2200-3800 m, from sc,e Colombia and sw Venezuela s through Ecuador, Peru and c,w Bolivia to nw Argentina.
Catamenia homochroa  PARAMO SEEDEATER.  Páramo, scattered bushes.  Santa Marta Mts., 2200-3700 m of n Colombia; mts., 1600-3800 m, from Colombia, w,s Venezuela and extreme n Brazil s through Andes of Ecuador and Peru to wc Bolivia.
Tiaris obscura  DULL-COLORED GRASSQUIT.  Humid forest edge, scrub, open woodland, farmlands.  Lowlands to 2000 m from w,c,ne Colombia and nw Venezuela s, w of andes, to w Peru and from n Peru s along e slope of Andes to c,s Bolivia and nw Argentina.  Formerly included in Sporophila, but its nest and song suggest it is a grassquit.

Tiaris canora  CUBAN GRASSQUIT.  Woodland, shrubbery bordering fields.  Cuba, incl. I. of Pines, possibly intro.  Intro. Bahamas on New Providence.
Tiaris olivacea  YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT.  Open grassy and shrubby areas, fields, second grwowth, forest edge, farmlands.  Lowlands to 2300 m, mostly above 500 m, from Mexico, in San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s, incl. Yucatán Pen. and Cozumel and Holbox islands, on Gulf-Caribbean coast to Guatemala and Belize, on both slopes from El Salvador and Honduras s to Panama including I. Coiba, w,c Colombia, w Venezuela and n Ecuador; Greater Antilles, e to Puerto Rico, incl. Cayman Is.  Introduced in the Hawaiian Is. on Oahu.
Tiaris bicolor  BLACK-FACED GRASSQUIT.  Open grassy and bushy areas, arid scrub, fields, second growth.  W. Indies, except Cuba, where confined to small cays, but incl. Providencia, San Andrés, Netherlands Antilles and most small is. off Venezuela e to Trinidad and Tobago; coastal lowlands to 1300 m of c,ne Colombia and n Venezuela.

Tiaris fuliginosa  SOOTY GRASSQUIT.  Open fields, farmlands, second growth, humid forest, edge.  Locally in lowlands to 1700 m, mostly above 800 m, of n Colombia, n,s Venezuela, Trinidad and Guyana; e,s Brazil.
Loxipasser anoxanthus  YELLOW-SHOULDERED GRASSQUIT.  Shrubbery, forest edge.  Jamaica, mostly in highlands.
Loxigilla portoricensis  PUERTO RICAN BULLFINCH.  Woodland, arid scrub, mangroves.  Puerto Rico; formerly n Lesser Antilles, last reported on St. Kitts in 1926.
Loxigilla violacea  GREATER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH.  Shrubbery, thickets, scrub, dense second growth.  Bahama Is.; Hispaniola, mostly in mts., incl. Tortue, Gonâve, Saona, Beata and Catalina is., and Î.-á-Vache, and Jamaica.

Loxigilla noctis  LESSER ANTILLEAN BULLFINCH.  Shrubbery, forest, undergrowth, towns.  Virgin Is.  Possibly introduced on St. John and Lesser Antilles from Anguilla and Saba s to St. Vincent, Barbados and Grenada.
Diglossa baritula  CINNAMON-BELLIED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, second growth, pine-oak, scrub, brushy fields.  Highlands, 1500-3350 m from Mexico in Jalisco, Guanajuato, Hidalgo and Veracruz s through s Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to nw Nicaragua.  This and the following two species are sometimes considered conspecific.
Diglossa plumbea  SLATY FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge, second growth, scrub, brushy fields.  Mts., 1200 m to treeline, of Costa Rica and w Panama.

Diglossa sittoides  RUSTY FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge, second growth, brushy hillsides, scrub, open woodland.  Mts., 600-4000 m, of Colombia and w,n Venezuela s through nw,e Ecuador, Peru to c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.
Diglossa venezuelensis  VENEZUELAN FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, shrubbery.  Coastal mts., 1600-2500 m, of ne Venezuela.
Diglossa albilatera  WHITE-SIDED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge, bushy hillsides, shrubbery, second growth.  Mts., 1300-3300 m, of Colombia, n,w Venezuela, Ecuador and n Peru.
Diglossa gloriosissima  CHESTNUT-BELLIED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge, scrub.  W. Andes, 3000-3800 m, of w Colombia.  Sometimes treated as a race of D. lafresnayii.

Diglossa lafresnayii  GLOSSY FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge.  Andes, 2000-3700 m, of Colombia, w Venezuela, w,e Ecuador and nw Peru.
Diglossa mystacalis  MOUSTACHED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge, thickets.  Andes, 2500-4000 m, of Peru and wc Bolivia.  Sometimes treated as a race of D. lafresnayii.
Diglossa gloriosa  MERIDA FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, bushy areas.  Andes, 2500-4150 m, of w Venezuela.  Sometimes treated as a race of D. carbonaria.
Diglossa humeralis  BLACK FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, thickets.  Mts., 2200-4000 m, of w Colombia, Ecuador and nw Peru; e Colombia and extreme sw Venezuela; ne Colombia, in Santa Marta Mts. and Sierra de Perijá, and extreme nw Venezuela.  Sometimes treated as a race of D. carbonaria.

Diglossa brunneiventris  BLACK-THROATED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, thickets, generally near water.  Andes, 2000-4000 m, of n Colombia; Peru, extreme n Chile and cw Bolivia.

Sometimes treated as a race of D. carbonaria, with which there is a narrow zone of hybridization in n Bolivia.

Diglossa carbonaria  GREY-BELLIED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, bushy areas.  Andes, 2250-4000 m of wc Bolivia.
Diglossa duidae  SCALED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge, bushy areas, shrubbery.  Pantepui, 1400-2500 m, of s Venezuela and extreme n Brazil on Venezeulan border on Pico Neblina.
Diglossa major  GREATER FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest edge, bushy areas, shrubbery.  Pantepui, 1300-2800 m of s Venezuela and extreme n Brazil.
Diglossopis indigotica  INDIGO FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, second growth.  Andes, 700-2200 m of w Colombia and w Ecuador.

Diglossopis glauca  DEEP-BLUE FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge.  Locally in Andes, 1100-2800 m of se Colombia, e Ecuador, se Peru and wc Bolivia.
Diglossopis caerulescens  BLUISH FLOWER-PIERCER.  Humid forest, edge, brushy areas, second growth.  Mts., 1350-3200 m, rarely lower, from Colombia and w,n Venezuela s locally through Andes of w,e Ecuador, Peru and cw Bolivia.
Diglossopis cyanea  MASKED FLOWER-PIERCER.  Stunted humid forest, edge, bushy areas, ravines.  Mts., 1500-3600 m, of Colombia, in Andes, and w,n Venezuela s through Andes of w,e Ecuador and Peru and c,w Bolivia.
Euneornis campestris  ORANGEQUIT.  Open woodland, forest edge, towns.  Jamaica.

