Subfamily PEUCEDRAMINAE:  Olive Warbler.  The relationships of the Olive Warbler have been uncertain because its hyoid apparatus is atypical of wood-warblers (Parulini), and some have thought that it is a sylviid.  The position of the Olive Warbler in the S/A/M classification is based on DNA hybridization comparisons.  Some unpublished mtDNA sequence data suggest a closer relationship with the Emberizinae, but not close to the Parulini (J. Groth, pers. comm.).

Peucedramus taeniatus  OLIVE WARBLER.  Coniferous forest.  Mts. of sw U.S. and Middle America from c,se Arizona, sw New Mexico, n Coahuila, s Nuevo León and w Tamaulipas s to nc Nicaragua.

Subfamily FRINGILLINAE:  Finches, Goldfinches, etc.
Tribe FRINGILLINI:  Chaffinches.  It has been unclear whether Fringilla is more closely related to the emberizines or to the carduelines.  Biochemical data indicate a closer relationship to the carduelines.

Fringilla coelebs  CHAFFINCH.  Woodland, forest, farmlands.  Iceland, British Isles and n Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia to sw Siberia and s to Azores, Madeira and Canary Is., from Morocco e to Tunisia and n Libya, n Mediterranean region, incl. most is., Cyprus, Turkey, n Iraq, w,n Iran and s Russia e to Caucasus, Armenia and the Caspian Sea area.  Intro. S. Africa, New Zealand.

Marshall and Baker (1994. J. für Orn. 135:368) sequenced 603 bp of the mtDNA control region in birds from Spain, Italy, northern Europe, Azores, Madeira, Canary Is. and Morocco.  The island populations are well-differentiated from continental forms and birds in the three archipelagos differ from one another, but the European populations are weakly divergent from one another and there is a gradient from the Mediterranean northward.  Iberian birds are slightly different.  Sicilian birds have unique alleles and variation is considerable within Italy.  The authors discuss the history and datings of divergences.

Fringilla teydea  BLUE CHAFFINCH.  Pine forest.  Mts. of Canary Is. on Tenerife and Gran Canaria.
Fringilla montifringilla  BRAMBLING.  Open birch-conifer woodland, riparian willows.  Scotland and n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Anadyrland and Kamchatka and s to s Scandinavia, Denmark, Estonia, sw,sc Siberia and n Mongolia; locally in s Europe in Alps, n Tibet.

Tribe CARDUELINI:  Goldfinches, Serins, Siskins, Canaries, Hawaiian Honeycreepers, etc. 
 Groth (1994. J. für Orn. 135:31) sequenced the entire 1215 bases of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene for 38 species of cardueline finches.  Among his conclusions:  1. The branch to the Hawaiian honeycreepers is in the middle of the cardueline tree.  2. Species of Carpodacus were on three different branches; a Eurasian branch included Pinicola subhimachala and Uragus sibiricus.  3. Pinicola enucleator forms a monophyletic group with the bullfinches (Pyrrhula).  4. Rhodopechys obsoleta arose from within a group containing Serinus, Carduelis and Loxia and is (or was) unrelated to Rhodopechys githaginea, which originated from a more basal branch.  These data have not yet been published in detail but promise to revise portions of the classification of the carduelines.

The relationships among the species and subspecies of Serinus are especially complex and present numerous taxonomic problems and produce many disagreements.  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 378) comment on the complexities, suggest that the genus Serinus may be polyphyletic, and that "at the species level there remain a good many problems."  The following arrangement and comments underscore these observations.

Serinus pusillus  FIRE-FRONTED SERIN.  Juniper. birch, willow woodland, alpine scrub, shrubs, rocky slopes.  Mts. 600-4300 m from Turkey, Iran, extreme s Russia, s Turkmenia, Turkestan e through Afghanistan to n Pakistan, nw India and Kashmir, sw Tibet and w China.  Nomadic.
Serinus serinus  EUROPEAN SERIN.  Open woodland, edge, farmlands. Cont. Europe, s Sweden, Estonia and extreme cw Russia s to nw Africa from Morocco and e to n Libya and cn Egypt, n Mediterranean region, incl. most is., w,c Turkey and Cyprus.
Serinus syriacus  SYRIAN SERIN.  Cedar woodland.  Mts. of Near East in Lebanon and Syria.  Sometimes considered conspecific with S. serinus.
Serinus canaria  ISLAND CANARY.  Open woodland, scrub, sparse montane forest. farmlands.  Madeira, Azores and w Canary Is. e to Gran Canaria.  Intro. Hawaiian Is., Midway I. and Bermuda.

Domestic canaries were derived from this species.

Serinus citrinella  CITRIL FINCH.  Open rocky areas with conifers, mainly spruce, forest edge, dry scrub.  Mts. of Spain, c,e France, Switzerland, s Germany, w Austria, n Italy, Balearic Is., Corsica and Sardinia.
Serinus thibetanus  TIBETAN SERIN.  Coniferous and birch forests.  Mts., 1350-3400 m of ne India, e Tibet and w China in n Szechwan.
Serinus canicollis  CAPE CANARY.  Scrub, farmlands, grasslands, pine woodland.  Locally in mts. of wc,sw Angola, ce Zaire, extreme se Sudan, Burundi, sw Uganda, w,c,sc Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, nc,c,sc Tanzania, ne Zambia and n Malawi; e Zimbabwe, cw Mozambique and S. Africa.  Mascarene Islands.
Serinus nigriceps  ABYSSINIAN SISKIN.  Alpine moorland, heath, grassland.  Mts., above 2400 m of w,c Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Serinus frontalis  WESTERN CITRIL.  Forest edge, grassland, bracken-briar.  Mts. of ne,ce,se Zaire, Uganda, se Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and extreme n Zambia, around s L. Tanganyika; highlands of w,c Kenya.  Often treated as a race of S. citrinelloides.
Serinus citrinelloides  AFRICAN CITRIL.  Forest, edge, grassland, bracken-briar.  Mts. of s Sudan and w,c Ethiopia.

Includes frontalis and hypostictus according to D. A. Turner (pers. comm.).  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) agree, but these montane populations seem to be allopatric.  If there is no intergradation, the species vs subspecies decision depends on the species concept applied.  They are treated here as species to call attention to this question.

Serinus hypostictus  EAST AFRICAN CITRIL.  Forest, edge, grassland, bracken-briar.  Mts. in extreme se Kenya, ne,c,s Tanzania, Malawi, e Zambia and n Mozambique.  Often treated as a race of S. citrinelloides.
Serinus capistratus  BLACK-FACED CANARY.  Forest clearings, edge, riparian thickets.  Lowlands from Gabon, Congo, sw,sc,ce Zaire s to cw,nc,ne Angola, se Zaire, n Zambia and Burundi.
Serinus koliensis  PAPYRUS CANARY.  Papyrus swamps, visits adjacent forest edge, open grassland.  E Zaire, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and w Kenya.  Described as a race of S. capistratus, but habitat differs.  Poorly known and endangered due to habitat destruction. 

Serinus scotops  FOREST CANARY.  Forest clearings, edge.  S. Africa.
Serinus leucopygius  WHITE-RUMPED SEEDEATER.  Savanna.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Ghana, n Nigeria, s Chad, n Cameroon, n C. African Rep. and c,s Sudan to nw Ethiopia, Eritrea, n Zaire and nw Uganda.
Serinus rothschildi  OLIVE-RUMPED SERIN.  Bushes, orchards.  Mts. above 1000 m of w Saudi Arabia and s to Yemen.  Sometimes treated as a race of S. atrogularis.
Serinus flavigula  YELLOW-THROATED SEEDEATER.  Dry open areas, scattered trees.  Highlands, 1400-1500 m of c Ethiopia.  Described from three specimens taken in the late 1800's and not observed again until 1989.  S. flavigula  was thought to be a hybrid or variant of S. xanthopygius, but recent data support treatment as a distinct species sympatric with S. xanthopygius.

Serinus xantholaemus  SALVADORI'S SEEDEATER.  Ethiopia.  This taxon was described by Erard (1974. L'Oiseau et R.F.O 44:308-323) and has been included in S. flavigula by some authors, but Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993 p. 379) and Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993, p. 278) treat it as a separate species.
Serinus xanthopygius  ABYSSINIAN YELLOW-RUMPED SEEDEATER.  Dry open areas, scattered trees, savanna.  N,w,c Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Serinus atrogularis  SOUTHERN YELLOW-RUMPED SEEDEATER.  Dry open areas, scattered trees, savanna.

S. a. atrogularis.  Congo, ce,ne Zaire, s Uganda, w Kenya in Kakamega Forest, Rwanda and Burundi and from c,ne Angola, sc,se Zaire and s Tanzania s to Zambia, w,c Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and S. Africa.
 S. a. reichenowi.  KENYA YELLOW-RUMPED SEEDEATER.  Dry open areas, scattered trees, savanna.  Se Sudan, ne Uganda, se Ethiopia, Djibouti, s Somalia, n Kenya and nc,c Tanzania.  Treated as a subspecies of S. atrogularis by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993).

Serinus citrinipectus  LEMON-BREASTED SEEDEATER.  Savanna, farmlands.  S Malawi, e Zimbabwe, c,s Mozambique and extreme ne S. Africa.  S. citrinipectus has thought to be the result of hybridization           between S. atrogularis and S. mozambicus because it exhibits substantial plumage variation and they may hybridize to some extent.
Serinus mozambicus  YELLOW-FRONTED CANARY.  Savanna, woodland, farmlands, in moister areas than V. atrogularis.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, n Nigeria, Cameroon, São Tomé I., Gabon, Congo, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, c,s Sudan, w Ethiopia, Eritrea, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, s to Zambia, Malawi, s Angola, extreme ne Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and ne,e S. Africa.  Recorded in all subSaharan countries except Djibouti, Somalia and Equatorial Guinea.  Introduced in the Mascarene Is., Hawaiian Is. on Oahu and Hawaii, and ne Puerto Rico.

