Suborder CICONII
Infraorder FALCONIDES:
Parvorder ACCIPITRIDA:
Family ACCIPITRIDAE:

Subfamily PANDIONINAE:

Pandion haliaetus  OSPREY.  Lakes, rivers, seacoasts.  Worldwide, except South America.  Breeds locally.  From n British Isles e across n Scandinavia and nw,c Russia and c Siberia to Kamchatka Pen., s to Black and Caspian seas, Aral Sea, Kazakhstan, n Iran, n India up to 2000-3000 m in the Himalayas, China, Hainan I., Taiwan, Japan.  Locally in the Cape Verde Is., Iberian Pen., Balearic Is., Corsica; n Morocco, n Algeria and Corsica; Red Sea area, Socotra I.; breeding records in Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Yemen; winters widely in Africa to S. Africa;
East Indies (except Sumatra), many s,sw Pacific islands, New Guinea and Bismarck Arch. to Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia; N. America from n Alaska e across n Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland, s to Baja California, Tres Marías Is., Sinaloa, c Arizona, sw,c New Mexico,
s Texas, Gulf coast, s Florida, Bahamas, small cays off Cuba and Virgin Islands; coasts and islands
of Yucatán Pen., Belize and Guatemala.

Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE:

Aviceda cuculoides  AFRICAN BAZA.  Dense woodland, second growth, forest.  Africa in s Mali, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. African Rep., Gabon, Congo, n,ne Zaire, Rwanda, Uganda, sw Ethiopia, extreme s Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, s Angola, ne Namibia, n,e Botswana and e,s S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal and s,e Cape Prov.
Aviceda madagascariensis  MADAGASCAR BAZA.  Woodland, scrub.  Lowlands to 1800 m of Madagascar.
Aviceda jerdoni  JERDON'S BAZA.  Forest, woodland.  Lowlands to 1800 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. in sw,ne,se India (w Mysore and Kerala; Sri Lanka; E. Ghats in Andhra Pradesh; from Darjeeling and Sikkim e to Assam), s China (s Yunnan, Hainan), s Burma (Tenasserim), Thailand (except nw,c), s Laos, Sumatra (probably), Borneo, Sulawesi (incl. Kabaena, Peleng, and Banggai and Sula is.) and s Philippines (Palawan, Samar, Mindanao).  Ranges to Malaya.

Aviceda subcristata  PACIFIC BAZA.  Forest, woodland.  Malay Arch. and Australasian region in Lesser Sunda Is. (from Lombok to Damar and Babar, incl. Tanahjampea and Tukangbesi is.), Moluccas, Tanimbar, Kai, Aru and w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Salawati, Misool), New Guinea (lowlands to 1250 m, incl. most is.), D'Entrecasteaux Arch. (Goodenough, Fergusson), Bismarck Arch. (incl. Admiralty Is.), Solomon Is. (New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover), and coastal n,e Australia from ne W. Australia (Kimberleys) e to n Queensland, and s to New S. Wales (to Newcastle).
Aviceda leuphotes  BLACK BAZA.  Forest, woodland, second growth, villages.  Lowlands to 1200 m of s Asia from sw,ne India (Kerala, and from Nepal e through Sikkim, Darjeeling and n Bangladesh to n,e Assam) and se China (from s Szechwan and Yunnan e to Kweichow, Kwangsi, Kwangtung and Hainan) s through se Asia to Andaman Is.  Winters s to Sri Lanka, Sumatra and Java.

Leptodon cayanensis  GREY-HEADED KITE.  Forest, usually near lakes or streams, open woodland.  Locally in lowlands to 2000 m of Neotropical from Oaxaca and s Tamaulipas s (incl. Yucatán Pen.) to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador and Brazil to n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz), Paraguay and ne Argentina (e Formosa, Chaco, Misiones).
Leptodon forbesi  WHITE-COLLARED KITE.  Forest.  Long known only from the type specimen from Pernambuco, Brazil, but recently rediscovered in Alagoas, e Brazil.  Apparently a good species.
Chondrohierax uncinatus  HOOK-BILLED KITE.  Forest, especially swampy areas, marshes, open woodland.

Includes large-billed and small-billed individuals at one time segregated as separate species, but bill differences now thought to be due to polymorphism.  The Cuban race, C. u. wilsonii is sometimes treated as a separate species.  C. megarhynchus, applied to large-billed birds, is a synonym of C. uncinatus.
 C. u. uncinatus  Lowlands to 2500 m from s Sinaloa, Distrito Federal, Tamaulipas and s Texas (lower Rio Grande V.) s to Panama, and from Colombia (from Sinú V. e to Guajira; Cauca V.; Magdalena V.; e of Andes n to Meta and Boyacá), Venezuela, Trinidad, Grenada (in s Lesser Antilles) and Guianas s, e of Andes, through Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Brazil (s to Mato Grosso and São Paulo) to n Argentina (Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, e Formosa, Chaco, Misiones; w of Andes in w Peru (Cajamarca, Lima).

C. u. wilsonii  CUBAN KITE.  Eastern Cuba.

Henicopernis longicauda  LONG-TAILED HONEY-BUZZARD.  Forest.  Lowlands to 3000 m of New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Salawati, Batanta, Misool), and New Guinea incl. Biak and Yapen is.
Henicopernis infuscatus  BLACK HONEY-BUZZARD.  Forest.  New Britain I. in the cs Bismarck Arch.
Pernis apivorus  EUROPEAN HONEY-BUZZARD.  Forest edge, open woodland.  W,c Eurasia from s British Isles and s,ne Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia to sw Siberia (upper Ob R., upper Irtysh R.), and s to n Mediterranean region (incl. Corsica), w,n Turkey, n Iran and Transcaucasus.  Winters from s Europe and Iran s to s Africa.