Melanospiza richardsoni  ST. LUCIA BLACK FINCH.  Undergrowth, shrubbery, arid scrub.  C Lesser Antilles on St. Lucia, mostly mts. and lowland arid scrub.

Geospiza magnirostris  LARGE GROUND-FINCH.  Arid scrub.  Galapagos Is. on main is., except San Cristóbal, Culpepper and Hood; extirpated on Floreana and possibly on Barrington and Fernandina.
Geospiza fortis  MEDIUM GROUND-FINCH.  Arid scrub.  Galapagos Is. on main is., except Culpepper, Tower and Wenman; possibly extirpated on Hood.
Geospiza fuliginosa  SMALL GROUND-FINCH.  Arid scrub, woodland, towns.  Galapagos Is. on main is., except Culpepper, Tower and Wenman.
Geospiza difficilis  SHARP-BEAKED GROUND-FINCH.  Scrub.  Nw Galapagos Is., in humid zone of James, Fernandina and Pinta and arid zone of Culpepper, Wenman and possibly Isabela; probably extirpated on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal.  G. nebulosa, described from two specimens (one from Floreana I.) of uncertain relationship, is an older name for this species if it is conspecific with difficilis.

Geospiza scandens  COMMON CACTUS-FINCH.  Cactus forest.  Galapagos Is. on main is., except Fernandina, Culpepper, Wenman, Tower and Hood; extirpated on Duncan.
Geospiza conirostris  LARGE CACTUS-FINCH.  Cactus forest.  Galapagos Is. on Hood, Tower, Culpepper and Wenman, possibly Pinta and Gardner.
Camarhynchus crassirostris  VEGETARIAN FINCH.  Humid scrub, woodland.  Galapagos Is. on main is., except Barrington, Baltra, Seymour, Culpepper, Wenman, Tower and Hood; probably extirpated on Duncan.
Camarhynchus psittacula  LARGE TREE-FINCH.  Humid scrub, woodland.  Galapagos Is. on main is., except Culpepper, Wenman, Tower and Hood; status uncertain on San Cristóbal and Barrington; probably extirpated on Duncan.

Camarhynchus pauper  MEDIUM TREE-FINCH.  Humid scrub, woodland.  Highlands of cs Galapagos Is. on Floreana.
Camarhynchus parvulus  SMALL TREE-FINCH. Humid scrub, woodland.  Galapagos Is. on main is., except Culpepper, Tower, Hood, Marchena and Wenman.
Camarhynchus pallidus  WOODPECKER FINCH.  Scrub, woodland, cactus forest.  Galapagos Is. on Santa Cruz, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Fernandina, James, Duncan; status uncertain on Jervis, Floreana, Barrington and Pinta.
Camarhynchus heliobates  MANGROVE FINCH.  Mangrove swamps.  W. Galapagos Is. on e Fernandina, w,se Isabela.

Certhidea olivacea  WARBLER FINCH.  Humid scrub, woodland.  Galapagos Is.
Pinaroloxias inornata  COCOS FINCH.  Forest, woodland, open country.  Cocos I., off Pacific coast of Costa Rica.

Tribe CARDINALINI
Spiza americana  DICKCISSEL.  Grasslands, meadows, savanna, brushy fields, farmlands.  From e Montana, se Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, nw,c Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c Michigan, s Ontario, c New York and Massachusetts s to c Colorado, e New Mexico, w,s Texas, s Louisiana, c portion of Gulf states and c,se Georgia.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus  YELLOW GROSBEAK.  Humid forest edge, second growth, scrub.  Highlands of Mexico, from s Sonora, sw Chihuahua, Sinaloa and w Durango s to Guerrero and sw Puebla; s Chiapas to c Guatemala.
Pheucticus chrysogaster  GOLDEN-BELLIED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest edge, second growth.  Mts., 950-3000 m, from sw,ne Colombia and n Venezuela s through Andes and locally in lowlands from w,e, Ecuador to s Peru.  Often considered conspecific with P. chrysopeplus.
Pheucticus tibialis  BLACK-THIGHED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest edge and woodland.  Mts. of Costa Rica and w Panama.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. chrysopeplus.

Pheucticus aureoventris  BLACK-BACKED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest.  Andes, 1700-3000 m, of c Colombia and w Venezuela; sw Colombia and Ecuador; e Peru; lowlands and Andean foothills of se Peru, Bolivia, sw Brazil, Paraguay and nw Argentina.
Pheucticus ludovicianus  ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.  Deciduous forest, woodland, second growth.  From ne British Columbia, sw,sc Mackenzie, n,c,se Alberta and c,s Saskatchewan e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and s to e Wyoming, e Colorado, c Oklahoma, s Missouri, s Illinois, c Indiana, n Ohio, Maryland and Delaware and s in Appalachians to n Georgia.  Hybridizes with P. melanocephalus in areas of overlap; sometimes regarded as conspecific.
Pheucticus melanocephalus  BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.  Deciduous forest, woodland, pine-oak, pinyon-juniper, riparian woodland, thickets.  From s British Columbia, s Alberta, sw Saskatchewan, ne Montana and nw N. Dakota s to n Baja Calif., s Nevada, c,se Arizona, e New Mexico and w Texas and in Mexican highlands s to Guerrero and Oaxaca.  Hybridizes with P. melanocephalus.

Cardinalis cardinalis  NORTHERN CARDINAL.  Thickets, fields, forest edge, riparian thickets, woodland, towns, arid scrub.  From c Baja Calif., extreme se Calif., c Utah, c,se Arizona, sw New Mexico, ne Colorado, w,n Texas, se S. Dakota, se Manitoba, c Minnesota, n Wisconsin, s Ontario, sw Quebec, n New York, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia to s Baja Calif., incl. Tiburón I. and smaller is., along Pacific coast to Sonora, incl. Tres Marías Is. off Nayarit, int. Mexico to Guanajuato and Hidalgo, along Gulf-Caribbean slope to Yucatán Pen., incl. Cozumel I., n Guatemala and Belize and e to Gulf Coast of U.S. and s Florida; Pacific lowlands of w Mexico from Colima s to Oaxaca at Isthmus of Tehuantepec.  Intro. Hawaiian Is., sw Calif., Bermuda.
Cardinalis phoeniceus  VERMILION CARDINAL.  Thorn scrub, cactus thickets.  Coastal ne Colombia and n Venezuela, incl. Margarita I.