Serinus donaldsoni  ABYSSINIAN GROSBEAK-CANARY.  Arid thorn savanna.  S,e Ethiopia, Somalia, c,cn,ne Kenya and Tanzania.
Serinus buchanani  KENYA GROSBEAK-CANARY.  Arid thorn savanna.  S,se Kenya and ne,c Tanzania.  Treated as conspecific with S. donaldsoni by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993).  Short et al. (1990) include buchanani in donaldsoni, noting that it has been called a "megasubspecies" and also treated as a full species.  There are disjunct montane populations that can be assigned to either status, depending on the species concept being followed.
Serinus dorsostriatus  WHITE-BELLIED CANARY.  Dry savanna.  Se Sudan, s,e Ethiopia and n Somalia s through e Uganda and Kenya to nw,c,ne Tanzania.  Includes S. xantholaema.

Serinus flaviventris  YELLOW CANARY.  Arid scrub, coastal bush.  Sw Angola, Namibia, sw Botwsana and S. Africa.
Serinus sulphuratus  BRIMSTONE CANARY or BULLY CANARY.  Moist savanna, coastal bush, farmlands.  N Angola, Zambia, Malawi, se,ce,ne Zaire, c,s Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, w,c,s Kenya, Tanzania s to s Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and S. Africa.
Serinus albogularis  WHITE-THROATED CANARY.  Arid scrub.  Sw Angola, Namibia, sw Botswana and S. Africa.
Serinus canicapillus  WEST AFRICAN SEEDEATER.  Woodland.  Sw Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Sudan, n Uganda, ne Zaire and nw Kenya.  Often considered conspecific with S. gularis but they seem to be allopatric.  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) include canicapillus in gularis.

Serinus reichardi  REICHARD'S SEEDEATER.  Woodland.  Mts. of s Sudan, s Ethiopia, Burundi, w,c Kenya,cw,s Tanzania, se Zaire, Zambia, Malawi and n Mozambique.  Often considered conspecific with S. canicapillus, but they are marginally sympatric in s Sudan and e Uganda.

The northern forms of gularis and reichardi differ from those in the southern tropics; vocalizations and status under review (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).

Serinus gularis  STREAKY-HEADED SEEDEATER.  Open savanna woodland.  Angola, e Botswana, Zimbabwe, se Mozambique and ne,e,s S. Africa.

Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) treat canicapillus as a subspecies of gularis.

Serinus mennelli  BLACK-EARED SEEDEATER.  Brachystegia woodland.  Cw,ce Angola, extreme ne Namibia, se Zaire, Zambia, sw Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana and c,s Mozambique.
Serinus tristriatus  BROWN-RUMPED SEEDEATER.  Woodland, juniper.  Mts. above 1500 m of Ethiopia, Eritrea and nw Somalia.
Serinus menachensis  YEMEN SERIN.  Bushes.  Mts., 1800-2300 m of Ethiopia, sw Saudi Arabia and Yemen.  See S. ankoberensis.
Serinus ankoberensis  ANKOBER SERIN.  Bushes along broken cliff tops.  Mts., 2900-3100 m of c Ethiopia.  Treated as a race of S. menachensis by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993), although these montane populations are allopatric.  This brings into question the conspecificity of the Ethiopian and Arabian populations of menachensis.

Serinus striolatus  STREAKY SEEDEATER.  Thickets, edge, farmlands.

The two forms were treated as species by Sibley and Monroe (1990), but whytii is considered to be a race of striolatus by Short, et al. (1990), the E. African List Committee (D.A. Turner, pers. comm.), and by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993), although these montane populations are allopatric.
 S. s. striolatus.  Mts. above 1500 m of ce,ne Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, w,e Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya and ne Tanzania.
 S. s. whytii  YELLOW-BROWED SEEDEATER.  Thickets,edge, farmlands.  Mts. above 1500 m of cs Tanzania, ne Zambia  and Malawi.

Serinus burtoni  THICK-BILLED SEEDEATER.  Forest, edge, clearings.  Locally in mts. above 1500 m of se Nigeria, Cameroon, wc Angola, se,ce,ne Zaire, w Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya and cn,ne Tanzania.  See comments under S. melanochrous.
Serinus rufobrunneus  PRINCIPE SEEDEATER.  Forest edge, farmlands.  Príncipe and São Tomé Is.  Closely related to S. burtoni.
Serinus melanochrous  KIPENGERE SEEDEATER.  Forest, edge, clearings.  Sw Tanzania in the Kipengere Mts.  Usually regarded as conspecific with S. burtoni.  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) treat melanochrous as a race of S. burtoni, but note that "... it is quite possible this is best treated as a species" and that a detailed study of "...melanochrous and other populations of S. burtoni s.l." is desireable, "in view of the complicated Serinus systematics in the Afrotropics."

Serinus leucopterus  WHITE-WINGED SEEDEATER.  Thickets, Protea heath.  Mts. of S. Africa.
Serinus totta  CAPE SISKIN.  Scrub, thickets.  Mts. of S. Africa in s Cape Province.

The South African List Committee (1990) recommended that S. totta and S. symonsi be placed in the genus Pseudochloroptila.  S. symonsi is often considered to be a race of S. totta.

Serinus symonsi  DRAKENSBERG SISKIN.  Grassland, montane scrub.  Mts. of S. Africa in se Orange Free State, Lesotho, w Natal and adjacent extreme ne Cape Province.
Serinus alario  BLACK-HEADED CANARY  Arid scrub, rocky areas.

The S. African List Committee treats leucolaema as a subspecies of S. alario.
 S. a. alario.  BLACK-HEADED CANARY  S. Africa in nw,s,c,e Cape Province.
 S. a. leucolaema  DAMARA CANARY.  C,s Namibia, extreme s Botswana and nc,c S. Africa in n,nc Cape Prov., w Transvaal, Orange Free State and Lesotho.

Serinus estherae  MOUNTAIN SERIN.  Forest.  Mts., 1500-3500 m. of Greater Sunda Is. in  n Sumatra, w,e Java and nc,s, Sulawesi; s Philippine Is. on Mindanao on Mt. Katanglad and Mt. Apo. The races in the Philippines were originally described as separate species and they are sometimes so treated, but the population on Sulawesi is morphologically intermediate.  Generic affinities are uncertain.
Neospiza concolor  SAO TOME CANARY.  Dense primary forest.  Known only from three specimens (two lost) collected before 1888 on São Tomé I., and a few sightings in 1991 and 1992 (Sargeant, et al. 1992. Bird Conserv. Intl. 2:157-159).  Deforestation of remaining habitat at least temporarily halted.

Linurgus olivaceus  ORIOLE FINCH.  Forest edge.  Locally in mts. above 1500 m. in Cameroon, Bioko Island, se Nigeria, ce,ne Zaire, extreme s Sudan, w,e Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, c,cs Kenya, ne,ec, sw Tanzania and n Malawi.
Rhynchostruthus socotranus  GOLDEN-WINGED GROSBEAK.  Arid acacia and euphorb woodland.  Highlands, 1200-2000 m of n Somalia, incl. Socotra I., and sw Saudi Arabia.  Generic affinities uncertain.
Carduelis chloris  EUROPEAN GREENFINCH.  Open woodland, farmlands.  S Scandinavia e across c Russia to Ural Mts. and s to nw Africa, from Morocco c to Tunisia, n Mediterranean, incl. most is., Turkey, ne Egypt, Near East, s to Israel, n Iran, s Russia, Transcaspia, c,e Turkestan.  Intro. Azores Is., se Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Uruguay, ne Argentina.

Carduelis sinica  GREY-CAPPED GREENFINCH.  Open woodland, farmlands, conifers.  E Siberia and Kuril Is. s to c Mongolia, c,e China, Japan, Ryukyu, Bonin and Volcano islands.
Carduelis spinoides  YELLOW-BREASTED GREENFINCH.  Open areas, second growth, farmlands, forest edge.  Himalayas above 1650 m of Pakistan, n India, Kashmir, sc Tibet and wc Burma.  Winters to lower elevations and n Thailand and sc Vietnam.
Carduelis ambigua  BLACK-HEADED GREENFINCH.  Open forest, fields, scrub.  Himalayas, 1200-3500 m of se Tibet, sw China, w,ne,e Burma, nw Thailand, n Laos and n Vietnam.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carduelis monguilloti  VIETNAMESE GREENFINCH.  Second growth, forest edge.  Mts. of c Vietnam.  Sometimes considered conspecific with C. spinoides.

Carduelis spinus  EURASIAN SISKIN.  Coniferous woodland, birch and alder thickets.  From British Isles and c Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia to Urals and upper Ob R. and s to mts. of s Europe in Pyrenees, Alps, c Italy, Balkans, n Turkey, sw Russia, Caucasus and n Iran; se Siberia, Kuril Is., Manchuria and Japan.
Carduelis pinus  PINE SISKIN.  Coniferous forest, woodland.  C,sc Alaska, c Yukon, sc Mackenzie, nw,ec Saskatchewan and wc,s Manitoba e across c Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland and s to n Baja Calif., s Calif., s Nevada, n,se Arizona, in Mexican highlands to Michoacán, México, wc Vera Cruz and int. Chiapas and to s New Mexico, w Texas, w Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, c Illinois, c Indiana, s Ohio and Virginia and sporadically s in e U.S.  Winters s to se U.S. to s Texas, Gulf Coast and s Florida.