Pernis ptilorhyncus  ORIENTAL HONEY-BUZZARD.  Forest, woodland.

Sometimes treated as conspecific with P. apivorus because intermediate specimens have been reported from sw Siberia.  J. F. R. Robjent (pers. comm.) reports differences in egg color.  More than one species may be represented by the following forms.
 P. p. orientalis.  Ne Asia in s Siberia (from upper Ob R. and Yenisei R. e through Transbaicalia to Amurland, Ussuriland and Sakhalin), ne China (e Heilungkiang, Liaoning, Hopeh), Japan (from Hokkaido to c Honshu) and (possibly) Korea.
 P. p. ruficollis.  Lowlands to 1800 m of s Asia in Pakistan, India e to Assam and Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, n Burma, n Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
 P. p. torquatus.  Se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra incl. Siberut, and Borneo.
 P. p. ptilorhyncus.  Java.
 P. p. palawanensis.  Cw Philippines on Palawan.

P. p. philippensis.  Philippines on Luzon, Catanduanes, Cebu, Negros, Mindanao and Basilan.

Pernis celebensis  BARRED HONEY-BUZZARD.  Forest, edge.  Foothills, 250-1100 m, of c Malay Arch. in Sulawesi (incl. Peleng, Muna and Butung is.) and Philippines.
Lophoictinia isura  SQUARE-TAILED KITE.  Open forest, scrub, riparian woodland, rocky gorges.  Locally in Australia.  Nomadic.
Hamirostra melanosternon  BLACK-BREASTED BUZZARD.  Plains, scrub, open woodland.  Interior Australia and widespread to coastal areas in n Queensland.
Elanoides forficatus  SWALLOW-TAILED KITE.  Forest, swamps, open woodland.  Lowlands of se U.S. from S. Carolina s to Florida and w to c Texas (at least formerly), formerly n to n U.S. w to Minnesota; lowlands to 2600 m of Neotropics from Campeche, Quintana Roo and Guatemala s (except El Salvador) to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru (Tumbes) and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Brazil to Uruguay and n Argentian (Jujuy, Salta, e Chaco, Misiones, Corrientes).  Winters in Middle (rarely) and S. America, ranging in migration n to s Canada and to sw U.S.

Macheiramphus alcinus  BAT HAWK.  Woodland, savanna, bushveld, around towns, forest.  African region from s Mali, Senegambia, se Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, s Chad, C. African Rep., Sudan, Somalia and n,ne Zaire to Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, w,c Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, n Namibia, n,e Botswana and ne S. Africa (Transvaal, n Natal).  Actual breeding records scarce, recorded Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Transvaal; Madagascar.  Lowlands to 1000 m of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. Bangka), Borneo and nc Sulawesi; lowlands and foothills of se New Guinea.
Gampsonyx swainsonii  PEARL KITE.  Savanna, woodland.  Pacific slope of c C. America in w Nicaragua; lowlands (mostly below 1000 m) of S. America from n,e Colombia (from Gulf of Urabá e to Guajira, and middle Magdalena V. s to Tolima; locally e of Andes), Venezuela (incl. Margarita I.), Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam s, w of Andes to northwestern Peru (s to Lambayeque) and e of Andes through e Ecuador and e Peru to Brazil, e,se Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Tarija), Paraguay and n Argentina in  Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán and Misiones.

Elanus caeruleus  BLACK-WINGED KITE.  Savanna, grassland, open woodland.

Sometimes treated as conspecific with E. leucurus and E. notatus but here regarded as allospecies.  Hypoleucos sometimes considered a separate species.
 E. c. caeruleus.  Sw Palearctic and African region in extreme sw Europe (s Iberian Pen.), nw Africa (from n Morocco to Tunisia), Egypt (Nile V.), and recorded in sw Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Nigeria, s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Yemen and s Arabia; Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, s Angola, Namibia and S. Africa.  Locally in lowlands to 2100 m of s Asia from e Afghanistan (probably) e through Pakistan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka to s,e China (Yunnan, Kwangsi, Chekiang, and probably Hopeh) and se Asia.
 E. c. hypoleucos.  Lowlands to 2100 m of Malay Arch. in Greater Sunda Is. (incl. Muna, Butung, Kalao and Tanahjampea is.), Lesser Sunda Is. (Lombok, Sumba, Flores, Alor, Timor) and Philippines; lowlands to 2300 m of c,e New Guinea.

Elanus axillaris  BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE.  Open forest, grassland, savanna, farmlands.  Australia, incl. Tasmania, where probably a vagrant only.  Sometimes treated as a race of E. caeruleus.
Elanus leucurus  WHITE-TAILED KITE.  Savanna, open woodland, marshes, farmlands.  Sometimes treated as a race of E. caeruleus, but differs in proportions and hunting behavior.

Locally in w N. America from sw Washington and nw Oregon s to nw Baja Calif., s Arizona and Nayarit; locally in se U.S. in s Mississippi and from S. Carolina s to s Florida; locally in lowlands to 2600 m of cs U.S., Middle and n S. America and from se Kansas, s Oklahoma, w Louisiana and ec,se Texas, Tamaulipas and Chiapas s through se Mexico and along both slopes of C. America to Panama, Colombia (except Pacific lowlands), n,se Venezuela (n of Orinoco,and in se Bolívar), Guyana, Surinam and extreme n Brazil (Roraima); sc,e S. America from n,ne,se Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija) and e,s Brazil s through Paraguay and Uruguay to c Chile (from Atacama to Valdivia) and c Argentina to Mendoza and Buenos Aires.