Cardinalis sinuatus  PYRRHULOXIA.  Arid brush, thorn scrub, weedy fields, riparian thickets.  Lowlands to 300 m from c,s Baja Calif., extreme se Calif., s Arizona, s New Mexico and w,sc Texas s to n Nayarit, ne Jalisco, n Michoacán, Querétero, s San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas.
Caryothraustes poliogaster  BLACK-FACED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest, edge, woodland.  Gulf-Caribbean slope of Mexico from s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, s Campeche and s Quintana Roo s to c Panama.  Often considered conspecific with C. canadensis.
Caryothraustes canadensis  YELLOW-GREEN GROSBEAK.  Humid forest, edge, second growth, suburban areas.  Lowlands to 1000 m of e Panama; from se Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s to Amazonian,e Brazil.
Caryothraustes humeralis  YELLOW-SHOULDERED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest, edge.  Locally in lowlands to 1000 m of e Colombia, e Ecuador, e Peru, n Bolivia and sw Amazonian Brazil.
*
This species is behaviorally and biochemically unlike other cardinalines, including other species of Caryothraustes, and probably is a tanager.  Tamlin, et al. (1993. Wilson Bull. 105-113) did not examine the other species of Caryothraustes and no alternate generic name is available.
*
Rhodothraupis celaeno  CRIMSON-COLLARED GROSBEAK.  Brushy woodland, second growth, scrub.  Ne Mexico from ec Nuevo León and s Tamaulipas s through e San Luis Potosí and n Veracruz to ne Puebla.
Periporphyrus erythromelas  RED-AND-BLACK GROSBEAK.  Humid forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 1000 m of s Venezuela, adj. Guyana, French Guiana and e Amazonian Brazil.
Pitylus grossus  SLATE-COLORED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 1300 m on Caribbean slope from ne Honduras to Costa Rica, both slopes of Panama and from w,c,se Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and, e of Andes, to e Peru, n Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.  Allozyme evidence (Tamlin, et al. 1993. Wilson Bull. 105:93-113) suggest that Pitylus should be merged with Saltator.

Pitylus fuliginosus  BLACK-THROATED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest, second growth, scrub.  Lowlands to 1200 m of e Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. grossus.
Saltator atriceps  BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR.  Humid forest edge, second growth, scrub, thickets, woodland.  Mexico from c Guerrero, e San Luis Potosí, s Tamaulipas, Veracruz, e Puebla, cw,n,e Oaxaca, Chiapas and Yucatán Pen. s to e Panama.
Saltator maximus  BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR.  Humid forest edge, second growth, woodland, scrub, swamps.  Lowlands to 1700 m of Mexico, from c Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, s Campeche and s Quintana Roo s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, incl. Pacific slope of El Salvador, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru and, e of Andes, to e Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay and c,se Brazil.

Saltator atripennis  BLACK-WINGED SALTATOR.  Woodland, pastures, thickets.  Andes, 400-2200 m, of Colombia and w Ecuador.
Saltator coerulescens  GREYISH SALTATOR.  Open woodland, scrub, second growth, riverine woodland, thickets.  Lowlands from Mexico, in Sinaloa, w Durango, e San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s to c Costa Rica.; lowlands to 1300 m of n,e Colombia, Venezuela, incl. Monos and Chacachacare is., Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Amazonian,c,e Brazil to Uruguay and n Argentina.
Saltator similis  GREEN-WINGED SALTATOR.  Thickets, orchards, woodland, deciduous forest.  E Bolivia, Paraguay, se Brazil s to Uruguay and n Argentina.
Saltator orenocensis  ORINOCAN SALTATOR.  Woodland edge, thorn scrub, farmlands.  Lowlands to 600 m of ne Colombia and Venezuela.

Saltator nigriceps  BLACK-COWLED SALTATOR.  Forest edge, arid scrub, humid wooded canyons.  Andes, 1000-2000 m of s Ecuador and nw Peru.  Sometimes regarded as conspecific with S. aurantiirostris.
Saltator aurantiirostris  GOLDEN-BILLED SALTATOR.  Arid scrub, thickets.  Lowlands and mts. to 3000 m of Peru and Bolivia s to n Chile and n Argentina and e through w Paraguay to s Brazil and Uruguay.
Saltator maxillosus  THICK-BILLED SALTATOR.  Humid forest, edge, woodland undergrowth.  Lowlands to 2200 m of se Brazil, se Paraguay and ne Argentina.  Interbreeds with S. aurantiirostris in ne Argentina in Corrientes, but extent and nature of hybridization are unknown; possibly related to S. similis.

Saltator cinctus  MASKED SALTATOR.  Bamboo thickets, humid forest edge, especially near Podocarpus oleifolius.  Locally in Andes, 1650-3100 m, of c Colombia, e Ecuador and n Peru.
Saltator atricollis  BLACK-THROATED SALTATOR.  Scrub, campos.  Lowlands to 1300 m of e Bolivia, Paraguay and c,se Brazil.
Saltator rufiventris  RUFOUS-BELLIED SALTATOR.  Polylepis woodland.  Andes, 2550-4000 m of c,se Bolivia and extreme nw Argentina.
Saltator albicollis  WHITE-THROATED SALTATOR.  Open woodland, scrub, thickets, farmlands.  Lesser Antilles on Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia islands.  Accidental on Nevis.

Saltator striatipectus  STREAKED SALTATOR.  Lowlands and mts. to 2700 m from sw Costa Rica on the Pacific slope and Panama, incl. Coiba, Coibita, Taboga and Pearl is., and Caribbean slope in the Canal Zone, and in S. America from w,c,ne Colombia, n Venezuela, incl. Patos, Monos and Chacachacare is., and Trinidad s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and nw,w Peru.  Formerly included in S. albicollis; see Seutin, et al. 1993. Auk 110:117-126.
Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea  INDIGO GROSBEAK  Dense thickets.  Lowlands to 900 m of s Brazil, Uruguay and ne Argentina.
Cyanocompsa cyanoides  BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, open woodland, thickets.  Lowlands to 1400 m from Mexico, in s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, s Campeche and s Quintana Roo, s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from w,n,e Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Cyanocompsa parellina  BLUE BUNTING.  Deciduous forest, edge, pine-oak, arid scrub, thickets.  From Mexico, in c Sinaloa, e San Luis Potosí, n Nuevo León and c Tamaulipas, incl. Yucatán Pen. and I. Mujeres, s to nc Nicaragua.
Cyanocompsa brissonii  ULTRAMARINE GROSBEAK.  Scrub, thickets, humid forest edge, chaco woodland.  Locally in foothills and mts., 250-1600 m of w Colombia, n Venezuela, c,se Bolivia, e Paraguay, Uruguay, e,s Brazil and n Argentina.
Guiraca caerulea  BLUE GROSBEAK.  Second growth, riparian woodland, scrub, thickets, farmlands.  From c. Calif., s Nevada, s,e Utah, s Wyoming, sc N. Dakota, c Missouri, c,ne Illinois, s Indiana, s Ohio, W. Virginia, s Pennsylvania and se New York s to n Baja Calif., s Arizona, in highlands and Pacific lowlands from Mexico s to Costa Rica and to s Tamaulipas, Gulf coast and c Florida.