Carduelis atriceps  BLACK-CAPPED SISKIN.  Coniferous forest.  Mts. of nc Middle America in Chiapas and w Guatemala.  Hybridizes with C. pinus in w Guatemala and often considered conspecific with it.
Carduelis spinescens  ANDEAN SISKIN.  Open country, bushes.  Mts., 1500-4100 m of Colombia, nw Venezuela and n Ecuador.
Carduelis yarrellii  YELLOW-FACED SISKIN.  Open country, bushes.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m of nc Venezuela and e Brazil from Ceará and Paraíba s to Bahia.
Carduelis cucullata  RED SISKIN.  Dry scrub, open areas.  Lowlands to 1200 m of ne Colombia, n Venezuela; recent S. American records only from Colombia.  Intro. se Puerto Rico.

Carduelis crassirostris  THICK-BILLED SISKIN.  Scrub., Polylepis woodland.  Locally in mts., 3000-4000 m of s Peru and c,sw Bolivia s to c Chile and cw Argentina.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carduelis magellanica  HOODED SISKIN.  Savanna, towns, montane scrub, farmlands.  Locally in lowlands and mts. to 4000 m of Pantepui of s Venezuela, Guyana and adj. n Brazil; Andes from sw,e Colombia s through Ecuador and Peru to n Chile; Andean slopes and lowlands of Bolivia, c,e Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and n,c Argentina, s to Río Negro.
Carduelis siemiradzkii  SAFFRON SISKIN.  Arid scrub, deciduous woodland.  Pacific lowlands to 100 m of Ecuador, near Guayaquil and incl. I. Puna.  Sometimes considered conspecific with C. magellanica but differs sharply from adjacent populations of that species with no known intermediates.

Carduelis olivacea  OLIVACEOUS SISKIN.  Humid forest edge, open woodland, scrub.  Foothills, 1200-3000 m of  e slope of Andes Mts. from se Ecuador s through Peru to c Bolivia.  Sometimes considered conspecific with C. magellanica, but differs in habitat.
Carduelis notata  BLACK-HEADED SISKIN.  Pine-oak, humid forest, weedy areas, pine savanna.  Mts. from se Sonora, w Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, e San Luis Potosí and sw Tamaulipas s through highlands to nc Nicaragua; lowland pine savanna of e Honduras and ne Nicaragua.
Carduelis barbata  BLACK-CHINNED SISKIN.  Woodland, bushes.  Lowlands to 1500 m of c,s Chile and sw Argentina to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Is.
Carduelis xanthogastra  YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN.  Bushy slopes, humid forest edge, pastures.  Locally in mts., 800-3000 m, of Costa Rica, w Panama, Colombia, w,n Venezuela, sw Ecuador, se Peru and c Bolivia.

Carduelis atrata  BLACK SISKIN.  Rocky, bushy slopes, puna, woodland, pastures.  Mts., 2700-4500 m of c,s Peru, c,s Bolivia, n,c Chile and w Argentina.
Carduelis uropygialis  YELLOW-RUMPED SISKIN.  Bushy slopes, ravines.  Locally in mts., 2000-4000 m of c,s Peru, w Bolivia, n,c Chile and w Argentina.
Carduelis tristis  AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.  Riparian woodland, fields, open woodland, forest edge, farmlands.  S British Columbia, nc Alberta, c Saskatchewan and wc,s Manitoba e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and sw Newfoundland. and s to s Calif., n Baja Calif., e Oregon, c Nevada, c Utah, s Colorado, probably n New Mexico, c Oklahoma extreme ne Texas, n Louisiana, c portions of Gulf States, c Georgia and S. Carolina.  Winters from s Canada s to n Mexico, Gulf Coast and s Florida.

Carduelis psaltria  LESSER GOLDFINCH.  Woodland edge, chaparral, riparian woodland, open country, farmlands.  Lowlands and mts., to 3100 m from sw Washington, w Oregon, n Calif., s Idaho, n Colorado, probably s Wyoming, nw Oklahoma and c,s Texas s locally to s Baja Calif., through Mexico, incl. Tres Marías Is., Yucatán Pen. and I. Mujeres, and C. America to Panama and from Colombia and Venezuela s, w of Andes Mts., through w Ecuador to nw Peru.  Intro. Cuba, but apparantly extirpated.
Carduelis lawrencei  LAWRENCE'S GOLDFINCH.  Oak woodland, chaparral, riparian woodland, pinyon-juniper, dry open areas, bushes.  Sw U.S. in c,s Calif., w of Sierra Nevada, nw Baja Calif., and, rarely, w Arizona.  Winters e to w Texas and s to n Sonora.
Carduelis dominicensis  ANTILLEAN SISKIN.  Pine forest, scrub.  Mts. of Hispaniola.

Carduelis carduelis  EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH.  Open country, woodland, farmlands, weedy areas.

The two groups apparently intergrade in northern Iran and probably in eastern Russia.
 C. c. carduelis.  From Europe, s Sweden and s Finland e across w, nw,c Russia to sw Siberia and s to Azores, Madeira  and Canary Is., n Africa, from Morocco e to Egypt, Middle East, Iran and sc Russia e to w Caspian Sea and Transcaucasus.
 C. c. caniceps.  GREY-CROWNED GOLDFINCH.  From Transcaspia e to e Turkestan and e Kazakhstan, sw Siberia from Tuva e to Lake Baikal and w,c Mongolia, s to s,e Iran, Afghanistan, n Pakistan, n India e to c Nepal, w Tibet and w China in w Sinkiang.  Introduced se Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Bermuda, N. America, but now extirpated, and Uruguay.
 The species from C. hornemanni to C. johannis are often placed in Acanthis.).

Carduelis hornemanni  HOARY REDPOLL.  Dwarf willows, birches, tundra, often on rocky ground.  Arctic on Ellesmere, Bylot and n Baffin is., and n Greenland; n Scandinavia e across n Russia to n, e Siberia; w,n Alaska, n Yukon, n,ec Mackenzie, s Victoria I., Keewatin, ne Manitoba, Southampton I. and n Quebec.  Winters s to ne U.S. and British Isles, c Europe, c Asia, s Canada and nc,ne U.S.

The taxonomy of redpolls remains controversial.  Some recent studies suggested that southern populations (exilipes) represent the pale extreme within individual populations of C. flammea, or that hybridization is frequent, while other studies concluded that C. hornemanni and C. flammea are good species, widely sympatric and with little or no confirmed hybridization.  Seutin et al. (1993. Auk 110:832-843) found that a sample of 277 breeding adults from Churchill, Manitoba, clustered as two plumage forms, corresponding to C. f. flammea and C. h. exilipes.  They concluded that "Redpoll types may be specifically distinct, ... but they also may be examples of intraspecific genetic or ecophenotypic polymorphism."  They suggested "... that recognition of flammea and exilipes redpolls as distinct species be maintained."  Minor differences in allozymes have been reported in small samples, but no comprehensive study has been reported.

Carduelis flammea  COMMON REDPOLL.  Open birch woodland, scrub, willows, tundra.  From s Greenland, Iceland and n Scandinavia e across nw,n,c Russia and n Siberia to Kamchatka and s to s Siberia and Kuril Is; from w,n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzia, s Victoria I., n Keewatin, n Quebec, Baffin I., and n Labrador s to s,se Alaska, nw British Columbia, c Alberta, s Saskatchewan, n Manitoba, n Ontario, c,se Quebec and Newfounbdland; locally in British Isles and Europe s to Alps, Czechoslovakia and cw Russia.  Winters s to c U.S., n Mediterranean region and c Asia.  Intro. New Zealand and Lord Howe I.  The large-billed race rostrata of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago is sometimes treated as a species.
Carduelis flavirostris  TWITE.  Open, arid, stony ground with sparse bushes, grass.  Locally on n,c British Isles and w,n Scandinavia; mts. of c,e Turkey, extreme s Russia and nw Iran; mts to 4575 m from ne of Caspian Sea e across Kazakhstan to L. Balkhash and Kirghiz steppes s to Turkestan, sw Siberia, c,e Afghanistan, n India, c Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia and w,sc China.  Winters to lower elevations and n Cont. Europe.

Carduelis cannabina  EURASIAN LINNET.  Open country with sparse vegetation, farmlands.  British Isles and s Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia to sw Siberia and s to Madeiera and Canary Is., nw Africa, from Morocco e to Tunisia and n Libya, n Mediterranean region, incl. most is., Turkey and Near East, s to Israel and e across s Russia, Crimea and Caucasus, Transcaspia e to Turkestan and Kazakhstan, Iran and n Afghanistan to extreme w China.
Carduelis yemenensis  YEMEN LINNET.  Bushes, on ground.  Mts., 2100-2750 m, of w Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
Carduelis johannis  WARSANGLI LINNET.  Juniper forest.  Mts., 1800-2150 m of n Somalia.
Leucosticte nemoricola  PLAIN MOUNTAIN-FINCH.  Above timberline in open areas with sparse vegetation.  Himalayas, 3050-5200 m of Turkestan ne to e Kazakhstan, sw Siberia, n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir e to Bhutan, se Tibet and w,c China.  Winters to lower elevations.

Leucosticte brandti  BLACK-HEADED MOUNTAIN-FINCH.  Alpine meadows among rocks, mountain steppes, barren plateaus.  Mts., 3900-5400 m of Turkestan, sw Siberia, n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir e to Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, s Tibet, and w China; occurs at higher elevations than L. nemoricola.  Winters to lower elevations.  Closely related to L. arctoa but sympatric in the Altai area of sw Siberia.

Leucosticte sillemi  Sillem's Mountain-Finch.  Rocky alpine meadows.  Described from two specimens taken in w Tibet, 5125 m elevation, in 1929 and (mis)identified as L. brandti (Roselaar 1992. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 112:225-230).  May be based on aberrant individuals or hybrids with an unspecified finch.

