Megatriorchis doriae DORIA'S GOSHAWK. Forest.
Locally in lowlands to 1400 m of New Guinea region in w Papuan is. (Batanta)
and New Guinea.
Urotriorchis macrourus LONG-TAILED HAWK. Humid forest.
W,c Africa from Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Nigeria
to s Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Cabinda and s C. African
Rep., n,ne Zaire, w Uganda and s to sw,sc,ce Zaire.
Butastur rufipennis GRASSHOPPER BUZZARD. Savanna,
grassland. Sw Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger,
Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Cameroon,
s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia, cn,ne Zaire, Uganda,
Kenya and c,ne Tanzania.
Butastur teesa WHITE-EYED BUZZARD. Open woodland,
plains, farms. Lowlands to 1200 m of s Asia in se Iran, Afghanistan
(probably), Pakistan, India, s Tibet and Burma (except ne,e).
Butastur liventer RUFOUS-WINGED BUZZARD. Savanna,
open woodland, farmlands. Lowlands to 1500 m of se Asia in sw China
(sw Yunnan), Burma, c,nw,ne Thailand, Cambodia, s,c Laos, s Vietnam (s
Annam, Cochinchina), Java, Sulawesi and (possibly) se Borneo and Timor.
Butastur indicus GREY-FACED BUZZARD. Woodland, coniferous
forest. E Asia in se Siberia (w Amurland, Ussuriland), ne China (from
Heilungkiang to se Liaoning and Hopeh), Japan (from c Honshu s to Shikoku)
and Izu Is. Winters from se Asia, se China and Korea s to E. Indies
and New Guinea.
Geranospiza caerulescens CRANE HAWK. Humid forest, riparian
woodland, swamps, edges of marshes. The three subspecies groups sometimes
are treated as species, but nigra and caerulescens, at least, intergrade
extensively.
G. c. nigra. Lowlands of Middle and nw S. America from Sonora
and Tamaulipas s along both slopes to Panama, w Colombia, w Ecuador and
nw Peru (Tumbes, Lambayeque).
G. c. caerulescens. Lowlands to 500 m of n,wc S. America
from n,e Colombia (from Cauca V. and Magdalena V. e to w Guajira, and e
of Andes), Venezuela and Guianas s, e of Andes, to e Ecuador, e Peru (loreto,
Madre de Dios) and Amazonian Brazil.
G. c. gracilis. Sc,e S. America in n,e,se Bolivia (Pando,
Beni, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija), sc,e Brazil (from Mato Grosso, Goiás,
Maranhão, Paraíba and Bahia s to s Minas Gerais and Rio de
Janeiro), Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina (s to La Rioja, Córdoba
and n Buenos Aires).
Leucopternis plumbea PLUMBEOUS HAWK. Humid forest.
Lowlands to 800 m from Panama (Caribbean slope w to Veraguas; Darién)
and w Colombia (Pacific slope, incl. upper Sinú V.) s to nw Peru
(Tumbes).
Leucopternis schistacea SLATE-COLORED HAWK. Forested streams,
swamps. Lowlands to 500 m of wc S. America e of Andes in e Colombia
(Meta, Orinoco R.), s Venezuela (w Amazonas), e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia
(Pando, Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian Brazil (s of Amazon
e to s Amapá and Pará).
Leucopternis princeps BARRED HAWK. Humid forest.
Locally in foothills and mts. to 3000 m (mostly above 800 m) in c Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia (Pacific slope; Magdalena V. in Santander and Huila)
and n Ecuador (both w,e of Andes).
Leucopternis melanops BLACK-FACED HAWK. Forest. Lowlands
to 1000 m of S. America e of Andes in se Colombia (w Putumayo, w Caquetá),
s Venezuela (Bolívar), ne Ecuador, and n Brazil (s to Amazon, e
to Pará; R. Tapajos).
Leucopternis kuhli WHITE-BROWED HAWK. Forest. Lowlands
of wc S. America in e Peru (from c Loreto s to Madre de Dios), n Bolivia
(Pando) and Amazonian Brazil (s of Amazon from R. Madeira e to e Pará).
Leucopternis lacernulata WHITE-NECKED HAWK. Forest.
Locally in lowlands of se Brazil (Alagoas, s Bahia, e Minas Gerais, Espírito
Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina).
Leucopternis semiplumbea SEMIPLUMBEOUS HAWK. Humid forest.
Lowlands to 1000 m of s C. and nw S. America in ne Honduras (Gracias a
Dios), Costa Rica, Panama, w,nc Colombia (Pacific slope e to middle Magdalena
V. in Santander) and nw Ecuador (to Esmeraldas).
Leucopternis albicollis WHITE HAWK. Humid forest, edge,
open woodland. Lowlands to 1500 m of Neotropical from n Oaxaca, Veracruz,
Tabasco and Chiapas) s mostly on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes
of Costa Rica and Panama, and from nw,nc,e Colombia (Pacific coast s to
Valle; upper Sinú V. and lower Magdalena V.; e of Andes n to Boyacá
and Casanare), Venezuela (from Carabobo to Sucre; nw Zulia; Táchira;
n Amazonas, Bolívar), Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, to e Ecuador,
e Peru, n,e Bolivia (La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian Brazil (s to c Mato
Grosso and n Maranhão).
Leucopternis occidentalis GREY-BACKED HAWK. Forest, edge.
Mts. of w Ecuador from Pichincha s to Peruvian border. Formerly treated
as a race of L. albicollis.
Leucopternis polionota MANTLED HAWK. Forest. Lowlands
of se S. America in e,se Brazil (from Alagoas and Bahia s to São
Paulo and Santa Caterina), e Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).
Buteogallus aequinoctialis RUFOUS CRAB-HAWK. Mangroves,
swamps, wet savanna. Coast of n,e S. America from ne Venezuela (Delta
Amacuro) e,s to s Brazil (to Paraná.
Buteogallus anthracinus COMMON BLACK-HAWK. Forest, swamps,
mangroves, savannas, open woodland. The Cuban race (gundlachii) may
be a separate species or a race of B. subtilis.
B. a. anthracinus. Sw U.S., Middle and n S. America from c Arizona,
sw Utah, s New Mexico and w,s Texas s (incl. Cozumel and Cancun is. off
Yucatán Pen., and Utila and Guanaja is. in Bay Is. off Honduras)
to Panama, n,e Colombia (from Gulf of Urabá e to Guajira and s to
n Huila; e of Andes from Santander to Meta), coastal n Venezuela, Trinidad
and Guyana; sc Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent).
B. a. gundlachii. Cuba and the Isle of Pines.
Buteogallus subtilis MANGROVE BLACK-HAWK. Mangroves.
Pacific coast of Middle and nw S. America from Chiapas and (possibly) Guerrero
s to Panama, w Colombia (incl. Gorgona I.), w Ecuador and extreme nw Peru
(Tumbes). Sometimes treated as a race of B. anthracinus, but they
seem not to interbreed where the are in contact.
Buteogallus urubitinga GREAT BLACK-HAWK. Humid forest,
scrub, open woodland, especially near water. Lowlands to 1000 m from
c Sonora and s Tamaulipas s through Mexico and C. America to Panama, and
from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes to
w Ecuador and e of Andes to e Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina
(Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires).
Buteogallus meridionalis SAVANNA HAWK. Moist savanna, marshes,
swamps. Lowlands (mostly below 1000 m) of s C. and S. America in
Panama (w to Chiriquí), and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and
Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru and e of Andes to e Peru, n,e,se Bolivia
(Beni, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina)
to Tucumán, Córdoba and Santa Fe.