Elanus scriptus  LETTER-WINGED KITE.  Savanna, especially along watercourses.  Int. Australia; irruptions to coastal areas.
Chelictinia riocourii  SCISSOR-TAILED KITE.  Desert, open woodland.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, s Chad, and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti  and n Somalia, and s to Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Gabon, Congo, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, w,c Kenya and Tanzania.
Rostrhamus sociabilis  SNAIL KITE.  Freshwater marshes.  Locally in lowlands to 1000 m of Neotropics in s Florida (n to L. Okeechobee, formerly more widespread in Pen. Florida) and Cuba (incl. I. of Pines); from Oaxaca (where probably a vagrant only), Veracruz, Campeche and Quintana Roo s to Nicaragua, nw Costa Rica and Panama (Chiriquí, e Panama Prov., San Blas), and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, Brazil (locally), n,e,se Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija) and Paraguay to Uruguay and n Argentina (to Tucumán, Córdoba and Buenos Aires).

Rostrhamus hamatus  SLENDER-BILLED KITE.  Forest, usually near swamps or ponds.  Locally in lowlands to 750 m of s C. and w,n S. America in e Panama (e Darién), n,e Colombia (n Chocó, Antioquia, Amazonas), w,n,se Venezuela (w Apure, nw Monagas, e Bolívar), Guyana, n Surinam, Amazonian Brazil (from R. Purús and R. Madeira e to Amapá and e Pará), e Peru and n Bolivia (Beni).
Harpagus bidentatus  DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE.  Forest, open woodland.  Lowlands to 2100 m of Neotropics from Guerrero, Oaxaca (both slopes), Veracruz and Quintana Roo s on Gulf-Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica (except nw) and Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian,e Brazil (to n Maranhão, Pernambuco, e Bahia, e Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro).

Harpagus diodon  RUFOUS-THIGHED KITE.  Forest, woodland.  Lowlands of cn,e,se S. America in Guyana, French Guiana, Amazonian,e,se Brazil (w to R. Branco and R. Purús, and from Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, e Minas Gerais and São Paulo s to Rio Grande do Sul), e Ecuador, e Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Paraguay and n Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Misiones).
Ictinia mississippiensis  MISSISSIPPI KITE.  Riverine forest, open woodland, prairies.  S U.S. from c Arizona, n New Mexico, se Colorado, nc Kansas, c Arkansas, s Missouri, s Illinois, w Kentucky, w Tennessee, c Louisiana, n portions of Gulf coast, and nc Florida; formerly bred n to c Colorado, Iowa, s Indiana and s Ohio.  Winters in S. America (recorded Paraguay and Argentina).  See I. plumbea.

Ictinia plumbea  PLUMBEOUS KITE.  Riverine forest, edge, open pine woodland, second growth, mangroves.  Lowlands to 2600 m of Neotropics from Tamaulipas, e San Luis Potosí, Veracruz and Oaxaca s along both slopes to Panama (incl. Pearl Is.), and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s (generally both w,e of Andes) to w Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia, n Argentina (to Tucumán and Misiones), Paraguay and se Brazil (to Rio Grande do Sul).  Winters in S. America s to n Argentina.  May be conspecific with I. mississippiensis.
Milvus milvus  RED KITE.  Open woodland, plains, pastures, forest.

M. m. milvus.  Locally in w Palearctic from s British Isles, s Sweden, Baltic states and w Ukraine s to Canary is., nw Africa from n Morocco e, at least formerly, to Tunisia, w Mediterranean region e to s Italy, incl. Balearic Is., Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, sw Russia, nw Black Sea, w Caucasus and extreme ne Turkey.  A rare migrant to subSaharan Africa - reported in Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Uganda and Kenya.
 M. m. fasciicauda.  Cape Verde Is. (at least formerly). Thought to be extinct but may still be extant.

Milvus migrans  BLACK KITE.  Open woodland, forest edge, savanna, steppes, desert, farms, towns.  Common in all habitats, mainly savanna and grassland and usually a commensal scavenger with humans.

From cont. Europe, e Finland, Russia and w Siberia (e to lower Ob R.) s to Cape Verde Is., nw Africa (from n Morocco e to Tunisia ), Mediterranean region, Near East and s Arabia, and e from Iran e to c Kazakhstan, Kirghiz steppes, w Turkestan and Tadzikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India to 2200 m, incl. Nepal; Sri Lanka; to sw China (w Yunnan), thence s through se Asia, Andaman Is., Sulawesi, e New Guinea (w to Humboldt Bay and Hall Sound), D'Entrecasteaux Arch. (Fergusson I.) and Bismarck Arch. (New Britain) to Australia except s.
 Nile Valley, Red Sea region, s Arabia and from s Mauritania, s Mali, s Niger, s Chad and c,s Sudan e to Ethiopia and Somalia, and s (incl. São Tomé) to s S. Africa, and lowlands to 2000 m of Madagascar and Comoro Is.  The subSaharan race, M. m. parasitus  YELLOW-BILLED KITE, has been recorded in all subSaharan countries and breeds in nearly all (or all?) of them; it is an intra-African migrant as well as resident in many areas.

Milvus lineatus  BLACK-EARED KITE.  Open woodland, forest edge, savanna, steppes, desert, farmlands, around towns.  Often treated as a race of migrans and intergradation between migrans and lineatus has been reported in areas of contact, but R. Liversidge (pers. comm.) suggests that these two forms are specifically distinct.  B. King (pers. comm.) favors the inclusion of lineatus in migrans.