Leucosticte arctoa  ASIAN ROSY-FINCH.  Open, rocky and sparsely vegetated, alpine areas and among glaciers.  Mts. of s,e Siberia, Kamchatka, Kuril Is. and nw Mongolia.  Winters to lower elevations.  The following three species are often considered conspecific with L. arctoa, but genetic, biochemical and morphological evidence suggest that they are allospecies.
Leucosticte tephrocotis  GREY-CROWNED ROSY-FINCH.  Open, rocky and sparsely vegetated alpine areas and among glaciers.  From w,nc Alaska, c Yukon, British Columbia and sw Alberta s to s Alaska, incl. St. Matthew, Nunivak and Pribilof and Aleutian is., and s through Cascades, Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mts. to ne Oregon, ec Calif., c Idaho and nw Montana; Commander Is.  Winters to lower elevations.

Leucosticte atrata  BLACK ROSY-FINCH.  Open, rocky and sparsely vegetated alpine areas and among glaciers.  Mts. from c Idaho, sw,sc Montana and nw,nc Wyoming s to se Oregon, ne,ec Nevada and c Utah.  Winters to lower elevations.
Leucosticte australis  BROWN-CAPPED ROSY-FINCH.  Open, rocky and sparsely vegetated alpine areas and among glaciers.  Rocky Mts. from se Wyoming s through Colorado to nc New Mexico.  Winters to lower elevations.
Callacanthis burtoni  SPECTACLED FINCH.  Coniferous forest.  Himalayas, 2400-3050 m, of nw Pakistan and n India and from Kashmir e to Nepal.  Winters to lower elevations.

Rhodopechys sanguinea  CRIMSON-WINGED FINCH.  Open, rocky areas with sparse vegetation.  Locally in mts., 1700-3600 m in Atlas Mts. of Morocco and ne Algeria; Lebanon, c,e Turkey, extreme s Russia in Caucasus, Transcaspia, Turkestan, Iran and n Afghanistan, possibly n Pakistan and nw India.  Winters to lower elevations.  Probably congeneric and closely related to Callacanthis burtoni.
Rhodopechys githaginea  TRUMPETER FINCH.  Arid, bare stony areas.  Canary Is.; se Spain, s Morocco and Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, Chad e to Egypt and n Sudan; lowlands to 3500 m of Near East, n to Israel and s to c Saudi Arabia and Bahrain e through Middle East and from Transcaspia e to Tadzikistan and n to e Kazakhstan to sw Siberia and n Pakistan.  Sometimes placed in the genus Bucanetes.

Rhodopechys mongolica  MONGOLIAN FINCH.  Open, bare, rocky slopes with sparse vegetation.  Mts., 2500-3500 m from n,ne,e Iran, extreme s Russia, Transcaspia e to Tadzikistan and n to Kirghiz steppes and Mongolia s through China to c,ne Afghanistan and Tibet and presumably n Pakistan and n India and Kashmir.  Winters to lower elevations and to nc,ne China.
Rhodopechys obsoleta  DESERT FINCH.  Open arid country with bushes, trees, farmlands, orchards, towns.  Locally in mts., 1000-3000 m of s Turkey, Near East and nw Arabia e through Iran and Transcaspia e to Tadzhikistan and Kirghiz steppes and from Afghanistan to w,nc China and n Pakistan.
Uragus sibiricus  LONG-TAILED ROSEFINCH.  Thickets, bushy slopes, often riparian.  Mts. to 3050 m from s Siberia and s Kuril Is. s to w,c China, se Tibet, n Manchuria and n Japan. Winters to lower elevations and to ne China and s Korea.

Carpodacus rubescens  CRIMSON ROSEFINCH.  Coniferous forest.  Himalayas, 2600-4600 m, of ne India, c Nepal, se Tibet and c,sw China.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carpodacus nipalensis  DARK-BREASTED ROSEFINCH.  Mixed forest, rocky areas.  Himalayas, 2400-4450 m, of n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir, s Tibet, c,sw China and n Vietnam.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carpodacus erythrinus  COMMON ROSEFINCH.  Damp thickets, riparian woodland, farmlands.  Lowlands in n to high mts. in s from s Scandinavia, ne Germany, Poland and Switzerland e across n,c Russia and Siberia w to Anadyrland and Kamchatka and s to n Mongolia, n,sc China, n Manchuria and Sakhalin I.; from n Turkey e through n Iran, extreme s Russia in Caucasus and Transcaucasus, from Transcaspia e to Tadzhikistan and n to e Kazakhstan and Afghanistan to Himalayas, to 5000 m, of n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir e to Bhutan and s,se Tibet.

Carpodacus purpureus  PURPLE FINCH.  Coniferous and mixed forest, edge, woodland, second growth.  From n,c British Columbia, s Yukon, sw Mackenzie, n,c Alberta and c Saskatchewan e across s Canada to s Quebec, Anticosti I. and Newfoundland and s through w Washington, w Oregon and mts. of Calif. to nw Baja Calif., and e of Great Plains to c Minnesota, c Wisconsin, c,se Michigan, n Ohio, w. Virginia, c Pennsylvania and se New York.
Carpodacus cassinii  CASSIN'S FINCH.  Open coniferous forest.  Mts. from sc British Columbia, extreme sw Alberta, nc,se Montana and n Wyoming s, e of Cascade and coast ranges, to int. s Calif., n Baja Calif., s Nevada, n Arizona and n New Mexico and e to nw Nebraska and se s Dakota.  Winters s to c Mexico.
Carpodacus mexicanus  HOUSE FINCH.  Open woodland, farmlands, open country, arid scrub, pine-oak, savanna, towns.  Lowlands to mts. from sw,sc British Columbia, n Idaho, w Montana, nc,se Wyoming, w Nebraska and wc Kansas s to s Baja Calif., incl. Channel Is. off s Calif and is. off Baja Calif., c Sonora, Mexican highlands to Oaxaca and wc Vera Cruz and e to San Luis Potosí, sw Tamaulipas, Nuevo León and w,sc Texas;  Guadalupe I., off s Baja Calif.  Introduced in the Hawaiian Is. and e U.S. and from there populations have spread n,w,s, now occurring from se Canada s to Gulf States and n Florida and w to n Dakota and e Great Plains.

Carpodacus pulcherrimus  BEAUTIFUL ROSEFINCH.  Open country with bushes, scrub, stony slopes, alpine forest.  Himalayas, 3050-4600 m of Mongolia, nc,sw China, n Pakistan, n India, s Tibet e to Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan.
Carpodacus eos  PINK-RUMPED ROSEFINCH.  Open country with bushes, scrub, stony slopes, alpine meadows.  Himalayas, 3900-4900 m of c,cs China and se Tibet.
Carpodacus rodochrous  PINK-BROWED ROSEFINCH.  Undergrowth of open fir, birch forest, bushes, edge.  Himalayas, 2250-4600 m, of n India, Kashmir and s Tibet.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carpodacus vinaceus  VINACEOUS ROSEFINCH.  Conifers and mixed woodland in thickets.  Mts., 1900-3400 m, in Himalayas of c,w China, Taiwan and n Burma.

Carpodacus edwardsii  DARK-RUMPED ROSEFINCH.  Thickets in alpine meadows and coniferous forest, bamboo.  Himalayas, 30050-4000 m, of ne India, Nepal, se Tibet and c China.
Carpodacus synoicus  PALE ROSEFINCH.  Arid, bare rocky areas with sparse vegetation.  Locally in lowlands and mts. to 3350 m of  Near East, from w Jordan and e Israel s to Sinai Pen., Dead Sea and extreme nw Saudi Arabia, nc Afghanistan and w,c China.
Carpodacus roseus  PALLAS'S ROSEFINCH.  Thickets in open coniferous forest, birch forest near timberline.  Sw,c,e Siberia and Sakhalin I., and n Mongolia.  Winters s to nc,ne China, Korea and Japan.
Carpodacus trifasciatus  THREE-BANDED ROSEFINCH.  Thickets in coniferous forest.  Himalayas, 2100-3050 m, of w China.  Winters s to Tibet.

Carpodacus rodopeplus  SPOT-WINGED ROSEFINCH.  Thickets in and near coniferous or birch forest.  Himalayas, 3000-4600 m, of n India; sc,sw China.
Carpodacus thura  WHITE-BROWED ROSEFINCH.  Undergrowth of coniferous forest, scrub.  Himalayas, 2400-4600 m of c China, n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir e to Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh and se Tibet.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carpodacus rhodochlamys  RED-MANTLED ROSEFINCH.  Thickets and brush in alpine zone on rocky slopes.  Himalayas, 1800-4900 m, of sw Siberia, e Kazakhstan s to Tadzhikistan, w,n Mongolia and w China; n Afghanistan in Pamir Mts., n Pakistan, nw India and Kashmir.  Winters to lower elevations.

Carpodacus rubicilloides  STREAKED ROSEFINCH.  Thickets, bushes, above timberline.  Locally in Himalayas, 3600-5200 m, of nw India, Bhutan, se Tibet and c China.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carpodacus rubicilla  GREAT ROSEFINCH.  Open, alpine country, bushes, rocky areas.  Locally in mts., 2700-5200m, of extreme s Russia in Caucasus Mts., Tadzhikistan, Kirghiz steppes, sw Siberia, e Afghanistan in Pamir Mts., n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir, Nepal, Tibet and w,nc China.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carpodacus puniceus  RED-FRONTED ROSEFINCH.  Rocky alpine areas with sparse, low vegetation.  Himalayas, 3600-5200 m, of e Turkestan, e Kazakhstan, ne Afghanistan in Pamir Mts., n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir, se Tibet and w,c China.  Winters to lower elevations.
Carpodacus roborowskii  TIBETAN ROSEFINCH.  Open alpine country.  Himalayas, 4500-5100 m, of wc China.