Parabuteo unicinctus HARRIS'S HAWK. Savanna, open woodland,
semi-desert, especially near water. Locally in lowlands to 1500 m
from n Baja Calif., se Calif., s Arizona, s New Mexico and c Texas s (except
Belize and Honduras) to Panama, and from w,n Colombia (Cauca V.; Patia
V.; from Atlántico e to Guajira Pen., Santander and Norte de Santander),
n,se Venezuela (Falcón, Aragua, Guárico, Anzoátegui,
Monagas, Sucre, n Bolívar) and Surinam s, w of Andes to w Ecuador
and w Peru, and e of Andes through e Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and e,s Brazil
(from Maranhão and Ceará to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do
Sul) to Uruguay, c Chile (from Aisén to Magallanes) and n Argentina
(s to La Pampa and Buenos Aires).
Busarellus nigricollis BLACK-COLLARED HAWK. Marshes, wet
savanna, flooded fields, mangroves. Lowlands to 500 m from Sinaloa
and Veracruz s to Panama, and from Colombia (except Pacific slope s of
R. Atrato), n,e Venezuela (n of Orinoco; n Bolívar, Delta Amacuro),
Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia
(Pando, Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), Brazil (s to São Paulo) and
Paraguay to n Argentina (from Jujuy and Salta e to n Santa Fe and Corrientes).
Affinities uncertain; may be related to the Milvus-Haliaeetus complex.
Geranoaetus melanoleucus BLACK-CHESTED BUZZARD-EAGLE. Grassland,
savanna. Mts., mostly 1500-4500 m, of w,sc,s S. America from Colombia
(C. Andes from Cauca to Nariño; E. Andes s to Cundinamarca) and
Venezuela (Andes of Mérida) s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru (incl.
coastal regions) and c,e,se Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Oruro,
Chuquisaca) to Chile (from Aconcagua to Llanquihue) and w Argentina (to
Tierra del Fuego), and e across n Argentina (Tucumán, Córdoba,
Santa Fe) and Paraguay to e,se Brazil (from Piauí, Minas Gerais,
Bahia and Paraíba to Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay.
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius SOLITARY EAGLE. Humid forest,
pines. Locally in highlands to 2200 m in se Sonora, Jalisco, Oaxaca,
Chiapas, Guatemala, Belize (?), Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama, n,e Colombia
(Santa Marta Mts., Sierra de Perijá, Antioquia, Cauca, Caquetá),
n Venezuela (Carabobo, Aragua), e Ecuador, e,c Peru, n,c Bolivia (Beni,
La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) and nw Argentina (Salta). May be
conspecific with H. coronatus.
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus CROWNED EAGLE. Open country, savanna.
Lowlands of sc S. America in e Bolivia (locality uncertain), Paraguay,
s Brazil (from Mato Grosso and Goiás s to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay
(probably) and n,c Argentina (s to Río Negro).
Asturina plagiata GREY HAWK. Open woodland, farmlands, forest
edge, riparian woodland, savanna. Lowlands of Middle America from
s Arizona, Sonora, Jalisco, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas and s Texas s to nw Costa
Rica (Gulf of Nicoya region). Usually considered conspecific with
A. nitida, but plagiata appears to be a distinct species.
Asturina nitida GREY-LINED HAWK. Open woodland, farmlands,
forest edge, riparian woodland, savanna. Lowlands to 1000 m in Costa
Rica (except nw), Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago
and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador,
e Peru, n,e Bolivia (s to Mato Grosso, Goiás and Rio de Janeiro)
to n Argentina (Tucumán, e Chaco).
Buteo magnirostris ROADSIDE HAWK. Open woodland, second
growth, savanna, forest edge, pastures. Lowlands and mts. to 2500
m from Jalisco, s Nuevo León and s Tamaulipas s (incl. Cozumel and
Holbox is. off Yucatán Pen., and Bay Is. off Honduras) to Panama
(incl. Coiba, Pearl and small is. off Pacific coast), and from Colombia,
Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through
e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil (except parts of w Amazonia)
to Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina (to La Rioja, Córdoba, Santa
Fe and n Buenos Aires). See Asturina nitida.
Buteo lineatus RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. Forest, edge, open woodland,
swamps. W N. America from n Calif. s (w of Sierra Nevada) to n Baja
Calif.; c,e N. America from e Nebraska, Iowa, c Minnesota, n Wisconsin,
n Michigan, s Ontario, sw Quebec and s New Brunswick s to Veracruz, Tamaulipas,
c,s Texas, Gulf coast and Florida (incl. Florida Keys); locally V. of Mexico
(Zacatecas, Distrito Federal). Northernmost populations generally
winter to south.
Buteo ridgwayi RIDGWAY'S HAWK. Forest edge, open woodland.
Hispaniola (incl. Beata, Gonâve, Î.-á-Vache, and other
small is.).
Buteo platypterus BROAD-WINGED HAWK. Forest, open woodland.
E N. America in c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, and from c Manitoba e across
s Canada to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and s to e Colorado, e Texas,
Gulf coast and Florida; Antilles on Cuba; Puerto Rico; from Antigua s to
Grenada and Tobago. Winters in C. America, s Florida, Antilles, and
S. America s to Bolivia and s Brazil.
Buteo leucorrhous WHITE-RUMPED HAWK. Broken forest.
Mts., 1700-3000 m (to lower elevations in s), of n,w,sc,se S. America from
Colombia (Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; W. Andes in Cauca;
C. Andes n to Caldas; E. Andes) and mts. of w,n Venezuela (w Zulia; Mérida,
Trujillo; Distrito Federal) s through w,e Ecuador and nw,e Peru (s to Lambayeque
on Pacific slope; e slope throughout) to wc Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba),
Paraguay, n Argentina (Salta, Tucumán, e Chaco, Misiones) and s
Brazil (n to Minas Gerais).
Buteo brachyurus SHORT-TAILED HAWK. Swamps, pine-oak, woodland,
forest edge, open woodland. Locally in lowlands and mts. to 2500
m of peninsular Florida; from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas s (incl. Cozumel I.
off Quintana Roo) to Panama, and from Colombia (w of Andes; Cauca V.; Meta),
Venezuela (w Zulia; Lara, Trujillo, Mérida; Carabobo; nw Amazonas;
c Bolívar; Chacachacare and Patos is.), Trinidad and Guianas s,
w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru (Huánuco,
Junín, Cuzco), n,e Bolivia (Pando, La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Brazil
to Paraguay and n Argentina (Jujuy, Tucumán, Misiones).
Buteo albigula WHITE-THROATED HAWK. Forest. Mts.,
1700-3500 m, of w S. America from Colombia (W. Andes in Cauca, C. Andes
from Quindío to Cauca) and w,se Venezuela (Andes; ne Bolívar)
s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to Chile (s to Valdivia) and
w Argentina (Salta, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut). Often
included in B. brachyurus, but albigula appears to be an altitudinal allospecies
with brachyurus.
Buteo swainsoni SWAINSON'S HAWK. Savanna, open pine-oak
woodland, farmlands, grasslands. W Nearctica in ec Alaska, Yukon
and Mackenzie, and from c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, c Manitoba, w,s Minnesota
and w Illinois s to s Calif., Baja Calif. (formerly), Sonora, Durango,
Chihuahua, c,s Texas, c Arkansas and w Missouri. Winters in s C.
and S. America (s to Argentina).
Buteo galapagoensis GALAPAGOS HAWK. Scrub, semi-desert,
lava flows. Galapagos Is.
Buteo albicaudatus WHITE-TAILED HAWK. Open country, savanna,
prairie, semi-desert. Lowlands and foothills to 2000 m from Sonora
(formerly s Arizona), Durango, Zacatecas and c,se Texas s to Panama (incl.
I. Taboga), w,n,e Colombia, Venezuela (incl. Netherlands Antilles e to
Margarita I. and Trinidad), Guianas and n Brazil (n of Amazon from R. Branco
e to I. Marajó); sc S. America in extreme se Peru (Pampas de Heath),
n,e,se Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija), Paraguay, se Brazil
(n to Mato Grosso, Goiás and Bahia), Uruguay and n,c Argentina (s
to Río Negro).