E Asia from Siberia (w to Ob R., and across Yakutia and Transbaicalia to Sea of Okhotsk, Amurland and Ussuriland) and Japan (n to Hokkaido) s through China (except w Yunnan) to Turkestan, n India (Himalayas, 1500-5400 m, in Ladakh, n Kashmir, n Nepal and n Assam), Tibet , extreme n Burma, Hainan, and Ryukyu Is.  Winters from s Iraq e to China and Japan, and s to s India and se Asia.  See M. migrans.

Haliastur sphenurus  WHISTLING KITE.  Open forest, savanna, lakes, rivers, swamps, estuaries, seacoasts.  Australia (incl. coastal is.), c,e New Guinea (w to Geelvink Bay) and New Caledonia.
Haliastur indus  BRAHMINY KITE.  Forested coasts, estuaries, rivers, around towns.  Lowlands to 2800 m of s Asia, Malay Arch. and Australasia from Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and se China (from Hupeh and Kiangu s to s Yunnan, Kwangsi and Kwangtung) s through se Asia to Andaman Is., E. Indies, Philippines, New Guinea (to 2200 m, incl. adjacent is.), Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is. and coastal n,e Australia from W. Australia (s to Carnavon) e to Queensland, and s to New S. Wales (Hunter R.).
 Haliaeetus:  Seibold, et al. (1995. J. für Orn. in press) compared the sequences of 1026 base pairs of the cytochrome b gene from seven species of sea eagles, genus Haliaeetus.  The species formed two main clades, each divided into two subclades, as follows:  1. H. albicilla, H. leucocephalus plus H. pelagicus, H. leucoryphys.  2.  H. leucogaster, H. sanfordi plus H. vocifer.  H. leucogaster and H. sanfordi are the most closely-related pair in this set, differing by only 0.3% of their sequences.  The sea eagles are more closely related to Milvus and Buteo, than to the Aquila eagles or the Old World vultures.

Haliaeetus leucogaster  WHITE-BELLIED FISH-EAGLE.  Seacoasts, estuaries, tidal areas, large rivers.  Coasts and is. of s Asia, Malay Arch. and Australian region from s,e India n on w coast to Bombay, Sri Lanka, e around se Asia to se China (n to Fukien, incl. Hainan) and Taiwan, and s through Laccadive, Andaman and Nicobar is., E. Indies and Philippines to New Guinea incl. along lowland rivers and adjacent is., Bismarck Arch. and Australia, Tasmania.

K. C. Parkes (pers. comm.) suggests that the tropical species of Haliaetus are more closely related to Haliastur than to other species of Haliaeetus; he further suggests use of Blagrus for this complex of species.  See H. sanfordi.

Haliaeetus sanfordi  SANFORD'S FISH-EAGLE.  Dense lowland forest, seacoasts.  Solomon Is.  Sometimes considered conspecific with H. leucogaster, but appears to be a good allospecies; adults lack the spotting common to juveniles of both species (R. Schodde, pers. comm.).
Haliaeetus vocifer  AFRICAN FISH-EAGLE.  Seacoasts, rivers, lakes, swamps.  S Mauritania, s Mali, Senegambia, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea,  Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia, Botswana, Angola, Namibia and S. Africa.
Haliaeetus vociferoides  MADAGASCAR FISH-EAGLE.  Seacoasts, bays, flooded areas.  Locally in nw Madagascar.

Haliaeetus leucoryphus  PALLAS'S SEA-EAGLE.  Rivers, lakes, swamps.  C Asia from extreme se Russia (lower Volga R. and Ural R.), and from Kazakhstan to Kirghiz steppes, sw Siberia (Tuva, sw Transbaicalia), Mongolia and n,c China (from Sinkiang, Tsinghai and Kansu e to w Heilungkiang, and s to Szechwan and n Yunnan) s to Pakistan, India (from Kashmir and Punjab e to Assam, Bangladesh and Orissa, absent from sw and W. Ghats) and Burma (except e).  N populations winter s to Persian Gulf, c India and se Asia.
Haliaeetus albicilla  WHITE-TAILED EAGLE.  Rocky seacoasts, rivers, large lakes.  Locally in lowlands to 2000 m of Palearctic from w Greenland, w Iceland and n British Isles e across Scandinavia, n Russia and n Siberia (incl. Novaya Zemlya) to Chukotski Pen., and s to e Europe (at least formerly), Turkey, n Iran, sw,c Russia to Caspian Sea area, s to n Kazakhstan, n Turkestan and L. Balkhash, Mongolia, ne China (Heilungkiang, formerly lower Yangtze R.), se Siberia (Ussuriland, Sakhalin), Kuril Is. and Japan (Hokkaido), formerly s to France, Corsica, Balkan states and Greece; sw Alaska in w Aleutian Is. (Attu).  Winters s to n Mediterranean region, Persian Gulf, Pakistan, n India and s China.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus  BALD EAGLE.  Lakes, rivers, seacoasts.  Locally in N. America from c Alaska (Brooks Range), n Yukon, nw,s Mackenzie, and from n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland, and s to Aleutian Is. (w to Buldir), s Alaska, Baja Calif. (both coasts), Sonora, sw,c New Mexico, se Texas, Gulf coast, and s Florida (incl. Florida Keys); Commander Is. (Bering I., formerly others).  Numbers increasing after severe decline.
Haliaeetus pelagicus  STELLER'S SEA-EAGLE.  Seacoasts, river mouths.  Coastal e Siberia from Koryakland and Kamchatka s to Amurland and Sakhalin.  One has been in s Alaska for several years, but not evidence of nesting.  Winters s to e China, Korea, Japan and Ryukyu Is.; ranges to Hawaiian and Aleutian islands.