*Chaunoproctus ferreorostris  BONIN GROSBEAK.  Forest.  Extinct, probably ca. 1890;  formerly in the Bonin Is. on Peel I.  Affinities uncertain, but the cranium is typically cardueline.
Pinicola enucleator  PINE GROSBEAK.  Open coniferous forest, edge.  N. Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Kamchatka and s to s Siberia and e to Sakhalin I., n Mongolia, n Japan in mts. of Hokkaido and Kuril Is.; from w,c Alaska, n Yukon, nw,c Makenzie and n Manitoba e across n Canada to n Labrador and Newfoundland and s to s Alaska, British Columbia, c California to s Sierra Nevada, extreme wc Nevada, n,ec Arizona, n New Mexico and, e of Rockies to n Alberta, n Saskatchewan, c Manitoba, se Canada, ne New England and Nova Scotia.
Pinicola subhimachalus  CRIMSON-BROWED FINCH.  Forest, thickets, scrub.  Himalayas, 2900-4300 m, of n,e India, c Nepal e to se Tibet, sw China and ne Burma.  Winters to lower elevations.

Haematospiza sipahi  SCARLET FINCH.  Open forest, edge, farmlands.  Himalayas, 2050-3350 m, of n,e India, c Nepal, e to sw China, w,n Burma, nw Thailand, n Laos and n Vietnam.  Winters to lower elevations.
Loxia pytyopsittacus  PARROT CROSSBILL.  Coniferous forest, especially pines.  England, nc Norway, s,e Sweden and Finland e to n Russia and s to Estonia and Denmark, Poland and e Germany. Winters sw to British Isles and n cont. Europe.  Nomadic.
Loxia scotica  SCOTTISH CROSSBILL.  Coniferous and mixed forest, mostly pine.  N Scotland. Often considered conspecific with L. curvirostra but is a vocally distinctive pinecone specialist.

Loxia curvirostra  RED CROSSBILL.  Coniferous forests  C,s British Isles in England, Ireland and s Scotland,  and n Scandinavia e across n Russia and c Siberia to Sea of Okhotsk and s locally to n Algeria and Tunisia, n Mediterranean region, incl. Balearic is., Corsica, Sardinia and Cyprus, Balkans, Turkey, s Russia in Crimea and Caucasus Mts., e Kazakhstan and L. Balkhash area, n Mongolia, w,c,ne China, in Himalayas, 2700-4500 m, n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir, se Tibet, Japan and Kuril Is.; s Vietnam; n Philippines on nw Luzon; from sc,se Alaska, w to base of Alaska Pen., and Kodiak I., s Yukon, s Mackenzie, n Alberta, nw,c Saskatchewan and c Manitoba e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and s in mts. to s Calif., n Baja Calif., s Nevada, c,se Arizona and New Mexico, through mts. above 1500 m of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras to nc Nicaragua, in Great Plains region to w Texas, nw Nebraska, sc Iowa, c Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c,se Michigan, Pennsylvania and in Appalachians to e Tennessee and w N. Carolina; lowland pine savanna of Belize, e Honduras and ne Nicaragua.  Wanders widely in winter s to Near East, c Russia, c China and se U.S.  Nomadic.

Groth (1993. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. Vol. 127) studied the "morphology, vocalizations and allozymes among nomadic sibling species in the North American Red Crossbill complex."  He proposed a system with eight "types" and proposes (pers. comm.) to add a ninth and to call each a "full species".  The application of names is not yet final, but Groth's main conclusion is that "L. curvirostra is a group of sibling species, and the potential for gene flow derived from high vagility has not homogenized morphology in the complex because the different forms are reproductively isolated."  There are eight distinctive vocalizations corresponding to morphologically distinctive forms.  Crossbills with different bill sizes are generally associated with different conifer species.  There are apparently two sibling species with different morphology and vocalizations that are presently sympatric in s Appalachian Mts.  "The overall pattern in the complex showing smaller-bodied birds in the northern part of the range is explained not as true clinal variation, but instead as a reflection of different frequencies of sibling species over geography.  Four of the forms are known to range from the western Rocky Mountains east to Appalachia and the Atlantic coastal region.  At least six forms occur in the Pacific Northwest, where conifer diversity is great and crossbills are common members of the local avifauna."

Benkman (1993. Ecol. Monogr. 67:305-325) discussed the association of bill and call types with specific conifers.  Knox (1992. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 47:325-335) proposed the term "pseudospecies" for the call types.  The crossbills are one of the most complex assemblages of avian "species" and these studies may be only a beginning, not the end of the story.

Loxia leucoptera  WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.  Coniferous forest, esp. spruce, fir and larch, edge, mixed woodland.  Locally from Scandinavia and nw,c Russia e across c Siberia to Yakutia and s to s Siberia and, probably, Manchuria; from w,c Alaska, n Yukon, n,ec Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across n Canada to nc Labrador and Newfoundland and s to s Alaska, w to base of Alaska Pen. and Kodiak I., Washington, ne Oregon, sporadically s to c Utah and nc New Mexico, c,sw Alberta, c Saskatchewan, n Minnesota, n Wisconsin, s Canada and n New England; mts. of Hispaniola.  Wanders widely in winter s to c Europe, Japan and c U.S.  Nomadic.
Pyrrhula nipalensis  BROWN BULLFINCH.  Forest, edge.  Mts., 1350-3700 m, in Himalayas of n Pakistan, n,e India, Kashmir, se Tibet, s China, w,n Burma, s Taiwan, n Vietnam and Malaya.  Winters to lower elevations.

Pyrrhula leucogenis  WHITE-CHEEKED BULLFINCH.  Forest, edge.  Mts. above 1250 m of Philippines on nw Luzon and Mindanao.
Pyrrhula aurantiaca  ORANGE BULLFINCH.  Forest, edge.  Himalayas, 1500-3900 m, of n Pakistan and extreme nw India and Kashmir.  Winters to lower elevations.
Pyrrhula erythrocephala  RED-HEADED BULLFINCH.  Forest, clearings, riparian woodland.  Himalayas, 2400-4200 m of n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir e to Bhutan and se Tibet.  Winters to lower elevations.
Pyrrhula erythaca  GREY-HEADED BULLFINCH.  Forest, scrub..  Mts., 1800-4000 m, in Himalayas of ne India, Bhutan, se Tibet, n Burma, c China and Taiwan.  Winters to lower elevations.

Pyrrhula pyrrhula  EURASIAN BULLFINCH.  Coniferous and mixed forest, woodland, farmlands.

P. p. pyrrhula, P.p. cineracea and P. p. griseiventris have been recognized as separate species by Stepanyan (1990. Conspectus of the ornithological fauna of the U.S.S.R.).
 P. p. pyrrhula.  From nw Norway e through n,c Russia and Siberia to Kamchatka, the Sea of Okhotsk and n Kuril Is. and s to n Spain, s France, Italy, Balkans, n Turkey, nw Iran, extreme s Russia in Caucasus and Transcaucasus.
 P. p. cineracea.  S Siberia from Altai and Sayan Mts. e to Lake Baikal and Transbaicalia, n Mongolia and probably Manchuria in n Heilungkiang.
 P. p. griseiventris.  C,s Kuril Is, se Siberia, Sakhalin I. and Japan on Hokkaido and c Honshu.
 P. p. murina.  Azores on São Miguel, where recently found after being thought extinct.

Coccothraustes coccothraustes  HAWFINCH.  Deciduous and mixed woodland, farmlands, scrub.  From British Isles and s Scandinavia e across c Russia and s Siberia to Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakhalin I. and Kamchatka and s to nw Africa, from Morocco e to Tunisia, n Mediterranean region, incl. Corsica and Sardinia, nw Turkey, n Iran, Caucasus, Transcaucasus and n Caspian Sea area, n Mongolia, Manchuria, n Japan on Hokkaido and n Honshu and Kuril Is.; Kirghiz steppes, e Kazakhstan, Tadzhikistan, n Afghanistan in Pamir Mts., n Pakistan.
Eophona migratoria  YELLOW-BILLED GROSBEAK.  Forest, bamboo, farmlands.  Se Siberia, n Korea and c,e China.
Eophona personata  JAPANESE GROSBEAK.  Open forest, farmlands, bamboo.  Se Siberia, ne,ce China and n Japan, from Hokkaido s to c Honshu.
Mycerobas icterioides  BLACK-AND-YELLOW GROSBEAK.  Forest, farmlands, towns.  Himalayas, 1800-3050 m, of ne Afghanistan, n Pakistan and nw India, Kashmir and c Nepal.  Winters to lower elevations.

Mycerobas affinis  COLLARED GROSBEAK.  Forest.  Himalayas, 2700-4300 m of n Pakistan, n India, se Tibet, ne Burma and c China.  Winters to lower elevations.
Mycerobas melanozanthos  SPOT-WINGED GROSBEAK.  Forest.  Himalayas, 2400-3650 m, of n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir, se Tibet, n Burma, sw China and nw Thailand.  Winters to lower elevations.
Mycerobas carnipes  WHITE-WINGED GROSBEAK.  Forest.  Mts., 2400-4600 m of ne Iran, c,n,e Afghanistan, Transcaspia, Tadzhikistan, e Turkestan, n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir, se Tibet, ne Burma and c China.  Winters to lower elevations.
Hesperiphona vespertina  EVENING GROSBEAK  Coniferous and mixed woodland, second growth, towns.  Sw, nc British Columbia, n Alberta and c Saskatchewan e across s Canada to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and s to c Calif., wc,e Nevada, c,se Arizona, s New Mexico, in high mts. of Mexico to Michoacán, México, Puebla and wc Veracruz and e to nc,ne Minnesota, n Michigan, n New York and Massachusetts.  Winters irregularly s to s U.S.