Buteo polyosoma RED-BACKED HAWK. Open country.
B. polyosoma and albicaudatus are closely related but largely separate
altitudinally, with marginal overlap in Colombia and Argentina. The
two following races are sometimes treated as separate species.
B. p. polyosoma. Lowlands and mts. (mostly 1800-3500 m
in n) of w,s S. America from Colombia (C. Andes n to Quindío, probably
only migrant from s) s through Pacific lowlands and Andes of Ecuador and
Peru to c,s Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Oruro, Tarija), Chile
(to Cape Horn) and Argentina (to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.). Ranges
to Uruguay and s Brazil. See B. poecilochrous.
B. p. exsul. W Juan Fernández Is. on Más
Afuera.
Buteo poecilochrous Puna Hawk. Cliffs, wooded valleys.
High Andes (mostly 3000-5000 m) of w S. America from s Colombia (Valle
and Cauca, probably only a migrant from s) s through Ecuador, Peru and
c,sw Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí) to Chile (Tarapacá)
and n Argentian (Jujuy). Relationships to B. polyosoma unclear; sometimes
considered a morph of that species, but here treated as a distinct species.
Buteo albonotatus ZONE-TAILED HAWK. Arid semi-open country,
pine-oak, riparian woodland, scrub, humid forest. Locally in lowlands
to 500 m from s Calif., n Baja Calif., c Arizona, s New Mexico and w Texas
s (not recorded Belize) to Panama (incl. Pearl Is.); e Colombia (from Santa
Marta region s to Magdalena; e of Andes in Meta, Caquetá and Amazonas),
n,se Venezuela (from Zulia to Anzoátegui; ne Bolívar), Trinidad,
Guyana, Surinam, e Brazil (I. Marajó, Ceará, Pernambuco,
Alagoas, Paraná), Paraguay and n,e Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz); w
Ecuador, cw Peru (near Lima). Northernmost populations winter to
the south.
Buteo solitarius HAWAIIAN HAWK. Open forest. E Hawaiian
Is. on Hawaii, ranging uncommonly to Kauai, Oahu and Maui.
Buteo jamaicensis RED-TAILED HAWK. Woodland, fields, deserts,
mts. N. America from w,c Alaska, c Yukon, w Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan
e across c,se Canada to New Brunswick, Prince Edward I. and Nova Scotia,
and s to se Alaska, Baja Calif., Sonora, Chihuahua, Nuevo León,
s Texas, Gulf coast and Florida, highlands of Middle America from Mexico
(incl. Tres Marías Is., Socorro I. in Revillagigedo Is.) and C.
America to w Panama (e to Canal Zone); W. Indies in n Bahamas (Grand Bahama,
Abaco, Andros), Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles (s to Nevis).
Winters from s Canada s through Middle America and W. Indies to Panama
and Lesser Antilles (to Nevis). Includes B. harlani, a variable population
in Alaska and western Canada formerly regarded as a distinct species.
Buteo ventralis RUFOUS-TAILED HAWK. Forest, especially Nothofagus.
S S. America in s Chile (from Ñuble to Magallanes) and s Argentina
(from Río Negro s to Straits of Magellan).
Buteo buteo COMMON BUZZARD. Woodland, forest, moors, heath,
towns, farmlands.
There is extensive hybridization among the following forms where their
ranges meet.
B. b. buteo. W Palearctic from British Isles, Norway and
c,s Sweden s to Azores and Cape Verde Is., nw Africa (Morocco), n Mediterranean
region (incl. Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and Crete), Turkey and Romania.
Breeding recorded for Socotra Island (Siegfried and Frost. 1973. Ardea
61:123-127).
B. b. vulpinus. Nw,c Eurasia from n Sweden e across nw,c
Russia to w,sw Siberia (Yenisei R., Altai, Tuva), and s to s Russia (n
Caucasus, s Urals) and s S.S.R. (n,c Kirghiz steppes).
B. b. menetriesi. Mts. of sc Eurasia from s Crimea and
Caucasus e to w Trancaucasus and n Iran.
B. b. japonicus. E,ec Asia in c,s Siberia (from Yenisei
R. e across Yakutia to Sea of Okhotsk, and Mongolia, s Tibet, n,c China
(from Kansu, Tsinghai and Hopeh s to w Szechwan), Japan (to Shikoku), and
Izu, Daito and Bonin is., possibly Himalayas of n Pakistan and nw India
(Kashmir).
Winters (buteo) s to w,nw Africa; (vulpinus) from s Europe s to s Africa and e to n India; (japonicus) from China and Japan s to Sri Lanka, Malaya and Taiwan.
Buteo trizonatus FOREST BUZZARD. Forest. Locally in mts.
of e Africa in se Sudan, w,c Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, e Zaire, Rwanda,
Burundi, Tanzania and Malawi. Has been considered conspecific with
B. oreophilus, but they differ in ventral plumage color and are widely
allopatric. The South African and East African List Committees consider
them to be separate species (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).
Buteo oreophilus MOUNTAIN BUZZARD. Montane forest.
Scattered allopatric populations in the mountains of ne, e Africa in s
Sudan and s Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, e Zaire, ne,sc Tanzania,
Malawi and South Africa in n,e Transvaal, Natal and s,sw Cape Province
to George and Knysna. The South African population (trizonatus) may
be a separate species, but Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327) treat
it as a race of B. oreophilus.
Buteo brachypterus MADAGASCAR BUZZARD. Rain forest, woodland,
savanna, brushy areas. Lowlands to 1800 m of Madagascar. Berkeleman
(1995. Condor 97:273-275) found 10 nests in tree forks or hanging epiphytes
in tall trees isolated from other trees, described details and concluded
that this species is not highly vulnerable to the effects of forest fragmentation.
Buteo rufinus LONG-LEGGED BUZZARD. The name Falco ferox
has been misapplied to this species. Arid plains, dry steppe, semi-desert.
Locally in s,sc Palearctic in n Africa from Morocco s to c Mauritania and Spanish Sahara and e to n Sudan, Egypt, incl. Sinai Pen.), Arabia (Yemen), and from Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey and Near East e through se Russia (e of Volga R.), n to Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes and Middle East to sw Siberia (Altai), nw Mongolia, nw China (w Sinkiang), n Pakistan (s to Baluchistan) and n India (Kashmir, Garhwal). Winters from ne (rarely to s) Africa e through s Eurasia to n India and s Tibet.
Buteo hemilasius UPLAND BUZZARD. Steppe, rocky mountainous
areas. E Asia in sw Siberia (Altai, Tuva, s Transbaicalia), Mongolia,
n,c China (from e Tsinghai and se Kansu e through Inner Mongolia to Hopeh
and Heilungkiang) and se Tibet. Winters to Korea, s China and n India.
Buteo regalis FERRUGINOUS HAWK. Plains, prairie, semi-desert.
W N. America from e Washington, s Alberta, s Saskatchewan and sw Manitoba
s to e Oregon, ne California, Nevada, n,se Arizona, n,sw New Mexico, nc
Texas, w Oklahoma and w Kansas. Winters s to n Mexico.
Buteo lagopus ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK. Tundra, moors, grasslands,
open coniferous forest, in winter open country and farmlands. N Eurasia
from n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen., and
s in e Siberia to Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka Pen.; n N. America from
w,n Alaska (s to Kodiak I., and Umnak in e Aleutians), n Yukon, Canadian
Arctic is. (n to Banks, Prince Patrick, Victoria, Bylot and sw Baffin is.)
and n Labrador s to n,se Mackenzie, n Manitoba, n Ontario, n Quebec and
Newfoundland. Winters from British Isles, n Europe, c Russia, s Siberia,
sc Alaska and s Canada s to s Europe, s Russia, n China, Japan and s U.S.