Passerina amoena  LAZULI BUNTING.  Arid brush, riparian thickets, chaparral, open woodland.  From s British Colombia, s Alberta, s Saskatchewan and c N. Dakota s to nw Baja Calif., s Calif, c Arizona, c New Mexico, c Texas and w Oklahoma.

P. amoena and P. cyanea hybridize where their ranges overlap but are sympatric without interbreeding in some areas; they are sometimes regarded as conspecific.  (Sibley and Short 1959. Auk 76:443-461).

Passerina cyanea  INDIGO BUNTING.  Deciduous forest edge, open woodland, second growth, scrub, farmlands.  From s Saskatchewan e across s Canada to s New Brunswick and s Maine and s to s New Mexico, w,c,se Texas, Gulf coast and c Florida, sporadic breeding w to w Colorado, sw Utah, w,c Arizona and s Calif.
Passerina versicolor  VARIED BUNTING.  Dense brushy arid scrub, mesquite thickets near water.  From s Baja Calif., n Sonora, sc,se Arizona, s New Mexico and w,s Texas s through Mexico to c Oaxaca; Chiapas, Guatemala.
Passerina ciris  PAINTED BUNTING.  Brushy areas, scrub, riparian thickets, forest edge, second growth.

The Atlantic coastal population (P. c. ciris) differs in timing and pattern of molt and migratory behavior from the western population (P. c. pallidior), but the break in a weak east-west color cline apparently occurs within the latter group; the significance of this variation remains unclear. (Thompson 1991. Condor 93:987-1000).
   P. c. pallidior.  From se New Mexico, n Texas, c Oklahoma, ec Kansas, s Missouri and sw Tennessee s to s Chihuahua, n Coahuila, s Texas and Gulf coast e to nw Florida.
 P. c. ciris.  Along Atlantic coast from se N. Carolina and c S. Carolina s to c Florida.

Passerina rositae  ROSE-BELLIED BUNTING.  Deciduous forest, riparian woodland, brush.  Sw Mexico in e Oaxaca and extreme sw Chiapas.
Passerina leclancherii  ORANGE-BREASTED BUNTING.  Deciduous forest, arid scrub, brush, old fields.  Pacific slope of w Mexico from Colima, Jalisco and Michoacán s through Guerrero, s Puebla and Oaxaca to sw Chiapas.
Porphyrospiza caerulescens  YELLOW-BILLED BLUE FINCH.  Campos.  Lowlands to 1100 m of n,e Bolivia and c int. Brazil.

Tribe ICTERINI
Psarocolius oseryi  CASQUED OROPENDOLA.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1500 m of e Ecuador, e Peru and n Bolivia.
Psarocolius decumanus  CRESTED OROPENDOLA.  Open forest with scattered trees, edge, riverine forest.  Locally in lowlands to 2600 m from Panama, nw,c,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay.
Psarocolius viridis  GREEN OROPENDOLA.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1500 m, e of Andes of Colombia, s,e Venezuela, Guianas, e Ecuador, ne Peru and Amazonian Brazil.
Psarocolius atrovirens  DUSKY-GREEN OROPENDOLA.  Humid forest, edge.  Andes, 1300-2600 m of se Peru and c Bolivia.  May hybridize with P. angustifrons alfredi in s Peru.

Psarocolius angustifrons  RUSSET-BACKED OROPENDOLA.  Forest.

The two groups differ in soft part colors, especially the bill, and are reputed to have different vocalizations; they may be separate species.
 P. a. alfredi.  Mts., 1200-2600 m, and lowlands in s, from Colombia and s through Andes of Ecuador and Peru to n,e Bolivia.
 P. a. angustifrons.  Lowlands to 2000 m of n Venezuela, se Colombia, e Ecuador, ne Peru and adjacent w Amazonian Brazil.
 This species complex is confusing.  P. a. alfredi differs in soft-part colors, esp. the bill, is said to have different vocalizations (unverified) and is widespread in the lowlands in some areas, but it has been treated as a subspecies of angustifrons.

Psarocolius wagleri  CHESTNUT-HEADED OROPENDOLA.  Forest, dense riparian woodland, clearings with large trees.  Lowlands to 1500 m from Mexico in Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, s on Caribbean slope to Honduras, both slopes of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama and w Colombia and w Ecuador.
Ocyalus latirostris  BAND-TAILED OROPENDOLA.  Humid forest, islands in rivers,  Lowlands to 1500 m of extreme se Colombia, e Ecuador, ne Peru and extreme w Brazil.
Gymnostinops montezuma  MONTEZUMA OROPENDOLA.  Clearings with large trees, humid forest.  Gulf-Caribbean lowlands from Mexico, in s Tamaulipas, Veracruz, e Puebla, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo, s on Caribbean slope, incl. Pacific slope of Nicaragua, to c Panama.
Gymnostinops cassini  BAUDO OROPENDOLA.  Forest, forest edge.  Lowlands to 400 m of nw Colombia.  Sometimes treated as a race of G. montezuma or G. guatimozinus, but intergradation has not been documented.

Gymnostinops bifasciatus  AMAZONIAN OROPENDOLA.  Humid forest, edge.

The two groups sometimes are treated as species, but apparent intermediates are known.  G. bifasciatus has been treated as conspecific with G. montezuma.
 G. b. yuracares.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia and s Venezuela s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil e to lower Rio Negro and Rio Xingú.
 G. b. bifasciatus.  Brazil s of the Amazon from Rio Tocantins e to Belém region and s to Mato Grosso.

Gymnostinops guatimozinus  BLACK OROPENDOLA.  Forest, forest edge.  Lowlands to 1500 m of e Panama and nw Colombia.  Sometimes treated as a race of G. montezuma.
Cacicus cela  YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE.  Open woodland, edge of mangroves and river banks.  Lowlands to 1500 m of Panama, n Colombia, w Ecuador and nw Peru; lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, from ne,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.
Cacicus haemorrhous  RED-RUMPED CACIQUE.  Forest edge, forested riverbanks.  Lowlands to 1000 m from se Colombia and Guianas s through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Amazonian,e,se Brazil s to Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Cacicus uropygialis  SCARLET-RUMPED CACIQUE.  Forest, edge, second growth.