Hesperiphona abeillei  HOODED GROSBEAK.  Humid forest, edge, pine-oak.  Locally in mts. of Mexico in Sinaloa, s Chihuahua, Durango, e San Luis Potosí and sw Tamaulipas and from Michoacán, México, Morelos, Puebla and w Veracruz s through Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas to Guatemala and El Salvador.
Pyrrhoplectes epauletta  GOLD-NAPED FINCH.  Forest undergrowth, thickets, rhododendron, bamboo.  Himalayas, 2700-4000 m, of n India, se Tibet, ne Burma and sw China.  Affinities uncertain, but the cranium is typically cardueline.

Tribe DREPANIDINI:  Hawaiian Honeycreepers.  This group has long been recognized taxonomically, but its exact relationships have been uncertain.  Several morphological traits indicate their relationship to the cardueline finches and DNA hybridization comparisons support this association.  More than a dozen extinct species, some with bill types not seen in the species that survived to the late 1800's and beyond, have been described from subfossils by James and Olson (1992. A.O.U. Monogr. No. 46).  These authors examined all known specimens but failed to find any of these new species among them; their work indicates that the known Hawaiian honeycreepers are only a remnant of the presettlement avifauna of the Hawaiian archipelago.

Telespiza ultima  NIHOA FINCH.  Rock outcroppings, shrub covered slopes. Nw Hawaiian Is. on Nihoa I.  Intro. French Frigate Shoals.  Sometimes considered conspecific with T. cantans.
Telespiza cantans  LAYSAN FINCH.  Scaevola thickets, bunch grass, low bushy areas. W Hawaiian Is. on Laysan I.  Intro. Midway I., but extirpated; Pearl and Hermes Reef.
Psittirostra psittacea  OU.  Humid forest.  Mts. of Hawaiian Is. on Kauai, Hawaii, formerly Oahu, Molokai, Lanai and Maui.
*Dysmorodrepanis munroi  LANAI HOOKBILL.  Forest.  Extinct; known only from a single specimen taken in 1913 on Lanai in the e Hawaiian Is.

Loxioides bailleui  PALILA.  Dry mamane-naio forest.  Mts., Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii.
*Rhodacanthis flaviceps  LESSER KOA-FINCH.  Humid forest, primarily koa.  Extinct; last collected in 1891; formerly in mts. of e Hawaiian Is. in upper Kona region of Hawaii.
*Rhodacanthis palmeri  GREATER KOA-FINCH.  Humid forest, primarily koa.  Extinct; last collected in 1896; formerly in mts. of e Hawaiian Is. in upper Kona region of Hawaii.
*Chloridops kona  KONA GROSBEAK.  Trees, especially naio, on lava flows.  Extinct; last seen 1894; formerly in mts. of e Hawaiian Is. in upper Kona region, 1000-1800 m, of Hawaii.

Pseudonestor xanthophrys  MAUI PARROTBILL.  Native ohia rainforest.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on slopes of Haleakala on Maui.
Viridonia stejnegeri  KAUAI AMAKIHI.  Mt. koa and ohia forest.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Kauai.

The Amakihis are sometimes placed in Loxops or Hemignathus.  Under Hemignathus, Johnson, et al. (1989. Condor 91:379-396) reported allozyme differences between stejnegeri and virens.  Also under Hemignathus, Tarr and Fleischer (1993. Auk 110:825-831) studied mtDNA variation to determine the evolutionary relationships in the Amakihi complex.  They found two distinct lineages: the virens-wilsoni lineage and the chloris-stejnegeri-parvus group.  They suggested species status for H. v. chloris and H. v. stejnegeri.  The latter, as Viridonia stejnegeri, is listed above and V. chloris is included below in V. virens.  If their results are adopted the species of Viridonia should be placed in Hemignathus and H. chloris added to the list of species.  H. wilsoni becomes H. virens wilsoni which occurs only on Maui.  H. v. virens occurs on Hawaii; H. chloris occurs on Oahu; H. stejnegeri and H. parvus on Kauai.

There are additional complications; if the Amakihis are placed in Hemignathus, the Kauai form has to be called H. kauaiensis, because stejnegeri is the long-neglected name for the Kauai Akialoa (Pratt 1989. Elepaio 49:12-13).  Olson and James (1988. Elepaio 48:13-14) also commented on these questions.  The Amakihis have also been placed in Loxops, which adds to the nomenclatural problems.  Note:  These comments do not describe all of the problems nor do they settle any of the them!

Viridonia virens  COMMON AMAKIHI.  Humid ohia forest, dry mamane-naio forest, subalpine scrub.

The two subspecies groups may be separate species.
 V. v. virens.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Molokai, Maui, Hawaii and formerly on Lanai.
 V. v. chloris.  Mts. of Oahu.

Viridonia parva  ANIANIAU.  Humid forest, primarily ohia.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Kauai.
*Viridonia sagittirostris  GREATER AMAKIHI.  Humid forest, especially ohia.  Extinct; not reported since 1900; formerly in mts. of e Hawaiian Is. in Hamakua region of Hawaii.
*Hemignathus obscurus  AKIALOA. Humid forest, especially ohia.

H. D. Pratt (pers. comm.) favors recognition as separate species.
 H. o. obscurus.  Hawaii, last reported in 1940.
 H. o. ellisianus.  Mts. on Kauai, Oahu and Lanai.  Last reported in 1967.  The form from Kauai known formerly as H. proceras, KAUAI A
KIALOA, is part of this group.

Hemignathus lucidus  NUKUPUU.  Forest, especially ohia and koa.  Mts. of  e Hawaiian Is. on Kauai, Maui, formerly on Oahu and Hawaii; nearly extinct.
Hemignathus wilsoni  AKIAPOLAAU.  Forest, especially koa (Acacia koa), alani (Melicope sp.) or mamane-naio, brushy areas.  Mts. of the Island of Hawaii in the e Hawaiian Is.  This endangered species is best known for its unusual beak in which the mandible is a straight, stout structure used like an awl to peck and the maxilla is a long, slender hook-shaped structure.

Under the name Hemignathus munroi, Pratt, et al. (1994. Wilson Bull. 106:421-430) reported on plumage characters for identifying the sex and age of individuals.  If the amakihis are placed in Hemignathus, this species becomes Hemignathus munroi  (H. D. Pratt, pers. comm.).

Oreomystis bairdi  AKIKIKI or KAUAI CREEPER.  Humid forest, especially ohia.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Kauai.  Pratt (1992. Condor 94:836-846) discussed the systematics of this and the members of the following genus, all of which formerly were considered races of Paroreomyza maculata.
Oreomystis mana  HAWAII CREEPER.  Humid forest, especially koa-ohia.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Hawaii.  Sometimes considered conspecific with O. bairdi.
Paroreomyza montana  MAUI ALAUAHIO or MAUI CREEPER.  Humid forest, brushy areas, subalpine scrub.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Maui;  formerly on e Hawaiian I. of Lanai where it has not been reported since 1937.  This and the following two species are sometimes consideed conspecific.

*Paroreomyza flammea  KAKAWAHIE or MOLOKAI CREEPER.  Humid forest.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Molokai; possibly extinct; last reported 1963.
Paroreomyza maculata  OAHU ALAUAHIO or OAHU CREEPER.  Humid forest.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Oahu; nearly extinct.
Loxops caeruleirostris  AKEKEE.  Forest, primarily ohia.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Kauai.
Loxops coccineus  AKEPA.  Forest, primarily ohia-koa.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. formerly on Oahu, nearly extinct on Maui and Hawaii.
*Ciridops anna  ULA-AI-HAWANE.  Forest, especially loulu palm, ohia.  Extinct; last collected in the early 1890's; formerly resident in the Kona and Hilo districts and the Kohala mts. on Hawaii.

Vestiaria coccinea  IIWI.  Forest, especially ohia and mamane.  Formerly in lowlands and now mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Hawaii and formerly on Lanai.  Nearly extinct on Oahu and Molokai.
*Drepanis pacifica  HAWAII MAMO.  Forest, especially ohia.  Extinct; last recorded 1898; formerly resident in mts. of Hawaii.
*Drepanis funerea  BLACK MAMO.  Understory, especially lobelioids, of humid forest.  Extinct; last recorded 1907; formerly in mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Molokai.
Palmeria dolei  AKOHEKOHE.  Humid forest, especially ohia.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Maui and formerly on Molokai.

Himatione sanguinea  APAPANE.  Native forest, primarily ohia-koa, and mixed native,exotic forest; brush, shrubs.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. from Kauai e to Hawaii.  Formerly on Laysan Island in bunch-grass; extirpated 1923.
Melamprosops phaeosoma  POO-ULI.  Humid forest, primarily ohia.  Mts. of e Hawaiian Is. on Haleakala on Maui.  Discovered in 1973, now nearly extinct.  Pratt (1992. Condor 94:172-180) suggests that Melamprosops is not a drepanidine.

Subfamily EMBERIZINAE:  Buntings, Longspurs, New World sparrows, Juncos, Towhees, etc.

Urocynchramus pylzowi  PINK-TAILED BUNTING.  Thickets, scrub, usually near water.  Mts., 3050-5000 m, of w China.  Relationships uncertain; tentatively placed in the emberizines, but there is disagreement; it is frequently considered a cardueline and has been thought to be a rosefinch related to Uragus.
Melophus lathami  CRESTED BUNTING.  Open plains, rice paddies, hilly and often rocky areas.  Lowlands and mts. to 2400 m in Himalayas of n Pakistan, n,c India, Kashmir, se Tibet, Bangladesh, Burma, s China, nw Thailand, n Laos, n Vietnam.  Winters to lower elevations.
Latoucheornis siemsseni  SLATY BUNTING.  Open areas.  Locally in mts. of c China.  Winters to e,s China.