Ichthyophaga humilis  LESSER FISH-EAGLE.  Forest (generally near water), swamps.  Lowlands and foothills to 2400 m of s Asia and w Indonesia from n India (from Kashmir e to Assam and probably Bangladesh), w,s,e Burma (incl. Tenasserim), nw,pen. Thailand, Laos, n Vietnam (nw Tonkin), Hainan, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo (incl. Natuna Besar in N. Natuna Is.) and Sulawesi (incl. Peleng and Butung is.).
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus  GREY-HEADED FISH-EAGLE.  Lagoons, sluggish streams, swamps, lakes, rivers.  Lowlands of s Asia and Malay Arch. from India except nw; Sri Lanka and se Asia (except ne Burma) s to Sumatra (incl. Mentawai Is., and Riau and Lingga arch.), Borneo, Java and Philippines (Luzon, Calamian Is., Mindoro, Samar, Negros, Mindanao, Basilan, Bongao).

Gypohierax angolensis  PALM-NUT VULTURE.  Oil palms, mangroves, forest, savanna.  Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, Angola, sw Niger, L. Chad area, C. African Rep. and s Sudan to Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Pemba I., Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, n Namibia, n Botswana and e S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal, e Cape Prov.
Gypaetus barbatus  LAMMERGEIER.  Crags, ledges, gorges, around human habitation.  Locally (and at least formerly) in mts. of s Palearctic and s Asia in sw France, Spain, nw Africa (Atlas Mts.), Corsica, and from e Mediterranean (s Balkans, Greece, Crete, Turkey) e through Near East (s to Sinai Pen.), Middle East, extreme s Russia, Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Transcaspia, s Kazakhstan, Turkestan, s Altai to Mongolia and w,c China (from Sinkiang e to w Inner Mongolia and Shensi, and s to Szechwan and nw Yunnan), and s to Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind) and Himalayas (to 5000 m, occasionally 8000 m) of Tibet and n India (from Kashmir e to Assam).  E,s African region from e Egypt, e Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen, Uganda, Kenya and n Tanzania; e S. Africa in nw Lesotho and borders.  Breeding range much reduced in recent years.  Rare vagrants occur in other areas.

Neophron percnopterus  EGYPTIAN VULTURE.  Plains, deserts, around human habitation.  S Palearctic from e Atlantic is. (Canary, Cape Verde) and s Europe (n Mediterranean region) e through Turkey, s Russia (n to Crimea and n Caspian Sea), and n to Aral Sea and Kazakhstan, to Pakistan and nw India (Kashmir, Punjab), and s to n Africa (s Tunisia, c Egypt), Near East (to Sinai Pen.), e Arabia, Persian Gulf, s Iran and Afghanistan.  Cape Verde Is., Senegambia, Guinea, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, n Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Socotra I., Yemen, n Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, n Tanzania Angola, Namibia, S. Africa).  Winters (or wanders) from n Africa, s Mediterranean region, Near and Middle East, and w India s through most of Africa (at least formerly).
Necrosyrtes monachus  HOODED VULTURE.  Savanna, forest, villages.  Africa from s Mauritania e across s Mali, s Niger, s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia and Somalia, and s (exc. forested w,c and desert sw) to ne Namibia, ne Botswana and e S. Africa (e Transvaal, n Natal).

Gyps africanus  WHITE-BACKED VULTURE.  Open plains, savanna.  Lowlands of Africa from Senegambia e through s Mali, s Niger, s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia and Somalia, and s (except forested w,c) to s Namibia, s Botswana and n,e S. Africa (n Cape Prov., Transvaal, Swaziland, w Orange Free State, Natal).  May be conspecific with G. bengalensis.
Gyps bengalensis  WHITE-RUMPED VULTURE.  Woodland, open country, farmlands.  Lowlands of s Asia from se Iran e through Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (to 2500 m in s Himalayas) to sw China (s Yunnan) and se Asia (except n Vietnam and s Malaya). See G. africanus.
Gyps indicus  LONG-BILLED VULTURE.  Open country, savannas, farmlands, towns.

Tenuirostris is sometimes considered specifically distinct from indicus, but B. King (pers. comm.) reports that they are probably not worthy of recognition as species.
 G. i. indicus.  Lowlands to 900 m of s Asia in n Pakistan from Ganges Plain to Himalayan foothills, India s of Ganges Plain, incl. Gujarat and Rajasthan, but absent sw, Burma, Thailand (except se), Cambodia, Laos and s Vietnam (Cochinchina, s Annam).
 G. i. tenuirostris.  N India from lower Himalayas s to Ganges Plain.

Gyps rueppellii  RUEPPELL'S GRIFFON.  Open plains, arid steppe, desert, breeding on cliffs.  Subsaharan African region from sw Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and n Tanzania.
Gyps himalayensis  HIMALAYAN GRIFFON.  Mountains, breeding on crags and cliffs.  Mts., 600-4500 m, of sc Asia in Tadzhikistan (Pamirs), Tibet, and w China (nw Sinkiang, and from Kansu and Ningsia s to Tsinghai and Szechwan).  See G. fulvus.
Gyps fulvus  EURASIAN GRIFFON.  Mountains, forest, breeding on crags and cliffs.  Locally in mts. of s Palearctic from s Europe, Mediterranean region, nw Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, Turkey, Near East, ne Egypt and Arabia e through Middle East, Transcaucasus, Transcaspia, Turkestan, Tadzhikistan  (Pamirs) and extreme sw Siberia (Altai) to Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind) and nw India (Gujarat).  Winters s to Somalia and s,e India.  See G. coprotheres.