Buteo auguralis RED-NECKED BUZZARD. Forest edge, montane
savanna. N,wc Africa from sw Mauritania, Senegambia, sw Mali, Burkina
Faso, Niger, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin,
Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, C. Afr. Rep., L. Chad area and se Chad,
s Sudan and w,c Ethiopia, and s to c Angola, sw,cn,ne Zaire and nw Uganda.
Winters n to Sahel region.
The taxonomic relationships among the following three "species"
of Buteo are unclear and controversial. Brown, et al. (1982. Birds
of Africa, vol. 1) included augur and archeri as subspecies of rufofuscus.
Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993) recognize rufofuscus and augur as separate
species with archeri treated as a subspecies of B. augur. Dowsett
and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327) provided additional information, noted
the uncertainties, and concluded that archeri "... is best treated as a
race of B. augur. By listing the three taxa as "species" the questions
remain open.
Buteo augur AUGUR BUZZARD. Savanna, open country.
Highlands of e,ne,se Africa from ne,e,se Sudan and n,nw Ethiopia,
Djibouti and Eritrea, s through e Sudan and w,c Ethiopia, ne Zaire, Rwanda,
Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, nc,sw Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, nw Mozambique,
ne Botswana and Zimbabwe; an isolated population in the highlands of cw
Angola and a population in nw Namibia that may overlap with rufofuscus
(as on map, p. 401 in Birds of Africa, vol. 1; and maps 152, 153 in Sinclair,
et al. 1993. Birds of Southern Africa, New Holland, Publ. ).
Buteo archeri ARCHER'S BUZZARD. Open country. Highlands
of n Somalia in the Horn of Africa.
Buteo rufofuscus JACKAL BUZZARD. Mts. and adjacent grassland,
open country. Southern Africa in s,c,nw Namibia, extreme sw Botswana,
extreme sw Mozambique and most of S. Africa s of the Limpopo River.
See B. augur.
Morphnus guianensis CRESTED EAGLE. Forest. Locally
in lowlands to 1600 m of e Guatemala (Petén), n Honduras, Costa
Rica and Panama, and from n,e Colombia (on Pacific slope s only to Serranía
de Baudó and upper Sinú V.), n Venezuela (Zulia; Aragua)
and Guianas s, primarily e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, e Bolivia
(Santa Cruz) and Brazil to Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).
Harpia harpyja HARPY EAGLE. Forest. Locally in lowlands
to 2000 m from s Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Chiapas)
s (except El Salvador) to Panama, and from n,e Colombia (n,c Chocó,
Magdalena V., and e of Andes n to Meta and Vaupés), Venezuela and
Guianas s, primarily e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, c,e Bolivia
(Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) and n,e,se Brazil (n of Amazon in r Branco region,
and s of Amazon from Pará e,s to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul)
to Paraguay and n Argentina (Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, Formosa, Misiones).
Harpyopsis novaeguineae NEW GUINEA EAGLE. Forest.
Lowlands and mts. to 3200 m of New Guinea.
Pithecophaga jefferyi GREAT PHILIPPINE EAGLE. Forest.
Locally in Philippine Is. on Luzon, Samar, Mindanao, probably Leyte.
Ictinaetus malayensis BLACK EAGLE. Forest, woodland.
Lowlands to 2700 m of s Asia and Indonesia from n Pakistan, India (from
Himalayan foothills s to W., E. Ghats, Orissa and W. Bengal, Sri Lanka,
and se Asia s to Greater Sunda is. and Moluccas (Halmahera, Ternate, Buru,
Ceram, and Sula Is.). Ranges (possibly breeding) to s China.
Aquila pomarina LESSER SPOTTED EAGLE. Forest, woodland,
forest steppe. Locally e Europe from E. Germany, Gulf of Finland,
and w Russia s to Balkans, Greece,Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasus and n
Iran; locally India (from Ganges Plain e to Bangladesh, Assam and Manipur,
and s to Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, formerly farther s).
Winters from se Europe and Asia Minor s to s Africa, and from India e to
Burma.
Aquila clanga GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE. Open forest, forest
edge, swamps, steppe, savanna. C Eurasia from Sweden (rarely), Poland
and Finland e across nw,c Russia and s Siberia (n to L. Baikal and Transbaicalia)
to w Amurland, Ussuriland and (possibly) Sakhalin, and s to Romania, sw,sc
Russia, to n Ukraine and s Urals, w Siberia (upper Ob and upper Yenisei
R.), nw China (w Sinkiang), Mongolia and Manchuria (Heilungkiang, Kirin
and Liaoning, possibly Hopeh); s Asia in Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab)
and n India from Ganges Plain e through Nepal, Bihar and W. Bengal to Bangladesh,
Assam and Manipur. Winters s to s Europe, n Africa, and s Asia e
to s China and se Asia.
Aquila rapax TAWNY EAGLE. Desert, savanna, bushveld.
A. r. rapax. Locally in African region in Morocco, n Algeria,
and locally from sw Mauritania, Senegambia e through s Mali, Burkina Faso,
c,s Niger, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, C.
Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and s Arabia,
and s (exc. forested w,c) in Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania,
Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe to c
S. Africa.
A. r. vindhiana. Locally in s Asia in se Iran, Pakistan
and India (exc. Assam); Sri Lanka. Sometimes treated as a separate
species.
Aquila nipalensis STEPPE EAGLE. Steppe.
A. n. orientalis. Locally in wc Eurasia from Romania e to sw,sc
Russia from Ukraine e to upper Irtysh River and s to the Caucasus, Caspian-Aral
seas and Kirghiz steppes. Winters to e,s Africa.
A. n. nipalensis. C Asia in the Altai Mts. of ce Russia
and w Mongolia, Mongolia, w China in Sinkiang and sw Siberia in sw Transbaicalia.
Aquila adalberti ADALBERT'S EAGLE. Plains. Locally
in sw Europe on Iberian Pen. (Portugal, sw Spain). Species status
unclear; often treated as a race of A. heliaca.
Aquila heliaca IMPERIAL EAGLE. Open forest, edge, plains,
grasslands, towns, steppes, marshes. Locally in sc Eurasia from e
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, n Greece and Turkey (incl. Cyprus) e across c,s
Russia, (absent from Transcaspia and Tazdhikistan) and n Iran to sw Siberia
to L. Baikal and c Transbaicalia and w China (w Sinkiang). Winters
s to ne Africa, Persian Gulf, India, n Indochina and se China.
Aquila gurneyi GURNEY'S EAGLE. Forest, seacoasts.
Lowlands to 1600 m in the Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Bacan,
Ambon), Aru and w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool), New Guinea
and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. (Goodenough).
Aquila chrysaetos GOLDEN EAGLE. Open country, prairie, tundra, moors, open coniferous forest, cliffs. Locally in Palearctic from British Isles and n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Anadyrland and Kamchatka Pen., and s to nw Africa (from Mauritania and Morocco e toTunisia and ne Libya), n Mediterranean region (incl. Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Crete), Turkey, Near East (s to Sinai Pen.), Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan (Baluchistan, Himalayas), n India (Himalayas, 1800-5500 m, from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh and n Assam), China, Korea and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Nearctic from w,n Alaska, Yukon, w,s Mackenzie, nw Manitoba, n Ontario and n Quebec to Labrador, and s to s Alaska (w to Unalaska in Aleutians), n Baja Calif., highlands of n Mexico (Durango, Guanajuato, Nuevo León), w,c Texas, w Oklahoma, w Kansas, New York and New England; probably Appalachian Mts. s to e Tennessee and w N. Carolina. Winters in N. America from sc Alaska and s Canada s to c Mexico and se U.S.; northernmost populations in Eurasia winter s to n Africa.
Aquila audax WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE. Forest, savanna, plains,
desert. Lowlands of s New Guinea from Digul R. e to Fly R., and Australia
incl. Tasmania.
Aquila verreauxii VERREAUX'S EAGLE. Mts., desert, scrub,
savanna, breeding in rocks. Locally in Israel, s Arabia, ne Egypt
(Sinai Pen.), and from Niger, e Chad, se Egypt, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Djibouti, and n Somalia s through e,s Africa in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania,
Malawi, Mozambique, se Zaire, Zambia, s Angola, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe
to s S. Africa.