Emberiza citrinella  YELLOWHAMMER.  Grassland, bushes, farmland.  British Isles and Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia and w Siberia to about long. 100° E. and s to s Europe in n Mediterranean region, sw Russia in n Black Sea region and Caucasus, w,n Iran and extreme sw Siberia in Sayan Mts.  Hybridizes with  E. leucocephalos in w Siberia; they are sometimes considered conspecific.
Emberiza leucocephalos  PINE BUNTING.  Open woodland, forest edge, bushes, often near water.  Siberia, from nc Ural Mts., Altai and Sayan Mts. e to Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin I. s to Mongolia and w,ne China.
Emberiza stewarti  CHESTNUT-BREASTED BUNTING.  Dry, barren stony hillsides with sparse grass and bushes.  Himalayan foothills, 2000-3600 m, of Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes, nc,ne,e Afghanistan, n Pakistan s to n Baluchistan, nw India and Kashmir.

Emberiza cirlus  CIRL BUNTING. Bushes in open country, woodland edge.  S British Isles, France, sw Germany and Austria s to nw Africa, from Morocco e to Tunisia, n Mediterranean region, incl. most is., w,s Balkans, Greece and w,n Turkey.
Emberiza koslowi  TIBETAN BUNTING.  Stony, arid slopes, above timberline, with scattered bushes and dwarf junipers.  Himalayas above 3600 m of wc China.
Emberiza cia  ROCK BUNTING.  Open ground with sparse vegetation, scrub, especially in rocky areas.  Locally in hills and mts. of n Mediterranean region n to c France, Germany and Balkans, incl. Sardinia, Sicily and Cyprus and nw Africa from Morocco e to Tunisia, e across Turkey, Near East, Iran and from Transcaspia e to Turkestan and n to e Kazakhstan, to sw Siberia, Afghanistan, n Pakistan, n India from Kashmir e to Nepal, w China and sw Tibet.

Emberiza godlewskii  GODLEWSKI'S BUNTING.  Open ground with sparse vegetation, scrub,especially in rocky areas.  Hills and mts. to 4200 m of s Siberia, Mongolia, c,n China, se Tibet and ne India in Arunachal Pradesh.  Often treated as conspecific with E. cia.
Emberiza cioides  MEADOW BUNTING.  Grassy, scrubby, rocky or barren hillsides, thickets, towns.  Hills, 1200-2000 m of Kirghiz steppes, s Siberia, Sakhalin I. and s Kuril Is. s to China, Korea and Japan.
Emberiza jankowskii  RUFOUS-BACKED BUNTING.  Open areas with sparse grass, weeds and bushes.  Ne China, extreme se Siberia and extreme ne Korea.  Winters in ec China.
Emberiza buchanani  GREY-NECKED BUNTING.  Barren, stony ground, arid slopes with sparse vegetation.  E Turkey, Iran,extreme s Russia in Transcaucasus, n Aral Sea area and from Transcaspia e to Turkestan and n to e Kazakhstan, sw Siberia, ne Afghanistan, n Pakistan in n Baluchistan, w China and nw Mongolia.  Winters in w,c India.

Emberiza cineracea  CINEREOUS BUNTING.  Bushes on stony arid slopes.  Locally in w,se Turkey and cw Iran.  Winters s to s Arabia and extreme ne Africa.
Emberiza hortulana  ORTOLAN BUNTING.  Open country with scattered bushes, scrub, towns, farmlands, woodland edge.  From cont. Europe, Scandinavia and w,s Russia s to n Mediterranean region, incl. Crete, Turkey, n Iran, nw Afghanistan, Transcaspia, w Caspian Sea e to n Kirghiz steppes and sw Siberia.
Emberiza caesia  CRETZSCHMAR'S BUNTING.  Barren and stony slopes with sparse, scrubby vegetation.  Se Europe w to c Yugoslavia, Greece, Crete, w,s Turkey, Cyprus, Near East s to Israel.
Emberiza striolata  HOUSE BUNTING.  Desert, stony and scrubby hillsides, around human habitation.  S in Sahara region to s Mauritania, s Mali, c,se Niger, Chad, wc Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and nw Kenya; e through Israel, Arabia, s Iran, s Afghanistan and c,s Pakistan to n,c India.

Emberiza impetuani  LARK-LIKE BUNTING.  Dry scrub and semi-desert.  Namibia, Botswana and sw Zimbabwe to S. Africa.  Wanders n to coastal Angola and c Congo region.
Emberiza tahapisi  CINNAMON-BREASTED BUNTING.  Dry, rocky areas, open country, scattered bushes.  S Mauritania, Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Cameroon, Cent. Afr. Republic, c Chad and c Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, nw Somalia, Socotra I.and s Arabia; s in West Africa in Zaire, Gabon, Congo, and Angola; East Africa in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and s in Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.
Emberiza socotrana  SOCOTRA BUNTING.  Dry, open country.  Mts. above 1200 m of Socotra I.
Emberiza capensis  CAPE BUNTING.  Rocky slopes, dry sandy scrub.  Sw Angola, e Zambia, c Malawi, s Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.

Emberiza tristrami  TRISTRAM'S BUNTING.  Dense undergrowth in coniferous forest.  Ne China and se Siberia.
Emberiza fucata  CHESTNUT-EARED BUNTING.  Bushes and grass clumps on barren or stony hillsides, brushland, pastures.  Mts. to 2750 m from s Siberia, Korea, s Kuril Is. and Japan s through ne Mongolia and c,e,s China to Himalayas, 1650-2700 m of n Pakistan, n India, Kashmir and w Nepal.
Emberiza pusilla  LITTLE BUNTING.  Birch and willow scrub, undergrowth in taiga.  From n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n,c Siberia.
Emberiza chrysophrys  YELLOW-BROWED BUNTING.  Thickets in taiga.  C Siberia in L. Baikal region and c Yakutia.

Emberiza rustica  RUSTIC BUNTING. Bushes and wet grassy areas in taiga, undergrowth of mixed woodland, thickets along streams.  From n Sweden and n,c Finland e across n,c Russia and n,c Siberia to Anadyrland and Kamchatka and s to s Siberia in Altai, Tuva, n,w L. Baikal region to Sea of Okhotsk and n Sakhalin I.
Emberiza elegans  YELLOW-THROATED BUNTING.  Thickets and bushes, grassy slopes, mixed forest edge.  Se Siberia, ne,c,sw China and n Korea.
Emberiza aureola  YELLOW-BREASTED BUNTING.  Willow thickets, marshy scrub, bushy fields near streams.  From c Finland e across n,c Russia and n,c Siberia to Anadyrland, Kamchatka and Commander Is. and s to Kirghiz steppes, n Mongolia, Manchuria, n Korea, n Japan and Kuril Is.

Emberiza rutila  CHESTNUT BUNTING.  Swampy areas, stubble fields, bushes, woodland edge.  Se Siberia, n Mongolia and ne China.
Emberiza flaviventris  AFRICAN GOLDEN-BREASTED BUNTING.  Open woodland, scrub, towns.  S Mauritania, s Mali, Niger, Senegambia, Benin, Burkina Faso, n Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Cent. Afr. Republic, e to Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea; s in Congo, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, c Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and s S. Africa.
Emberiza poliopleura  SOMALI GOLDEN-BREASTED BUNTING.  Dry thorn scrub.  Se Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia s to ne Uganda, n,e Kenya and ne Tanzania.
Emberiza affinis  BROWN-RUMPED BUNTING.  Semi-arid scrub, farmlands.  Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, c Cameroon, Cent. Afr. Rep., Zaire, s Chad, s Sudan and sw Ethiopia; s to nw Congo and n Uganda; formerly w Kenya.  This species has been called "Emberiza forbesi" in some publications, but affinis seems to have priority, fide Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 379).

Emberiza cabanisi  CABANIS'S BUNTING.  Bush country, open woodland, savanna.  Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, C. African Rep., Chad, n,ne Zaire, s Sudan, Rwanda, w Uganda, Gabon, Congo, sw,cs Zaire and c,ne Angola; se Zaire, Zambia, Tanzania and Malawi, s to n,e Zimbabwe and s,se Mozambique.
Emberiza melanocephala  BLACK-HEADED BUNTING.  Scrubby plains, undergrowth of open woodland, orchards, towns.  From se Europe w to se Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, s Bulgaria and s Romania, incl. Crete and Cyprus, e through Turkey, Near East and n Iraq to w,s Iran and n to s Russia in region between Black and Caspian Seas, incl. Caucasus and Transcaucasus.
Emberiza bruniceps  RED-HEADED BUNTING.  Open scrub, thickets, reedbeds, bushes, weedy areas, steppes, desert regions, often near water.  Mts., 1500-2450 m of se Russia, Transcaspia to Kirghiz steppes, sw Siberia, w China, ne Iran, Afghanistan and n Pakistan, in n Baluchistan and Punjab.

Emberiza sulphurata  YELLOW BUNTING.  Shrubby clearings, low second growth..  Hills and mts.., 600-1200 m of c Japan in c Honshu.
Emberiza spodocephala  BLACK-FACED BUNTING.  Bushes and thickets in open regions, fields, open woodland, forest edge, towns.  From c,s Siberia, e to Sakhalin I. and n to Yakutia s to ne,c China, n Korea, n Japan, to c Honshu and s Kuril Is.
Emberiza variabilis  GREY BUNTING.  Thickets, bamboo, dense woodland undergrowth.  Se Siberia to s Kamchatka and Sakhalin I., Kuril Is. and, possibly, in n Japan.
Emberiza pallasi  PALLAS'S BUNTING.  Dwarf birches, riverine bushes and thickets, reedbeds.  Mts. to 3050 m of Siberia s to w,ne China, n Tibet and Manchuria; c Mongolia.