Gyps coprotheres  CAPE GRIFFON.  Mountains, breeding on crags.  Breeds in Namibia, s Botswana, sw Zimbabwe and S. Africa.  Ranges to s Zambia and sw Mozambique.  May be conspecific with G. fulvus.
Aegypius monachus  CINEREOUS VULTURE.  Woodland, open country with scattered trees.  Mts. of s Palearctic from Spain, Balearic Is., s Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece (formerly n Morocco, Sardinia, Sicily, and n to Poland) e through Turkey, Iran, Crimea, Caucasus, n to Kazakhstan, sw Siberia (Altai) and Afghanistan to Mongolia, n China (from w Sinkiang e through Tsinghai, Kansu, Ningsia, Inner Mongolia and Hopeh to sw Heilungkiang), Tibet, Pakistan (Baluchistan) and n India (Himalayas in Gilgit, Punjab and Assam, probably elsewhere).  Winters s to nw,ne Africa, Arabia, c India, se China, Taiwan and Ryukyu Is.

Torgos tracheliotus  LAPPET-FACED VULTURE.  Thornbush, open plains, desert.  African region from Senegambia, s Mauritania, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, c,s Niger, Ivory Coast, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, C. Afr. Rep., L. Chad area and c,s Chad to Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Arabia (breeding at least in Oman), and s in e,s Africa w to e Zaire and in Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, Angola to n S. Africa in n Cape Prov., Transvaal and n Natal.  Near East (Israel, nearly extirpated).
Trigonoceps occipitalis  WHITE-HEADED VULTURE.  Desert, open plains, thornbush.  Africa from Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti  and Somalia, and s (except most of forested w,c) in Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique to s Angola, ne Namibia, n,e Botswana and n S. Africa in n Cape Prov., Transvaal and n Natal.

Sarcogyps calvus  RED-HEADED VULTURE.  Open country, desert, around human habitation.  Lowlands to 2000 m of s Asia in Pakistan, India, Nepal, sw China (w,s Yunnan) and se Asia (except Malaya and extreme n Vietnam).
Circaetus gallicus  SHORT-TOED SNAKE-EAGLE.  Savanna, thornbush, desert, steppes, open forest.

There is evidence (including mixed pairings in various combinations) that beaudouini and pectoralis are conspecific with C. gallicus, but also opinions that C. pectoralis should be treated as a separate species, as in Sibley and Monroe (1990).  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 326) argued for the inclusion of pectoralis as a race of C. gallicus, while urging "... that more field evidence is highly desirable."  The following arrangement follows Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993).
   C. g. gallicus.  Locally in Palearctic and s Asia from s Europe (n to c France, Switzerland, E. Germany and Estonia) e across nw,c Russia to Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes, Mongolia and n China (w Inner Mongolia, probably sw Kansu and Hopeh), and s to Mediterranean region (incl. Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily), nw Africa (from Morocco to Tunisia), n Libya, Turkey, Near East, ne Egypt (Nile delta), Oman, Iran, Turkestan, Tadzhikistan, Kazakhstan (except Himalayas s of Kirghiz steppes), Pakistan and India (lowlands to 1000 m, incl. Nepal but absent Assam);  Lesser Sunda Is. of Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Roti and Timor.  Winters in Africa mainly north of the Equator.

C. g. beaudouini.  BEAUDOUIN'S SNAKE-EAGLE.  Locally in subsaharan Africa in Senegambia, s Mauritania, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Togo, Nigeria, Congo, n Zaire, s Chad, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.  Breeding confirmed in Mauritania, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Rwanda and Kenya.
 C. g. pectoralis.  BLACK-CHESTED SNAKE-EAGLE.  Savanna, thornbush, open woodland.  Locally in sc,e,s Africa from s Angola, s,e Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and s to s S. Africa.  Breeding confirmed in Sudan, Somalia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa.

Circaetus cinereus  BROWN SNAKE-EAGLE.  Savanna, thornbush.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, sw Niger, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia, and s (except forested w,c) in Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, s Angola, c Namibia, Botswana and n,ne S. Africa in n Cape Prov., Transvaal and Natal.
Circaetus fasciolatus  FASCIATED SNAKE-EAGLE.  Forest, swamps.  Coastal lowlands of e,se Africa from s Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania s to e Zimbabwe, Mozambique and extreme e S. Africa (n Natal).
Circaetus cinerascens  BANDED SNAKE-EAGLE.  Forest edge, savanna, generally near streams.  Africa in Senegambia, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, s Chad, C. African Rep. and s Sudan to w,c Ethiopia, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, w,s Kenya, Tanzania, s to s Angola, extreme ne Namibia (Caprivi), n Botswana, Zambia, Malawi and c Zimbabwe.

Terathopius ecaudatus  BATELEUR.  Savanna, thornbush, open country.  Sw Mauritania, s Mali, Senegambia, s Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Gabon, Congo, Zaire, s Chad, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen and s Arabia, s in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe to n S. Africa in ne Cape Prov., n,e Transvaal and n Natal.
Spilornis cheela  CRESTED SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest. Geographically variable with distinct forms on islands; species limits uncertain and complex and several of the races have been combined as separate species.  S. cheela is sympatric with S. kinabaluensis in the foothills of North Borneo, where they have different vocalizations, and with S. elgini in the Andaman Islands.  Stepanyan (1993. Zool. Zhurnal 72(10):132-145, in Russian) reports two forms are sympatric in Tonkin, the second which he recognizes as S. bassus, is widespread in montane Indochina.  See Peters (1979. Check-list of Birds of the World, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p. 314, footnote re the name bassus).  Peters lists 27 subspecies of S. cheela, including the following examples which are among the more distinctive.