Aquila wahlbergi WAHLBERG'S EAGLE. Savanna, open country.
Locally from Senegambia, Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau,
Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria,
Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and n Somalia,
and s (except forested regions) to Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya,
Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana
and n S. Africa in n Cape Prov., Transvaal, Swaziland, Orange Free State
and n Natal.
Hieraaetus fasciatus BONELLI'S EAGLE. Forest, bush, savanna.
Locally in s Palearctic and s Asia from Morocco to Tunisia and ne Libya,
Djibouti, s Europe (Iberian Pen., s France, Greece, probably Albania) and
Mediterranean is. (Balearic, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete) e across Turkey,
Jordan, Arabia (incl. Yemen), Middle East and extreme s Transcaspia and
Turkestan to Pakistan, India (to 2400 m), s China (from Yunnan, Kwangsi
and Kwangtung n to Yangtze R.), c,e Burma, nw Thailand and n Laos; Lesser
Sunda Is. (Sumbawa, Timor, Wetar, Luang).
Hieraaetus spilogaster AFRICAN HAWK-EAGLE. Woodland, savanna,
steppe. Locally in w Africa in Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali,
Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin,
Burkino Faso, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad; e,s Africa from
c Angola, sc,se,ce,ne Zaire, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia s (exc.
forested w,c) to Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi,
Mozambique, sc Namibia, s Botswana, Zimbabwe and e,s S. Africa in n Cape
Prov., Transvaal, Swaziland and Natal. Has been considered conspecific
with H. fasciatus.
Hieraaetus pennatus BOOTED EAGLE. Forest, edge, plains,
semi-desert. Locally in s,ec Palearctic from Morocco to Tunisia and
s Europe (Iberian Pen., France, Balearic Is., s Czechoslovakia, Romania,
Balkan states, Greece) e through Turkey, cw,s Russia from Moscow area and
Ukraine s to Transcaucasus, Transcaspia, Turkestan, n Iran and n Afghanistan
to s Siberia (from Altai e to Transbaicalia), Mongolia, w China (w Sinkiang),
s Tibet and nw India (Himalayas) probably Manchuria (recorded in summer
in Heilungkiang, Kirin and Liaoning). A small number breed in s S.
Africa in w,s Cape Prov. and Namibia and perhaps in Botswana (unconfirmed).
Winters in subSaharan Africa (except forested w,c and coastal Namibia)
and s Asia e to se Asia.
Hieraaetus morphnoides LITTLE EAGLE. Plains, open woodland,
scrub, usually near water. Lowlands to 1950 m of c,e New Guinea (absent
Vogelkop), and Australia.
Hieraaetus ayresii AYRES'S HAWK-EAGLE. Forest, woodland, savanna. Locally in Africa in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, se Chad, cn,ne Zaire, Uganda, Ethiopia, s Somalia, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, s to c Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, ne Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zimbabwe and e S. Africa in Transvaal and Natal. Definite breeding records only from Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Brooke and Vernon (1981. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. 13:133-137) supported the name ayresii rather than dubius for this species and are followed by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327).
Hieraaetus kienerii RUFOUS-BELLIED EAGLE. Forest.
Lowlands to 1500 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. in sw,ne India (W. Ghats from
c Goa and n Mysore s to Kerala, and in e Himalayas from Nepal and Sikkim
e to Assam and Manipur; Sri Lanka; s Burma, nw,sw, pen. Thailand, s Vietnam
(s Annam), se China (Hainan), Greater Sunda Is., Lesser Sunda Is. (Bali
and Sumbawa, possibly only migrants) and n,c Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro,
Marinduque, Tablas, Sibuyan, Samar, Palawan, Panay, Negros).
Polemaetus bellicosus MARTIAL EAGLE. Savanna, thornbush.
Africa in sw Mauritana, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau,
Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Niger,
Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia,
and s (except forested w,c) in Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania,
Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and s S.
Africa.
Spizastur melanoleucus BLACK-AND-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE. Forest.
Locally in lowlands (ranges to 3000 m) from Nayarit, Oaxaca, Veracruz,
Chiapas and Yucatán Pen. s (except El Salvador) to Panama, and from
Colombia, n,s Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Federal, Miranda, w Amazonas,
se Bolívar) and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes
through n,e Brazil (R. Branco region n of Amazon, and s of Amazon from
Pará e,s to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul), ne Peru (Loreto)
and n,e Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) and Paraguay to
n Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Formosa, Misiones).
Lophaetus occipitalis LONG-CRESTED EAGLE. Savanna, fields,
usually near water. Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, s Niger, Burkina
Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana,
Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, C. Afr.
Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Zaire, s to s
Angola, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique,
ne Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa in Transvaal, Swaziland,
Natal and e Cape Prov.
Spizaetus africanus CASSIN'S HAWK-EAGLE. Humid forest.
W,c Africa in se Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo,
Nigeria, s Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, s C. African Rep. to n,ne Zaire, Rwanda,
Burundi and w Uganda, and s to nw Angola and sc,ce Zaire.
Spizaetus cirrhatus CHANGEABLE HAWK-EAGLE. Forest, woodland,
savanna, farmlands, around towns. S. c. limnaeetus and floris may
be a separate species and so proposed by B. King (pers. comm.).
S. c. limnaeetus. Lowlands to 2100 m in s Asia and Malay Arch.
from Himalayan foothills of n India (from Garhwal to Assam, and s to range
of cirrhatus) e to se Asia (except n,c Vietnam) and s to Andaman Is., Sumatra
(incl. Simeulue, Mentawai Is., Riau Arch., Bangka, and Belitung), Borneo,
Java and c,s Philippines (Lubang, Mindoro, Calamian Is., Palawan, Mindanao).
S. c. floris. Lesser Sunda Islands of Sumbawa, Flores and
Paloe.
S. c. cirrhatus. Peninsular India (n to Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa; Sri Lanka.
Spizaetus nipalensis MOUNTAIN HAWK-EAGLE. Forest. Hills
and mts., 600-4000 m, of s Asia in n,sw India (Himalayas from Kashmir e
to Arunachal Pradesh and n Assam; W. Ghats in Kerala and w Mysore; Sri
Landa; w Burma, se,ne China (from nw Yunnan, s Anhwei and Chekiang s to
Kwangsi, Kwangtung and Hainan; from Heilungkiang to Kirin); Japan (Hokkaido,
Honshu, Shikoku). Himalayan populations winter s to c India and se
Asia. May include S. bartelsi.
Spizaetus alboniger BLYTH'S HAWK-EAGLE. Forest, edge.
Hills and mts. to 1000 m of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. many
surrounding is.) and Borneo.
Spizaetus bartelsi JAVAN HAWK-EAGLE. Woodland. Lowlands
and hills of Java. May be conspecific with S. nipalensis.
Spizaetus lanceolatus SULAWESI HAWK-EAGLE. Forest, open
country. Lowlands to 1500 m of Sulawesi (incl. Muna, Butung, Peleng,
and Sula is.).
Spizaetus philippensis PHILIPPINE HAWK-EAGLE. Forest.
Philippines on Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Negros,
Siquijor, Mindanao and Basilan.
Spizaetus nanus WALLACE'S HAWK-EAGLE. Lowland forest.
Lowlands of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. Nias and Bangka) and
Borneo.
Spizaetus tyrannus BLACK HAWK-EAGLE. Forest, edge, open
woodland. Lowlands to 2000 m from s San Luis Potosí, Veracruz
and Chiapas s (not recorded Yucatán) to Panama, and from n,c,e Colombia
(s to Serranía de Baudó; Cauca V., Magdalena V.; generally
e of Andes), w,n,e Venezuela (Mérida, Sucre, Monagas, Delta Amacuro),
Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru (Tumbes) and e of Andes through
e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian,e
Brazil (from Amazonia s to n Mato Grosso; coastal forests from Bahia and
Alagoas s to Rio Grande do Sul) to e Paraguay and extreme ne Argentina
(Misiones).