Microrhynchus and pacificus differ vocally from uropygialis and the two groups may be separate species, but pacificus is morphologically intermediate between the other two (Wetmore, et al. 1984. The Birds of the Republic of Panama. 2:350; Ridgely and Tudor 1989. Birds of S. Amer. 1:369).
 C. u. microrhynchus.  Lowlands from extreme se Honduras s through e Nicaragua and Costa Rica (except arid nw) to Panama (except e Darién).
 C. u. pacificus.  Lowlands of e Panama in e Darién, w,nc Colombia from Pacific slope e to lower Cauca Valley in Antioquia and w Ecuador s to El Oro.
 C. u. uropygialis.  Mts., 1000-2300 m, from Colombia in the western Andes s to Valle; central Andes s to Quindío; locally in the eastern Andes, and nw Venezuela in the Sierra de Perijá in Zulia; Andes in Táchira, s through Andes of w,e Ecuador to e Peru s to Cuzco.

Cacicus koepckeae  SELVA CACIQUE.  Forest.  Known only from type locality, Balta, at ca. 300 m in e Peru on the lower R. Curanja, Ucayali.
Cacicus chrysopterus  GOLDEN-WINGED CACIQUE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1500 m of c, se Bolivia, Paraguay, s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Cacicus chrysonotus  MOUNTAIN CACIQUE.  Forest.

The two groups are sometimes treated as species, but are similar vocally and appear to intergrade where their ranges approach.
 C. c. leucoramphus.  Andes, 1300-3500 m, of Colombia, sw Venezuela, e Ecuador and c Peru.
 C. c. chrysonotus.  Andes of se Peru and wc Bolivia. 

Cacicus sclateri  ECUADORIAN CACIQUE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1500 m of e Ecuador and extreme n Peru.
Cacicus solitarius  SOLITARY CACIQUE.  Dense scrub, forest, woodlands, open grassland.  Lowlands to 1500 m, e of Andes, from Colombia and nw Venezuela s through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil and Paraguay to Uruguay and c Argentina.
Cacicus melanicterus  YELLOW-WINGED CACIQUE.  Deciduous forest, open and riparian woodland, scrub, around human habitation.  Up to 1000 m of w Mexico from extreme s Sonora s to w Chiapas.
Amblycercus holosericeus  YELLOW-BILLED CACIQUE.  Forest, forest edge, bamboo thickets, partially open woodland.  Lowlands and mts. to 3900 m from Mexico, in San Luis Potosí, s Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca s, incl. Yucatán Pen., to Panama, w,cn Colombia, w Ecuador and nw Peru; lowlands and mts. to 3300 m of c,n Colombia, nw Venezuela, se Ecuador, e Peru and wc Bolivia.

Icterus chrysocephalus  MORICHE ORIOLE.  Forest, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1200 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador to ne Peru and n Brazil.  Hybridizes locally and sometimes considered conspecific with I. cayanensis.
Icterus cayanensis  EPAULET ORIOLE.  Forest, open woodland, caatinga, campos; chaco.  Lowlands to 1500 m, e of Andes, from Surinam and French Guiana s through Brazil to e Peru and n Bolivia; c, se Bolivia, sw Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Icterus graduacauda  AUDUBON'S ORIOLE.  Scrub, mesquite, open woodland, orchards, towns, riparian woodland.  Lowlands to 2450 m of cs U.S. and Mexico from s Texas, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Nayarit, Jalisco and Guanajuato s through highlands to Chiapas; old records from Guatemala are questionable.

Icterus chrysater  YELLOW-BACKED ORIOLE.  Forest, clearings, partially open country.  Lowlands and mts. to 3000 m from Mexico, in Veracruz, se Oaxaca, n Chiapas and Yucatán Pen., s through int., incl. locally Caribbean lowlands, to n,ne Nicaragua; Panama, Colombia and nw Venezuela.

Includes I. hondae, originally described from two cotypes taken in upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia, which appear to be extreme individual variants of this species.  Appears to be closely related to I. graduacauda.

Icterus nigrogularis  YELLOW ORIOLE.  Mangroves, clearings, towns.  Lowlands to 500 m along Caribbean coast of Colombia, n Venezuela, Trinidad, n Brazil, Guianas and Netherlands Antilles on Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire.
Icterus leucopteryx  JAMAICAN ORIOLE.  Humid forest, towns, woodland.  Lowlands to mts. of w W. Indies on Jamaica, Grand Cayman (where possibly extirpated), and I. San Andrés.
Icterus auratus  ORANGE ORIOLE.  Scrubby woodland, partially open country with scattered trees and shrubs.  Lowlands of se Mexico in Yucatán Pen.
Icterus mesomelas  YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE.  Forest, riparian woodland, clearings.  Lowlands to 1600 m from Mexico, in Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and Yucatán Pen., s along Caribbean slope to Panama, incl. Pacific slope w to w Panamá prov., and from w,n Colombia and nw Venezuela s through w Ecuador to Peru.

I. xantholemus, known only from the type from Ecuador, may be an immature I. mesomelas or possibly a hybrid of unknown parentage.

Icterus auricapillus  ORANGE-CROWNED ORIOLE.  Scrub, second growth.  Lowlands to 1900 m of e Panama, n Colombia and n Venezuela.
Icterus graceannae  WHITE-EDGED ORIOLE.  Desert scrub, mesquite, woodland.  Lowlands to 1500 m, mostly below 300 m, of sw Ecuador and nw Peru.
Icterus pectoralis  SPOT-BREASTED ORIOLE.  Open country with scattered trees, woodland edge, towns.  Lowlands to 1500 m on Pacific slope from Mexico in Colima, s to c Costa Rica; locally arid int. valleys and Caribbean slope of Guatemala and Honduras. Intro. se Florida.
Icterus gularis  ALTAMIRA ORIOLE.  Dry open woodlands, low second growth.  Lowlands to 1200 m from s Texas, Mexico, in  Nuevo León, e San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas s on Gulf-Caribbean slope, incl. Yucatán Pen. and Cozumel I., to Honduras; from México and Guerrero s along Pacific slope to wc Nicaragua; locally int. valleys of Guatemala and Honduras.

Icterus pustulatus  STREAK-BACKED ORIOLE.  Arid scrub, edge, riparian thickets, thorn forest.