S. c. cheela.  Lowlands and Himalayas to 3050 m of s Asia from Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, se China (from s Yunnan, Kweichow, Kiangsi and s Anhwei s to Kwangsi, Kwangtung and Hainan) and  Taiwan s through se Asia to Andaman Is., Sumatra (incl. Batu Is.), Borneo (lowlands), Java and cw Philippines on Calaminan Is., Palawan and Balabac.
 S. c. perplexus.  Sw Ryukyu Is. on Iriomote and Ishigaki.
 S. c. abbotti.  Simeulue I. off nw Sumatra.
 S. c. asturinus.  Nias I. off nw Sumatra.
 S. c. sipora.  Mentawai Is. on Sipura and Pagai, off w Sumatra.
 S. c. natunensis.  N. Natuna Is. off n Borneo and Belitung I. off se Sumatra.

Spilornis minimus  NICOBAR SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest.  May be conspecific with cheela.
 S. m. minimus.  Lowlands of c Nicobar Is.
 S. m. klossi.  S Nicobar Is. on Great Nicobar I.

Spilornis kinabaluensis  MOUNTAIN SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest.  Mts. above 900 m of n Borneo on Mt. Murud and Mt. Kinabalu.  This species and S. cheela are sympatric in the foothills of North Borneo and have different vocalizations.  See under S. cheela.
Spilornis rufipectus  SULAWESI SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 800 m of Sulawesi and most adjacent is.
Spilornis holospilus  PHILIPPINE SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest.  Philippines, except Calamian Is., Palawan and Balabac.  May be a race of S. cheela.
Spilornis elgini  ANDAMAN SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest.  Andaman Is.  Sometimes regarded as a race of S. cheela, but they are sympatric.

Dryotriorchis spectabilis  CONGO SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest.  Lowlands of w,c Africa from Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, n,ne Zaire, nw Angola and sc,ce Zaire.
Eutriorchis astur  MADAGASCAR SERPENT-EAGLE.  Forest.  Lowlands of ne Madagascar; rare and in danger of extinction due to deforestation.  One captured, photographed and released in January 1994 (Ornith. Newsletter 100:June 1994).  Rarely recorded during the past 60 years.
Circus aeruginosus  WESTERN MARSH-HARRIER.  Swamps, marsh, rice paddies, reed beds.

C. aeruginosus and C. spilonotus hybridize in western Siberia and are considered conspecific by some authors, and the allopatric C. ranivorus, C. approximans and C. maillardi are also sometimes treated as conspecific with C. aeruginosus.
 W,c Palearctic from s British Isles and s Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia and sw Siberia (upper Yenisei R.) to w Mongolia and w China (w Sinkiang), and s to nw Africa (from n Morocco to Tunisia), n Mediterranean region (incl. most is.), Turkey, and Near and Middle East.  Winters from s British Isles, w,s Europe and s Asia s to c,se Africa and e through s Asia to se Asia, se China and Greater Sunda Is.

Circus ranivorus  AFRICAN MARSH-HARRIER.  Marsh, grasslands.  C. Afr. Rep., Congo, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, se Angola, sw,sc,ce,ne Zaire, Botswana and n Namibia to s S. Africa.
Circus spilonotus  EASTERN MARSH-HARRIER.  Grassland, marsh.  E Asia in s Siberia (from Yakutia and upper Aldan R. and upper Lena R. s to L. Baikal, Transbaicalia, Amurland, Ussuriland and Sakhalin), n Mongolia, ne China (from c Inner Mongolia and s Heilungkiang s to Hopeh) Manchuria and (probably) n Korea.
Circus approximans  SWAMP HARRIER.  Wooded savannas, open marshes, wet grasslands.  Lowlands of Australasian region and sw Oceania in s,se New Guinea (possibly only as a visitant), Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Lord Howe and Norfolk is., New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Chatham and Kermadec is. Intro. Society Is.

Circus maillardi  MADAGASCAR MARSH-HARRIER.  Marshes, wet grasslands.

C. m. macrosceles.  Lowlands to 1800 m of Madagascar and the Comoro Is.
 C. m. maillardi.  W Mascarene Is. on Réunion.  See aeruginosus.

Circus buffoni  LONG-WINGED HARRIER.  Marshes, grasslands.  Lowlands to 1000 m of S. America in sw,e Colombia (from Valle and Arauca to s Meta), n,e Venezuela (from Zulia to Carabobo, Aragua and Monagas, and in Anzoátegui and Delta Amacuro), Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas; from c,e,s Brazil (Pará, Maranhão and Mato Grosso, e,s to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Paraguay and n,e Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz) s to s Argentina (to Tierra del Fuego, at least casually); c Chile (from Aconcagua to Colchagua).
Circus assimilis  SPOTTED HARRIER.  Dry plains, savannas, grasslands, open woodland.  W Indonesia in Sulawesi (incl. Taliabu in Sula Is., and Butung I.) and Lesser Sunda is. (Sumba, Timor); Australia, Tasmania, where probably only a vagrant).

Circus maurus  BLACK HARRIER.  Arid grasslands, farmlands.  S Africa in s Namibia, sw Botswana and s,e S. Africa (s Transvaal, Orange Free State, w Natal, nw,s,e Cape Prov.); known breeding only in s Cape Prov.
Circus cyaneus  NORTHERN HARRIER.  Prairie, moors, marshes, steppe, fields.