Emberiza schoeniclus  REED BUNTING.  Reedbeds, rushes, riparian thickets.  From British Isles and n Scandinavia e across n Russia and w Siberia to Lena R. and Transbaicalia and s to s Europe, s Russia, se Siberia, Sakhalin I. and Kamchatka, ne Mongolia, Manchuria, Kuril Is. and n Japan on Hokkaido; nw Africa in n Morocco, n Mediterranean region, incl. Balearic Is., Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, Balkans, Turkey, Syria, w Iran and sw Russia in Black Sea region, w Caspian Sea area, Caucasus and Transcaucasus; n Afghanistan., s Russia, w to Caspian Sea, sw Siberia, w China and w Mongolia.
Emberiza yessoensis  OCHRE-RUMPED BUNTING.  Reedbeds, shrubby areas in marshland.  Ne China, se Siberia, s Kuril Is. and Japan on Hokkaido and Honshu.
Emberiza calandra  CORN BUNTING.  Grasslands, bushes, open scrub, farmlands.  From British Isles, s Sweden, cont. Europe, Lithuania and sw Russia s to Canary Is., nw Africa, from Morocco e to Libya, n Mediterranean region, incl. Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Cyprus and e through Turkey, Syria, n Iraq, Iran, n Afghanistan, s Russia in Black Sea area, Caucasus and Transcaucasus, from Transcaspia and Aral Sea e to Tadzhikistan and e Turkestan and extreme w China.

Voous (1977. Ibis 119:398) placed the Corn Bunting in Miliaria, which was followed by Sibley and Monroe (1990).

Calcarius mccownii  MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR.  Sparse short-grass plains, stubble fields, open bare ground.  From se Alberta, s Saskatchewan, nc N. Dakota and sw Minnesota s to se Wyoming, ne Colorado, nw Nebraska and c N. Dakota.
Calcarius lapponicus  LAPLAND LONGSPUR.  Wet meadows, grassy tussocks, scrub in tundra.  From Greenland and n Scandinavia e across n Russia, incl. Novaya Zemlya and n Siberia incl. New Siberian and Wrangel is., to Chukotski Pen., and s through Anadyrland to Kamchatka and Commander Is.;  from w,n Alaska, n Yukon and Banks, Prince Patrick, Melville and n Ellesmere is. s to is. in Bering Sea, Aleutians, sc Alaska, incl. Middleton I., n Mackenzie, s Keewatin, ne Manitoba, n Ontariao, n Quebec, and Labrador.

Calcarius pictus  SMITH'S LONGSPUR.  Dry grassy tundra, in winter fields and short grasslands.  Ec Alaska and nw British Columbia; from n Alaska, w to Brooks Range, e across n Yukon and n,ec Mackenzie to s Keewatin, ne Manitoba and extreme n Ontario.
Calcarius ornatus  CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR.  Short grass plains and prairies.  From s Alberta, s Saskatchewan and sw Manitoba s, e of Rockies, to ne Colorado, w Kansas, nc Nebraska and w Minnesota.
Plectrophenax nivalis  SNOW BUNTING.  Arctic rocky shores, cliffs, dry tundra, around human buildings in Arctic areas.  From Greenland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya and n Siberia s to Iceland, n British Isles, n Scandinavia, n Siberia, Kamchatka and Commander Is.; St. Lawrence Island, n Alaska, n Yukon, nw Mackenzie and Banks, Prince Patrick, Ellef Ringnes, Axel Heiberg and n Ellesmere is. s to s Alaska, nw British Columbia, sw,c Yukon,ec Mackenzie, c,se Keewatin, is. in Hudson Bay, n Quebec and n Labrador.

Plectrophenax hyperboreus  MCKAY'S BUNTING.  Open rocky ground, beaches, shores of tundra pools.  Alaska on Hall, St. Matthew, St. Lawrence and St. Paul is.  May be conspecific with P. nivalis, but both are reported to nest on St. Lawrence Island.
Calamospiza melanocorys  LARK BUNTING.  Plains, prairies, meadows, sagebrush.  S Alberta, s Saskatchewan, sw Manitoba, se N. Dakota and sw Minnesota s, e of Rockies to e New Mexico, n Texas, w Oklahoma, e Kansas and nw Missouri and locally w to s Calif., Utah, sw Colorado, nw New Mexico and w Texas.
Passerella iliaca  FOX SPARROW.  Forest undergrowth,edge,woodland thickets, scrub, chaparral, riparian woodland.

R. Zink (1994. Evolution 48:96-111.), based on mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons and plumage characters, proposed dividing this species into four phylogenetic species  "depending on the degree of hybridization tolerated."  Vocal differences also may exist, but the mtDNA and plumage characters also suggest there is, or has been, substantial hybridization between these four groups, whether treated as species or as subspecies.  The author concludes that the four groups "should be treated as species that have retained to varying degrees the primitive ability to hybridize."
 P. i. iliaca.  W,n Alaska, n Yukon, nw,sc Mackenzie,sw Keewatin and n Manitoba e across n Canada to n Labrador and s to c Alaska, c British Columbia, c Ontario, s Quebec, nw New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and s Newfoundland.  Winters primarily e of the Rocky Mountains.

P. i. unalaschensis.  From Unalaska in the Aleutians s through s,w Alaska to Vancouver Island, British Columbia.  Winters on Pacific Coast.
 P. i. schistacea.  Mts. in c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, c Manitoba s to e Calif., c Nevada, c Utah and c Colorado.  Winters mainly s and w of breeding range.
 P. i. megarhyncha.  Mts. of s Oregon, w Nevada and California.  Winters at lower elevations.

Melospiza melodia  SONG SPARROW.  Brushy, shrubby and deep grassy areas near water and seacoasts, marshes, bogs, forest edge, thickets, hedgerows, towns.  From s Alaska, incl. Aleutian Is., sc Yukon, n British Columbia, sc Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to sw Newfoundland and s to sc Baja Calif., n Sonora, in Mexican highlands to Michoacán, México, Tlaxcala and Puebla and to n New Mexico, ne Kansas, nc Arkansas,s Tennessee, n Alabama, n Georgia and nw and coastal S. Carolina.

Geographically variable with numerous subspecies described.  There are four races around San Francisco Bay, 14 in California and 31 over the entire range of the species.  The morphologically most distinct races are the large, dark birds in the Aleutians.  Saltmarsh races around San Francisco Bay and isolated Mexican populations differ sharply in color from adjacent populations.  Desert populations tend to be pale and small; those of humid areas darker and larger.  However, studies of mtDNA reveal little geographic patterning and great intrapopulational variation.

Melospiza lincolnii  LINCOLN'S SPARROW.  Bogs, wet meadows, riparian thickets.  From w,c Alaska, c Yukon, nw,s Mackenzie and n,c Saskatchewan e across c Canada to c Labrador and Newfoundland and s to sc,se Alaska, in mts. to c Calif., wc Nevada, ec Arizona and n New Mexico and e of Rockies to ne Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c Michigan, n New York, c New England and Nova Scotia.
Melospiza georgiana  SWAMP SPARROW.  Emergent vegetation around water, marshes, bogs, wet meadows.  From ne,ec British Columbia, wc,s Mackenzie, n,sc Alberta and s,c Saskatchewan e across c Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland and s, e of Rockies to Dakotas, e Nebraska, n Missouri, n Illinois, n Indiana, c Ohio, se W. Virginia, Maryland and Delaware.
Zonotrichia capensis  RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW.  Open situations with scattered bushes, shrubby hillsides, thickets, farmlands, humid forest edge, open woodland, towns.  Mts. to 4000 m of Hispaniola; from Chiapas s to Honduras; Costa Rica, w Panama; Netherlands Antilles on Aruba and Curaçao; from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s to Tierra del Fuego.

Zonotrichia querula  HARRIS'S SPARROW.  Woody shrubbery, stunted trees in conifer-tundra ecotone.  From nw,ec Mackenzie and s Keewatin s to ne Saskatchewan, n Manitoba and nw Ontario.
Zonotrichia albicollis  WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.  Mixed forest, edge, bogs, brush, thickets, open woodland.  From se Yukon, wc,s Mackenzie and n,c,se Saskatchewan e across c Canada to s Labrador and  Newfoundland and s to nc N. Dakota, n, ec Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c,se Michigan, n Ohio, n W. Virginia, n Pennsylvania and n New Jersey.

Jung, et al. (1994. Wilson Bull. 106:189-419) describe the behavior and parentage of a hybrid White-throated Sparrow x Dark-eyed Junco.  The bird was captured in Maryland in 1991 and studied in captivity for 10 months.  It sang a mixed song composed of a junco trill followed the the White-throat's well-known "peabody" notes.  Another song consisted of 30 notes partly consisting of junco or white-throat notes.  Mitochondrial DNA evidence identified the hybrid's mother as a White-throated Sparrow.  Other hybrids between these two species are known.

Zonotrichia leucophrys  WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.  Stunted trees, shrubs, wet meadows, forest edge, thickets, chaparral, coastal brushland, towns.  From w,n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie and c Keewatin s to s Alaska and w to Alaska Pen., s Calif., s Nevada, n,ec Arizona, n New Mexico and e of Rockies from n Saskatchewan e to n Quebec and n Newfoundland.
Zonotrichia atricapilla  GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.  Thickets, shrubbery, dwarf conifers, brushy canyons.  Mts. from w,nc Alaska and sc Yukon s to s Alaska, w to Unimak I. in e Aleutians, s British Columbia, n Washington and sw Alberta.