The races were formerly treated as species, but the mainland populations intergrade.
 I. p. pustulatus.  Lowlands to 1500 m of w Mexico from Sonora and Chihuahua s on Pacific slope to c Oaxaca.
 I. p. graysoni.  Tres Marías Is., off Nayarit.
 I. p. sclateri.  Pacific slope in se Oaxaca, Chiapas, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and nw Costa Rica in Guanacaste; arid interior valleys of Guatemala and Honduras.

Icterus icterus  TROUPIAL.  Woodland near rivers.  Lowlands to 1300 m of n,ne Colombia and w,n Venezuela, incl. is. from Aruba e to Trinidad.  Intro. Puerto Rico, incl. Mona I., Virgin Is. on St. Thomas.
Icterus jamacaii  CAMPO ORIOLE.  Woodland near rivers.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, in se Colombia, sw Guyana, e Ecuador and e Peru; lowlands of Amazonian Brazil, n,e,se Bolivia, w Paraguay and cn Argentina.  Often considered conspecific with I. icterus, but differs in voice, habitat and plumage.
Icterus galbula  NORTHERN ORIOLE.  Riparian woodland, oak forest, orchards, savanna.

 The central Mexican group seems not to intergrade with the others.
 I. g. bullockii.  From s int. British Columbia, s Alberta, sw Saskatchewan, e Montana, sw N. Dakota and c S. Dakota s to n Baja Calif., c Sonora, n Durango, Coahuila, c,s Texas and w Oklahoma.
 I. g. galbula.  From c Alberta, c Saskatchewan and s Manitoba e through s Canada to s New Brunswick and c Nova Scotia and s to e Texas, c portions of Gulf states, w S. Carolina, c Virginia and Delaware; one breeding record from s Florida on the Florida Keys.

I. g. abeillei.  Highlands of c Mexico from c Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and s Nuevo León s to Michoacán, México, Morelos, Puebla and Veracruz.

Icterus cucullatus  HOODED ORIOLE.  Open woodland, mesquite thickets, riparian woodland, towns.  Lowlands to 1500 m of sw U.S. and Mexico from c Calif., s Nevada, sw Utah, c Arizona, s New Mexico and w,sc,s Texas s to s Baja Calif., Guerrero, Veracruz, Tabasco, n Chiapas and Yucatán Pen., incl. Holbox, Contoy, Mujeres and Cozumel is.
Icterus spurius  ORCHARD ORIOLE.  Scrub, deciduous forest edge, orchards, towns.  Lowlands to 2450 m from se Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, c Minnesota, c Wisconsin, s Michigan, s Ontario, c New York, and c New England s to e Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, s Texas, Gulf coast and c Florida; Mexican highlands from c Durango and Zacatecas to Jalisco, n Michoacán, México and Hidalgo; ne Mexico in s Tamaulipas and n Veracruz.
Icterus wagleri  BLACK-VENTED ORIOLE.  Open country with scattered trees, scrub woodland, hedgerows and towns.  Pacific lowlands and mts. to 2450 m from Mexico, in s Sonora, c Chihuahua, Coahuila and Nuevo León s, mostly in highlands, to nc Nicaragua.

Icterus dominicensis  BLACK-COWLED ORIOLE.  Humid forest edge, clearings, partially open country with scattered trees.

The two groups have been treated as separate species, and dominicensis is closely related to wagleri and to the four following species: oberi, bonana, laudabilis and maculialatus.
  I. d. prosthemelas.  Lowlands of Caribbean slope from Mexico in Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and Yucatán Pen. s to extreme w Panama.
 I. d. dominicensis.  Northern West Indies in n Bahamas Is. on Andros, Great Abaco, Little Abaco, Cuba, incl. I. of Pines, Hispaniola, incl. Tortue and Gonâve is. and Î.-à-Vache, and Puerto Rico.

Icterus oberi  MONTSERRAT ORIOLE.  Forest.  Mt. slopes above 250 m of nc Lesser Antilles on Montserrat.
Icterus bonana  MARTINIQUE ORIOLE.  Forest edge, woodland.  Semi-arid hills of c Lesser Antilles on Martinique.
Icterus laudabilis  ST. LUCIA ORIOLE.  Forest, woodland.  Coastal lowlands and semi-arid regions to humid mt. forest of sc Lesser Antilles on St. Lucia.
Icterus maculialatus  BAR-WINGED ORIOLE.  Partially open country with scattered trees and thickets, scrub woodland, dense thickets.  Foothills, 900-1100 m, of Pacific slope from Mexico, in extreme se Oaxaca and Chiapas, to Guatemala and El Salvador.

Icterus parisorum  SCOTT'S ORIOLE.  Dry woodland, arid oak scrub, yucca desert scrub, pinyon-juniper woodland.  Lowlands to 2750 m from s Calif., s Nevada, s Utah, w Colorado, sw Wyoming, nw,c New Mexico and w Texas s to Baja Calif., se Sonora, Durango, se Coahuila, Michoacán and nw Oaxaca.
Nesopsar nigerrimus  JAMAICAN BLACKBIRD.  Humid forest, woodland, riverine second growth.  Jamaica.
Gymnomystax mexicanus  ORIOLE BLACKBIRD.  Gardens, fields, savanna.  Lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, n Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador to ne Peru and e Amazonian, n Brazil, incl. Marajó and Mexiana is.
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus  YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.  Marshes, farmlands.  From w Oregon, c Washington, c int. British Columbia, n Alberta, nc Saskatchewan, c Manitoba, w,s Ontario, n Minnesota and n,ec Michigan s to s Calif., ne Baja calif., sw,ec Arizona, c,ne New Mexico, n Texas, nw Oklahoma, c Kansas, sw Missouri, c Illinois, nw Indiana and nw Ohio.

Agelaius flavus  SAFFRON-COWLED BLACKBIRD.  Reedbeds, marshes.  Lowlands to 1000 m of e Paraguay, extreme se Brazil, Uruguay and ne Argentina.
Agelaius xanthophthalmus  PALE-EYED BLACKBIRD.  Marshes.  Locally in lowlands to 650 m of e Ecuador and e Peru.
Agelaius thilius  YELLOW-WINGED BLACKBIRD.  Salt and freshwater marshes.  Lowlands to 4000 m of se Peru, c,sw Bolivia, Uruguay, extreme se Brazil, n,c Argentina and Chile.
Agelaius cyanopus  UNICOLORED BLACKBIRD.  Marshes, farmlands.  Lowlands to 500 m of ne,e,s Brazil, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay and nw, ne Argentina.