Spizaetus ornatus ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE. Humid forest, edge,
woodland. Locally in lowlands and foothills to 1800 m (ranges to
3000 m) from Colima, Hidalgo and Tamaulipas s to Panama (incl. I. Coiba),
and from Colombia, n,s Venezuela (Táchira, Carabobo, Aragua, Guárico,
Sucre, n,c Amazonas, c Bolívar), Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s,
w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, ne Peru (Loreto),
n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, Santa Cruz) and Brazil to Paraguay and n Argentina
(Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Misiones).
Stephanoaetus coronatus CROWNED HAWK-EAGLE. Forest, rocky
hills, dense woodland. Africa in Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea,
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Congo, sw C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi,
Uganda, w,c Ethiopia, Sudan and w,sc Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique,
s to n Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and e S. Africa in e Transvaal, Natal and
e Cape Prov.
Oroaetus isidori BLACK-AND-CHESTNUT EAGLE. Forest.
Locally in foothills and mts. to 3450 m of w,n S. America from Colombia
(Andes; Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá) and w,n Venezuela (w
Zulia; Mérida; Carabobo, Aragua) s through Andes of Ecuador, Peru
and wc Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) to nw Argentina (Jujuy,
Tucumán).
Family SAGITTARIIDAE:
Sagittarius serpentarius SECRETARYBIRD. Open country,
savanna, steppe. S Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso,
Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon,
C. Afr. Rep., Chad, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, nw Somalia, s (exc. forested
w,c) in Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique,
Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe to s S. Africa. Breeding documented in
Mali, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia,
Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa. Probably breeds in several other
African countries.
Parvorder FALCONIDA:
Family FALCONIDAE:
Subfamily MICRASTURINAE:
Laughing Falcon, Forest-Falcons.
Herpetotheres cachinnans LAUGHING FALCON. Forest, edge,
open and riparian woods. Lowlands and foothills to 2400 m from s
Sonora and Tamaulipas s along both slopes, incl. Yucatán Peninsula
to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw
Peru, Bolivia and Brazil s to São Paulo, Paraguay and n Argentina.
Micrastur ruficollis BARRED FOREST-FALCON. Humid forest.
Lowlands and mts. to 2500 m from Guerrero, Hidalgo and Veracruz s along
both slopes (exc. Yucatán) to Panama, and from w,n,e Colombia, n,s
Venezuela and Guianas s through w,e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil
to Paraguay and n Argentina.
Micrastur plumbeus PLUMBEOUS FOREST-FALCON. Humid forest.
Andean foothills, 600-900 m in sw Colombia and nw Ecuador.
Micrastur gilvicollis LINED FOREST-FALCON. Humid forest.
Lowlands to 1500 m e of Andes in e Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas, e Ecuador,
e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Amazonian and e Brazil.
Micrastur mirandollei SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON. Humid
forest. Lowlands to 500 m in Costa Rica, Panama, w,se Colombia, s
Venezuela, Guianas, e Peru, c Bolivia and Amazonian and e Brazil.
Micrastur semitorquatus COLLARED FOREST-FALCON. Forest,
thickets, mangroves. Lowlands to 1500 m from Sinaloa, San Luis Potosí
and Tamaulipas s to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s,
w of Andes to nw Peru, and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru and Brazil
to n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay and n Argentina.
Micrastur buckleyi BUCKLEY'S FOREST-FALCON. Humid forest.
Amazonian basin in e Ecuador and e Peru, probably se Colombia.
Subfamily FALCONINAE:
Tribe POLYBORINI:
Daptrius ater BLACK CARACARA. Savanna, mangroves, riverine
forest, edge. Lowlands to 750 m e of the Andes from e Colombia, w,s,e
Venezuela and Guianas s to e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Amazonian
Brazil.
Daptrius americanus RED-THROATED CARACARA. Humid forest,
edge. Locally in lowlands to 1500 m from Chiapas s (not recorded
in Belize or El Salvador) to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas
s, w of the Andes to w Ecuador and e of the Andes to e Ecuador, c,e Peru,
n,e Bolivia and Brazil to Mato Grosso and São Paulo.
Phalcoboenus carunculatus CARUNCULATED CARACARA. Paramo,
puna, farmland. High Andes above timberline, 3000-4000 m in sw Colombia
and Ecuador. Sometimes treated as a subspecies of P. albogularis.
Phalcoboenus megalopterus MOUNTAIN CARACARA. Paramo.
High Andes above timberline from Peru s through c,s Bolivia to nw Argentina
and n,c Chile to Talca. Sometimes treated as a subspecies of P. carunculatus
or of P. albogularis. The former may be in contact in Ecuador; however,
reports of hybrids appear to be based on immature birds, which are almost
identical (Poulsen 1993. Wilson Bull. 105:689-691).
Phalcoboenus albogularis WHITE-THROATED CARACARA. Paramo,
humid woodland. Andean slopes to 3000 m from c Chile n to Aisén
and w Argentina n to Neuquén, s to Tierra del Fuego.
Phalcoboenus australis STRIATED CARACARA. Tussock grass,
rocky ledges. Islets off Tierra del Fuego incl. Navarino, Wollaston
and Staten I.; Falkland Is.
*Caracara lutosus GUADALUPE CARACARA. Extinct, last reported
ca. 1912. Formerly on Guadalupe I. off w Mexico. Sometimes
treated as a race of plancus. Caracara replaces Polyborus as the
generic name. See Auk 110:676, 1993.
Caracara plancus CRESTED CARACARA. Open country, semi-desert,
savanna, grassland, scrub.
The two subspecies are sometimes treated as separate species.
C. p. cheriway. Lowlands and mts. to 3000 m in c,s Florida,
Cuba, Isle of Pines; from n Baja Calif., s Arizona, Sonora, Sinaloa, Zacatecas,
Nuevo León, c,s Texas and sw Louisiana s to Panama, incl. María
Madre I. in the Tres Marías Is., (not reported from Belize); and
from Colombia, exc. Pacific lowlands, Venezuela and islands from Aruba
e to Trinidad, and Guianas s to nw,nc Peru, e Ecuador and n Brazil n of
the Amazon.
C. p. plancus. From w,s Peru, n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay
and c,s Brazil s of the Amazon s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.
Milvago chimachima YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA. Open country,
savanna, scrub, farms, often near water. Lowlands to 2600 m in sw
Costa Rica, Panama incl. Pearl Is., and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad
and Guianas s, mostly e of the Andes, through Brazil and e Peru to n,e,se
Bolivia, Paraguay, n Argentina and Uruguay.
Milvago chimango CHIMANGO CARACARA. Open country, forest.
From n Chile n to Atacama, e Bolivia, Paraguay, se Brazil in Rio Grande
do Sul and Uruguay s through Argentina to Tierra del Fuego.
Spiziapteryx circumcinctus SPOT-WINGED FALCONET. Savanna,
scrubby woods, chaco, semi-desert. E Bolivia, w Paraguay and n Argentina.
May be more closely related to caracaras than to falcons.
Polihierax semitorquatus PYGMY FALCON. Acacia savanna,
thornbush, semi-desert, usually closely associated with colonial sparrow-weavers.
Extreme se Sudan, c,e Ethiopia, Somalia, e Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania;
Namibia, sw Botswana and n S. Africa in n Cape Prov., w Transvaal and w
Orange Free State.
Polihierax insignis WHITE-RUMPED FALCON. Dry, open woods.
Lowlands to 900 m in Burma (exc. ne,e), nw,sw,ne Thailand, Cambodia, c,s
Laos and s Indochina in s Annam and Cochinchina.
Microhierax caerulescens COLLARED FALCONET. Open forest,
edge, farms. Lowlands to 600 m in n India in the Himalayan foothills
from Kumaon and n Uttar Pradesh e to n Assam, Burma, Thailand (exc. c),
Cambodia, c,s Laos and s Indochina.
Microhierax fringillarius BLACK-THIGHED FALCONET. Forest
edge, second growth, semi-open country. Lowlands to 1200 m in Malay
Pen., Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo.
Microhierax latifrons WHITE-FRONTED FALCONET. Forest.
Sarawak and Sabah in n Borneo.
Microhierax erythrogenys PHILIPPINE FALCONET. Forest.
Philippines on Luzon, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, Leyte, Cebu,
Calicoan, Bohol and Mindanao.
Microhierax melanoleucus PIED FALCONET. Forest. Lowlands
to 1525 m in e India, se China, n Laos and n Vietnam in Tonkin and n Annam.
Falco berigora BROWN FALCON. Open country, woods, forest
edge, farms, coastal dunes, roadsides. Lowlands and mts. to 3000
m in c,e New Guinea w to Weyland Mts. and Merauke, incl. Manam and Karkar
islands; Long I. in the w Bismarck Arch., and Australia, Tasmania, King
and Flinders islands and many offshore islands.
Falco naumanni LESSER KESTREL. Desert, steppe, farms, towns.
From the Iberian Pen., s France, s Italy, s Austria, Balkans, Greece; from
Morocco e to Tunisia and nw Libya, and Mediterranean region incl. Sardinia,
Sicily and Cyprus, e across Turkey, Near East, Iran, n Afghanistan, s Russia
n to s Urals to sw Siberia in Altai, Tuva, Transbaicalia, Mongolia, n Chinaa.
Falco tinnunculus COMMON KESTREL. Open country, plains,
heaths, farms, towns. From n British Isles and n Scandinavia e across
nw,c Russia and c Siberia to upper Kolyma R., s to e Atlantic islands on
Madeira, Cape Verde and Canary is. Africa in Mauritania, Mali, Senegambia,
Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Gabon,
C. Afr. Rep., Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Zaire
(absent from heavily forested w,c Africa), Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya,
Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe
and South Africa; Socotra I., w,e coasts of Arabia, Middle East, Pakistan,
n,s India, Sri Lanka, probably n Burma, s China, Korea and Japan on Honshu
and probably Hokkaido.
Falco newtoni MADAGASCAR KESTREL. Lowlands to 2000 m of
Madagascar and Aldabra Islands.
Falco punctatus MAURITIUS KESTREL. Forest, woods.
Mauritius I. in the w Mascarene Islands.
Falco araea SEYCHELLES KESTREL. Forest, fields, stone buildings.
Seychelles.
Falco moluccensis SPOTTED KESTREL. Open country, farms.
Lowlands and mts. to 2800 m in Sulawesi and most adj. islands, Java and
Kangean Is., Lesser Sunda Is. and islands in the Flores Sea, Moluccas and
Tanimbar islands.
Falco cenchroides AUSTRALIAN KESTREL. Open country, plains,
coastal dunes, farms, towns. Christmas I. in the Indian Ocean; Aru
Is., c New Guinea in the Oranje Mts., 3000-3400 m.; Australia, Tasmania
and Lord Howe Island.
Falco sparverius AMERICAN KESTREL. Open country, scrub,
desert, farms, towns, pine savanna. Lowlands and mts. to 3200 m from
w,c Alaska, s Yukon, w Mackenzie and n Alberta e across c,se Canada to
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, s to s Baja Calif.; Guadalupe I.; Sinaloa
through Mexican highlands and n C. America to c Honduras, and to the Gulf
coast and s Florida; lowland pine savanna of e Honduras and ne Nicaragua;
Bahamas n to Eleuthera; Greater and Lesser Antilles s to Guadeloupe; from
Colombia, Venezuela, Netherlands Antilles e to Margarita I., but absent
from Bonaire and s Amazonas Prov.; to Trinidad, Guyana, French Guiana and
n Brazil in Roraima s, mostly in mts., through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Chile (incl. Mas-á-Tierra in Juan Fernández Is.) and Argentina
to Tierra del Fuego, and e of the Andes (exc. most of Amazonia) over tableland
of c,e Brazil to Paraguay and Urguay.
Falco rupicoloides GREATER KESTREL. Acacia steppe, open
plains. Lowlands to 2000 m in Ethiopia, nw Somalia, e Uganda, Kenya
and ne Tanzania; s,ce Angola, sw Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, sw
Mozambique and S. Africa.
Falco alopex FOX KESTREL. Rocky hills, gorges. Senegambia,
Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, s Niger,
n Ivory Coast, n Ghana, n Togo, Nigeria, n Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad,
c,s Sudan and ne Zaire to w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea, n Uganda, nw Kenya
and Tanzania.
Falco ardosiaceus GREY KESTREL. Savanna, open woods.
Senegambia, s Mauritania e across s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau,
Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria,
Cameroon, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and w Kenya, w Tanzania, s,se Zaire, s to n Namibia
and sw,n Angola.
Falco dickinsoni DICKINSON'S KESTREL. Palm savanna.
From Angola (exc. nw), se Zaire and s,ne Tanzania, Pemba I. and Zanzibar,
Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, n Namibia, n,e Botswana, ne S. Africa in e Transvaal
and s Mozambique.
Falco zoniventris BANDED KESTREL. Savanna, forest, edge.
Lowlands to 1000 m of Madagascar.
Falco chicquera RED-NECKED FALCON. Open country, savanna,
desert. Sw Mauritania and Senegambia, s Mali, s Niger, Burkina Faso,
Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon,
C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to w,c Ethiopia, s Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda,
Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, s (exc. forested w,c) to Angola, Zambia,
Malawi, s Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and n S. Africa in n
Cape Prov., Transvaal and w Orange Free State. Lowlands in se Iran,
Pakistan and India from Himalayan foothills and Nepal s to Kerala and Tamil
Nadu, and e to Assam and Bangladesh.
Falco vespertinus RED-FOOTED FALCON. Open country, open
woods, forest steppe, farms, riparian forest, Borassus palms. From
e Sweden, Gulf of Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and
Bulgaria e across c,se Russia, s to Ukraine, lower Volga R., lower Ural
R., s to n Kazakhstan and c,s Siberia from n Altai e to Irkutsk region
and nw China in nw Sinkiang; may have bred formerly in Algeria.
Falco amurensis AMUR FALCON. Open country. E Siberia
in Transbaicalia, Amurland, Ussuriland, e China, n Korea and (at least
formerly) ne India in Assam. Sometimes treated as a subspecies of
F. vespertinus.
Falco eleonorae ELEONORA'S FALCON. Woods, scrub, cliffs.
Canary Islands and islets along coast from Morocco to Tunisia, and islets
in the Mediterranean Sea e to Crete, Cyprus and Cyclades.
Swatschek, et al. (1993. J. für Orn. 134:137-143) used DNA-fingerprinting to determine the incidence of extra-pair copulations (EPC) in Eleonora's Falcons captured on an Aegean island. 70 adult females, 28 adult males and over 60 young of 17 families were sampled; no evidence of EPC was found, even though the birds nest in colonies and in small territories with a radius of 10-50 meters. The birds seem to be strictly monogamous, but the members of the colony were shown to be related by the sharing of certain bands in all individuals. (Also published: 1994. Raptor Cons. Today. Meyburg and Chancellor, eds. The Pica Press)
Falco concolor SOOTY FALCON. Stony desert, scrub, rocky
islands. Se Libya, Egypt, n Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen, Israel, Jordan
and islands in the Red Sea.
Falco femoralis APLOMADO FALCON. Open woods, savanna, puna,
grassland. Locally in lowlands and mts. to 3850 m from Sinaloa (at
least formerly), Chihuahua (probably) and Tamaulipas, s to Chiapas, Yucatán
Pen. and Belize; pine savanna of e Honduras and ne Nicaragua; from Panama,
Colombia (exc. Pacific slope), n,se Venezuela n of the Orinoco R., Margarita
I., Trinidad and Guianas s to Tierra del Fuego.