Agelaius phoeniceus  RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.  Marshes, farmlands.
*
"Bicolored" and "tricolored" races in Mexico nest sympatrically in some localities, but interbreed extensively at other sites; similarly colored races in California apparently intergrade where they make contact and genetic variation is not well segregated geographically.  See note above under Tribe ICTERINI citing a study by S. Lanyon (1994).
 Lowlands to 2750 m from ec,sc,se Alaska, s Yukon, wc,s Mackenzie and c Manitoba e across s Canada to sw Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and s to Baja Calif., along both coasts of Middle America, incl. Yucatán Pen., Holbox and Cozumel is., to nw,nc Costa Rica and to s Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida; nw Bahama Is., s to Andros and Eleuthera, w Cuba, incl. I. of Pines.  There may be more than one species in the taxon known as A. phoenicus, especially A. gubernator.
*
Agelaius tricolor  TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD.  Marshes, farmlands.  From nw,s Oregon, mostly e of coast ranges, s through int., s coastal Calif. to nw Baja Calif.
Agelaius icterocephalus  YELLOW-HOODED BLACKBIRD.  Marshes, grassy swamps.  Lowlands to 2600 m of n,c,e Colombia, n Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas, ne Peru and Amazonian Brazil.
Agelaius humeralis  TAWNY-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.  Woodland edge, groves, farmlands.  Lowlands of w Greater Antilles in Cuba, incl. Cayo Cantiles and Jardines de la Reina, and w Hispaniola in wc Haiti.
Agelaius xanthomus  YELLOW-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD.  Lagoons, swamps, open country.  Lowlands of sw,ne Puerto Rico, incl. Mona I.

Agelaius ruficapillus  CHESTNUT-CAPPED BLACKBIRD.  Marshes.  Lowlands to 1500 m from French Guiana s through e Amazonian, e,se Brazil to e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Leistes militaris  RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD.  Bushy pastures, wet grasslands, swampy places.  Lowlands to 1600 m from sw Costa Rica and Panama, Colombia, n,c Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s to ne Peru, n Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.
Leistes superciliaris  WHITE-BROWED BLACKBIRD.  Bushy pastures, wet grassland, swampy places.  Lowlands to 2500 m of extreme se Peru, n,e,se Bolivia, Chile, e,s Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.  Often treated as a subspecies of L. militaris.

Sturnella bellicosa  PERUVIAN MEADOWLARK.  Farmlands, grassy desert scrub.  Lowlands to 2500 m from sw Ecuador s through w Peru to nw Chile.  Often treated as a subspecies of S. militaris.
Sturnella militaris  PAMPAS MEADOWLARK.  Grasslands.  Lowlands to 1500 m of se Brazil, Uruguay and ne Argentina; perhaps only a vagrant in Brazil and Argentina.  S. militaris and S. loyca are sympatric in s Buenos Aires, Argentina.  If Leistes is merged with Sturnella, this species is called S. defilippi.
Sturnella loyca  LONG-TAILED MEADOWLARK.  Fields, farmlands.  Lowlands to 2500 m of Chile and Argentina, s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.

Sturnella magna  EASTERN MEADOWLARK.  Grasslands, savanna, open fields, farmlands.  From Texas (exc. w,c), c Kansas, c Nebraska, sw S. Dakota, n Minnesota, n Wisconsin, n Michigan, s Ontario, sw Quebec, s New Brunswick and c Nova Scotia s through c,e U.S. and Middle America, exc. Baja Calif. and extreme nw Mexico, to c Panama, Gulf coast and s Florida; Cuba, incl. some cays and I. of Pines; lowlands to 3500 m of c,nc,e Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam and n Brazil.

Sturnella lilianae  LILIAN'S MEADOWLARK.  Grasslands, open fields, farmlands.  Cs U.S. and cn Mexico in nw,c,s Arizona, c,s New Mexico, w,c Texas, e Sonora and nw,c Chihuahua and possibly s to Central America; see following paragraph.  S. lilianae differs from magna and neglecta
 in vocalizations, morphology and genetics, but they do not nest together anywhere.

Sturnella neglecta  WESTERN MEADOWLARK.  Grasslands, savanna, farmlands.  From c British Colombia, nc Alberta, c Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, w,s Ontario and nw Ohio s to nw Baja Calif., nw Sonora, c,se Arizona, wc Texas, nw Louisiana, n Arkansas, sw Tennessee, sw Kentucky, s Illinois, n Indiana, c Ohio and w New York and Mexican highlands to e Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, s Nuevo León and w Tamaulipas.  Sympatric with S. magna and S. lilianae.
Pseudoleistes guirahuro  YELLOW-RUMPED MARSHBIRD.  Pastures, farmlands, usually near water.  Lowlands to 1100 m of se Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and n Argentina.
Pseudoleistes virescens  BROWN-AND-YELLOW MARSHBIRD.  Wooded pastures, usually near water.  Lowlands to 300 m of s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.

Amblyramphus holosericeus  SCARLET-HEADED BLACKBIRD.  Reedbeds, marshes.  Lowlands to 600 m of n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, sw, se Brazil, Uruguay and nw,ne Argentina.
Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster  RED-BELLIED GRACKLE  Forest, humid scrub.  Andean slopes, 1200-2700 m of Colombia.
Curaeus curaeus  AUSTRAL BLACKBIRD.  Brushy hillsides, forest edge, farmlands.  Lowlands to 1500 m from c Chile and c Argentina s to Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn, incl. Navarino and Hoste is.
Curaeus forbesi  FORBES'S BLACKBIRD.  Forest edge, brush, farmlands.  E Brazil.
Gnorimopsar chopi  CHOPI BLACKBIRD.  Marshy meadows, reedbeds, wet savanna, farmlands.  Lowlands to 1000 m of extreme se Peru, n,se Bolivia, Paraguay, e,se,s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.

Oreopsar bolivianus  BOLIVIAN BLACKBIRD.  Arid open scrub with scattered trees.  Highlands of Bolivia.
Lampropsar tanagrinus  VELVET-FRONTED GRACKLE.  Riverine forest, humid forest, second growth, mangroves, usually near water.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from Colombia, s,e Venezuela and Guyana s through e Ecuador to ne Peru and w Amazonian Brazil; sw Amazonian Brazil; n,e Bolivia.
Macroagelaius imthurni  GOLDEN-TUFTED GRACKLE.  Humid forest, edge.  Pantepui, 500-2000 m, of s Venezuela, Guyana and adj, n Brazil.  Sometimes considered a race of M. subalaris.
Macroagelaius subalaris   MOUNTAIN GRACKLE.  Humid forest, edge.  E. Andes, 1950-3100 m of Colombia.