Falco columbarius MERLIN. Open country, moors, heath, grassy
dunes, desert, open coniferous forest. From Iceland, Faroes, British
Isles and n Scandiavia e across n,c,se Russia s to c Urals, n Kazakhstan
and Siberia e to Anadyrland and s to Altai, Tuva, Transbaicalia and Sakhalin
(absent from Kamchatka). From nw Alaska, n Yukon, nw,c Mackenzie,
se Keewatin, n Manitoba, n Ontario, n Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland
s to s Alaska, sw British Columbia, n U.S. from c Washington, e Oregon
and Idaho e to n Michigan, n Ohio, s Ontario and Nova Scotia.
Falco rufigularis BAT FALCON. Open woods, forest edge, savanna.
Lowlands to 1700 m from s Sonora and Tamaulipas s to Panama, incl. Taboga,
Coiba and Pearl islands, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas
s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia
and Brazil, Paraguay and n Argentina.
Falco subbuteo EURASIAN HOBBY. Open country, savanna, steppe,
moors, farms. From s British Isles, s Sweden and c Finland e across
nw,c Russia and c Siberia to Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka Pen., Sakhalin and
s Kuril Is., s to Morocco, Tunisia, n Mediterranean region, incl. Sardinia,
Corsica, Sicily and Cyprus; Turkey, Israel, w,n Iran, n Afghanistan, Himalayas
1200-4000 m of n Pakistan and n India from Kashmir e to Garwhal, w,ne,e
Burma, s China, Korea and Japan s to Hokkaido.
Falco cuvierii AFRICAN HOBBY. Savanna, forest edge.
Senegambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia,
Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Gabon, Congo,
sc,ce,ne Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., Chad, se Sudan, w,c Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda,
Kenya, Tanzania, Angola s to n Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and
e S. Africa in e Transvaal, Natal and e Cape Prov.
Falco severus ORIENTAL HOBBY. Forest, open woods, farms.
Lowlands to 2400 m from n Pakistan in the Himalayan foothills, n,e India
from Kashmir e to Assam and s to Bangladesh and Manipur, Burma and s China,
s through Thailand, n Laos, Vietnam and Malaya to the Greater Sunda Is.,
incl. Kalaotoa; Philippines, Moluccas on Halmahera, Ternate, Buru and Ambon;
Salawati in the w Papuan islands; New Guinea lowlands to 1200 m, incl.
Yapen I.; Fergusson I., New Britain and the Solomon Is.
Falco longipennis AUSTRALIAN HOBBY. Open woods, riparian
forest, plains, semi-desert, towns. Australia and Tasmania.
Winters and probably breeds in the Lesser Sunda Is.
Falco novaeseelandiae NEW ZEALAND FALCON. Forest, scrub,
rocky islands. New Zealand and the Auckland Islands.
Falco hypoleucos GREY FALCON. Arid plains, semi-desert,
riparian woods. Interior and dry coastal areas of Australia.
Falco subniger BLACK FALCON. Open country, plains, grassland,
riparian woods, farms. Australia, except coastal W. Australia s of
the Kimberleys, and e Australia from n Queensland s to e Victoria.
Falco biarmicus LANNER FALCON. Open country, savanna, desert.
Locally in lowlands and mts. to 2500 m from Italy, Sicily, Yugoslavia,
Bulgaria and Greece, incl. islands, (formerly sw Spain), Turkey, Near East,
n Iraq, nw Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Arabia; Africa (exc. forested
w,c Africa) in Mauritania, Senegambia, Burkina Faso, Niger, Guinea-Bissau,
Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Chad,
Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda,
Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana,
Zimbabwe and South Africa.
Falco jugger LAGGAR FALCON. Open country. Lowlands
to 1000 m in se Iran, e Afghanistan, Pakistan, India n to Himalayan foothills,
Nepal, and e to Bangladesh and c Burma.
Falco cherrug SAKER FALCON. Open country, plains, grassland, steppe, riparian woods. From s Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Romania s across c Russia to the upper Yenisei R. to sw Siberia (Altai) and w,n China, nw Mongolia, s to Turkey, n Iraq and Iran.
Includes F. altaicus of c Asia, which may be a color morph of F. cherrug, but has been treated as a species or as a race of F. rusticolus. B. King (pers. comm.) favors species status for altaicus.
Falco rusticolus GYRFALCON. Tundra, open taiga, seacoasts.
Arctic region from Greenland, Iceland and Scandinavia e across n Russia
and n Siberia, incl. Bering I., to Chukotski Pen., and s to Koryakland
and Kamchatka Pen. From n Alaska, n Yukon, and Banks, Prince Patrick
and Ellesmere is., s to c Alaska incl. Aleutians w to Umnak, nw British
Columbia, s Yukon, n Mackenzie, s Keewatin, Southampton I., c Quebec and
n Labrador.
Falco mexicanus PRAIRIE FALCON. Open country, arid plains,
prairies, deserts, cliffs. From se British Columbia, s Alberta, s
Saskatchewan and n N. Dakota s to Baja Calif., s Arizona, s New Mexico,
se Coahuila, w,n Texas and (formerly) nw Missouri.
Falco peregrinus PEREGRINE FALCON. Open country, tundra,
moors, steppe, seacoast, cliffs, cities. Nearly worldwide, but locally
distributed in all areas. From British Isles and Scandinavia e across
n Russia and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen., s to Cape Verde Islands; from
n Morocco to Tunisia; Mediterranean region, incl. Cyprus, Balearic and
other small islands; Turkey, n Iran, s Russia, s Siberia, Mongolia, China
(exc. extreme w), Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, s,e Burma, s China, probably
Taiwan, and Kuril and Volcano islands; Africa in Mauritania, Senegambia,
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Cameroon, C. Afr.
Rep., Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya,
Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe,
South Africa; Madagascar and Comoro Is. From E. Indies and Philippines
e through New Guinea and Bismarck Arch. to Loyalty Is., New Caledonia,
Fiji and Vanuatu, s to Australia, Tasmania; from n Alaska and n Mackenzie
e across Banks, Victoria, s Melville, Somerset and n Baffin is. to Labrador,
s to Baja Calif., coast of Sonora, sw U.S. (rarely in mts. of New Mexico),
Colorado, and s Canada (formerly through e U.S. s to n Alabama and nw Georgia),
locally present in ne U.S., some in cities. Southern S. America from
Ecuador, Peru, s Chile n to Coquimbo, and Argentina n to Santa Cruz, possibly
in Tucumán, s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands.
Falco pelegrinoides BARBARY FALCON. Semi-desert, desert,
dry steppe, rocky regions. From Morocco and Mauritania e across Algeria,
Tunisia Egypt incl. Sinai Pen., (?) n Somalia, Arabia, Near East, Iraq,
probably w Iran, s Russia and Afghanistan to nw Mongolia, w China in w,s
Sinkiang and w Pakistan. Vagrant records in several northern subSaharan
African countries. Sometimes treated as a race of F. peregrinus.
Falco deiroleucus ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON. Open forest,
edge, cliffs. Locally in lowlands to 2400 m in Veracruz, Tabasco,
Campeche, Chiapas, ne Guatemala primarily in Petén, Belize, c Honduras,
nc,ne Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, and from n,e Colombia, w,n,se Venezuela,
Trinidad and Guianas s, mostly e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru and
n,e Bolivia to n Argentina, Paraguay and e,se Brazil from Pará s
to sw Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul.
Falco fasciinucha TAITA FALCON. Open country, woods, nesting only on rock faces and crags. Discontinuous distribution in highlands from s Sudan, sw Ethiopia s through w,s Kenya, e Tanzania, Malawi and e Zambia to Zimbabwe, w Mozambique and South Africa. A rare and spotty resident in southern Africa.