Dives atroviolacea  CUBAN BLACKBIRD.  Farmlands, woodland edge.  Cuba.
Dives dives  MELODIOUS BLACKBIRD.  Scrub, second growth, woodland edge, towns, esp. near water.  Gulf-Caribbean slope from Mexico, in San Luis Potosí, s Tamaulipas, Puebla, México and n Oaxaca, incl. Yucatán Pen., to nc Nicaragua; Pacific slope in El Salvador.
Dives warszewiczi  SCRUB BLACKBIRD.  Arid scrub, brushy areas.  Coastal areas of sw Ecuador and nw Peru; lowlands to 1500 m of w Peru.  Sometimes regarded as conspecific with the widely disjunct D. dives.
Quiscalus mexicanus  GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE.  Farmlands, pastures, marshes, swamps, wet thickets, towns, mangroves.  Lowlands from se Calif., s Nevada, s Utah, n New Mexico, c Colorado, s Nebraska, c Iowa, sw Missouri, sw Arkansas and sw Louisiana s through sw U.S. and along both slopes of Middle America, incl. is. off  Yucatán Pen., Belize and Caribbean Honduras to Panama, incl. adj. is., along coasts of S. America from Colombia e to nw Venezuela and s to Ecuador and nw Peru.  Range is expanding in U.S.  Formerly included in Q. major, but behaviorally distinct and locally sympatric.

Quiscalus major  BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE.  Brackish marshes, pastures, farmlands.  Coastal regions of e,se U.S. from New York, on Long I., s to pen. Florida and w along Gulf Coast to se Texas.
*Quiscalus palustris  SLENDER-BILLED GRACKLE.  Marshes, lake margins.  Probably extinct; formerly in marshes of int. c Mexico, on upper Río Lerma in México.  Conspecificicity with Q. mexicanus has been suggested.
Quiscalus nicaraguensis  NICARAGUAN GRACKLE.  Fresh-water marshes, lake margins, pastures.  Lowlands in vicinity of L. Managua and L. Nicaragua in sw Nicaragua and n Costa Rica.

Quiscalus quiscula  COMMON GRACKLE.  Open woodland, forest edge, farmlands, towns.  From ne British Columbia, s Mackenzie, n Alberta, nw,c Saskatchewan and  c,s,ne Manitoba e across s Canada to nw Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and s to Nevada, c,se New Mexico, c,se Texas, sw Louisiana, w,n Mississippi, n Tennessee, w Virginia, c Pennsylvania, c New York, n Connecticut and se Massachusetts and w to e Idaho, c Montana, e Wyoming and c Colorado; c Louisiana, c,ne Mississippi, s,ne Tennessee, e W. Virginia, c,ne Pennsylvania, c,s,se New York and sw Connecticut s to se Louisiana, Gulf coast and s Florida, incl. Florida Keys.
Quiscalus niger  GREATER ANTILLEAN GRACKLE.  Farmlands, pastures, towns, open scrub.  Greater Antilles in Cuba, incl. cays and I. of Pines, Cayman Is., incl. Cayman Brac, Jamaica, Hispaniola, incl. Gonâve, Tortue and Beata is., Î.-á-Vache, and Puerto Rico, incl. Vieques I.

Quiscalus lugubris  CARIB GRACKLE.  Open woodland, farmlands, pastures, towns, arid scrub.  Lowlands to 1000 m of s W. Indies in Lesser Antilles, from Montserrat and Guadeloupe s to Grenada, Grenadines and Barbados and e Colombia, n,c Venezuela, incl. Margarita, Los Frailes, Los Hermanos and Los Testigos is., Trinidad, Guianas and extreme ne Brazil.
Euphagus carolinus  RUSTY BLACKBIRD.  Humid woodland, brushy bogs, forest edge, usually near water.  From Alaska, n Yukon, nw,c Mackenzie, s Keewatin and n Manitoba e across n Canada, to tree line, to c Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and s to c int. British Columbia, sw,sc Alberta, c Saskatchewan, c Manitoba, ne Minnesota, sc Ontario, s Quebec, ne New York and c New England.
Euphagus cyanocephalus  BREWER'S BLACKBIRD.  Brushy areas, riparian woodland, farmlands, marshes, towns, often near water. From sw,c int. British Columbia, sw Mackenzie, nc Alberta, c Saskatchewan, s Manitoba and s Ontario s to nw Baja Calif., s Calif., s Nevada, c Arizona, s New Mexico, w,n Texas, Nebraska, n Iowa, s Wisconsin, ne Illinois, nw Indiana and s Michigan.

Molothrus badius  BAY-WINGED COWBIRD.  Brushy pastures, open forest.  E Brazil; lowlands to 2500 m from Bolivia, Paraguay and sw,s Brazil s to Uruguay and n Argentina.
Molothrus rufoaxillaris  SCREAMING COWBIRD.  Brushy pastures, marshes.  Lowlands to 1000 m from e,se Bolivia, Paraguay and extreme s Brazil s to Uruguay and n Argentina.  Ranges n to e Brazil.

Molothrus bonariensis  SHINY COWBIRD.  Open woodland, farmlands, marshes, towns, second growth.  Lowlands to 2000 m, occasionally to 3500 m, from Cuba e to Virgin Is. and s through Lesser Antilles to Grenada, Barbados, Tobago and Trinidad; from e Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to c Peru and, e of Andes, to Brazil, c Argentina and Chile; recently expanded to Florida, thence w to s Louisiana and n to S. Carolina.
Molothrus aeneus  BRONZED COWBIRD.  Scrub, farmlands, pastures, towns, riparian woodland.  Lowlands and highlands at moderate elevations from se Calif., wc,s Arizona, s New Mexico, w,wc,s Texas and se Louisiana s, incl. Yucatán Pen., but absent from Baja Calif., to Panama; coastal cn Colombia.
Molothrus ater  BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD.  Woodland, deciduous forest, edge, prairie with scattered trees.  From se Alaska, n British Colombia, s Mackenzie, n Alberta, nc Saskatchewan and s Manitoba e across s Canada to s Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and s to n Baja Calif., Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, n Tamaulipas, s Texas, Gulf Coast and sc Florida.  Range expanding in w U.S.

Scaphidura oryzivora  GIANT COWBIRD.  Savanna, open woodland, farmlands, second growth.  Lowlands and mts. to 3000 m from Mexico, in Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and s Quintana Roo, s on Caribbean slope to Honduras, both slopes of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, to e Peru, Bolivia, e Paraguay, ne Argentina and Amazonian,c,e Brazil.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus  BOBOLINK.  Tall grass, flooded meadows, farmlands, clover fields.  From int. British Columbia and s Alberta e across s Canada to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and s to e,sc Washington, e Oregon, ne Nevada, n Utah, c Colorado, Kansas, n Missouri, c Illinois, nc Kentucky, ne Tennessee, w N. Carolina and w Virginia; ec Arizona.
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the End