The two subspecies are sometimes treated as separate species.
 C. c. cyaneus.  Eurasia from British Isles (incl. Outer Hebrides) and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Anadyrland and Kamchatka, and s to n Spain, s,e France, n Italy, e Austria, Hungary, sw,c Russia to Transcaucasus and upper Ural R., s to n Kazakstan and n Turkestan, nw China (w Sinkiang), n Mongolia, Manchuria (from Heilungkiang s to e Kirin and Liaoning), s Siberia (e to Ussuriland and Sakhalin) and Kuril Is.  Winters s to nw Africa, Mediterranean region, and s Asia e to se Asia, se China and Japan.
 C. c. hudsonius.  N. America from n Alaska, n Yukon, nw,s Mackenzie, and from n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to s Quebec and Newfoundland, and s to n Baja Calif., s Arizona, s New Mexico, s,e Texas, w Oklahoma, se Kansas, s Missouri, s Illinois, c Kentucky, W. Virginia, se Virginia and (formerly) Florida.  Winters from Alaska and s Canada s to n S. America.

Circus cinereus  CINEREOUS HARRIER.  Open country, grasslands, marshes.  W,s S. America from Andes, 1700-3000 m, of Colombia (Cundinamarca, Nariño, Putumayo) s through w,e Ecuador, Peru (s to Puno) and c,sw Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Oruro) to Chile, and lower elevations across Paraguay to Uruguay and s Brazil (Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), and s to s Argentina to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.  Sometimes treated as a race of C. cyaneus.
Circus macrourus  PALLID HARRIER.  Grassland, steppe, marshes, farmlands.  C Eurasia from extreme e Romania and w to Ukraine, e across c,sw Russia s to Caucasus, s to Aral Sea, L. Balkhash area and Turkestan and extreme n Iran to sw Siberia (sw Transbaicalia, L. Baikal), w China (w Sinkiang) and (possibly) nw Mongolia; irruptive and irregular breeder w to s Sweden, Germany and Czechoslovakia.  Winters from s Europe and s Asia s to s Africa, Sri Lanka, Burma and se China.

Circus melanoleucos  PIED HARRIER.  Open country, rice paddies.  Locally in e Asia in se Siberia (Transbaicalia, Amurland, Ussuriland), ne Mongolia, Manchuria (Heilungkiang) and n Korea; ne Burma; (possibly) Philippines.  Winters from s Asia to Greater Sunda Is. and Philippines.
Circus pygargus  MONTAGU'S HARRIER.  Marshes, swamps, moors, grassland, farmlands.  W,c Palearctic from s British Isles, cont. Europe and s Sweden e across c Russia to sw Siberia (Tuva, upper Yenisei R.) and w China (w Sinkiang), and s to nw Africa (from n Morocco to Tunisia), Iberian Pen., s France, c Italy, n Balkan states, Turkey, nw Iran and to Transcaucasus and to n Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Tadzikhistan and s Kirghiz steppes.  Winters from s Europe, s Russia and s,e China s to s Africa, and s Asia e to India and Sri Lanka.

Polyboroides typus  AFRICAN HARRIER-HAWK or GYMNOGENE.  Savanna, open grassland.  Africa in sw Mauritania, Senegambia, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, C. Afr. Rep., L. Chad area and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia s in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and s S. Africa.  Generally regarded as a species distinct from P. radiatus, but status unclear.  If the two are considered conspecific the earlier name is P. radiatus.  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 326) reviewed the taxonomy.
Polyboroides radiatus  MADAGASCAR HARRIER-HAWK or MADAGASCAR GYMNOGENE.  Open woodland, savanna.  Lowlands to 1600 m of Madagascar; Gabon, Congo and Zaire.  Breeding confirmed in Madagascar and Gabon.  See P. typus.

Kaupifalco monogrammicus  LIZARD BUZZARD.  Savanna, thornbush, open woodland.  Africa from Senegambia, s Mali, s Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to w Ethiopia and s Somalia and s to s Angola, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, extreme n Namibia, n,w Botswana, Zimbabwe and e S. Africa in Transvaal and Natal.
Melierax metabates  DARK CHANTING-GOSHAWK.  Woodland, bushveld.  Sw Morocco; sw Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, c,s Sudan, w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Yemen, and s (except forested w,c) in Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, n Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and extreme ne S. Africa in e Transvaal and n Natal.  A hybrid between M. metabates and M. poliopterus has been reported from Ethiopia.

Melierax poliopterus  EASTERN CHANTING-GOSHAWK.  Arid plains, thornbush.  E Africa from sc,e Ethiopia and Somalia s through extreme e Uganda and Kenya to c Tanzania.  Sometimes treated as a race of M. canorus or M. metabates.
Melierax canorus  PALE CHANTING-GOSHAWK.  Arid plains, thornbush, acacia steppe.  Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, extreme s Angola, Namibia, Botswana, sw Zimbabwe and w S. Africa in n,c,s Cape Prov., w Transvaal and Orange Free State.  See M. poliopterus.
Melierax gabar  GABAR GOSHAWK.  Savanna, bushveld.  Sw Mauritania, s Mali, Senegambia, s Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and s Arabia, and s (except for forested w,c) to Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Angola and Namibia to s S. Africa.  Previously in Micronisus; placed in Melierax following Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327).

Accipiter poliogaster  GREY-BELLIED GOSHAWK.  Humid forest, edge.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m of S. America e of Andes from ne,se Colombia (Santa Marta region, Cesar, Meta, Vaupés), w,s Venezuela (Táchira, s Bolívar), Guyana and Surinam s through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian,e,se Brazil (w to R. Negro and R. Madeira, and in Goiás, e Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and e Mato Grosso) to Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).
Accipiter trivirgatus  CRESTED GOSHAWK.  Forest, woodland.  Lowlands to 2000 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. in n,sw India (from Garhwal e to Assam and probably Bangladesh; W. Ghats from Goa and n Mysore to Kerala and e Ghats in Andhra Pradesh; Sri Lanka; s China (s Szechwan, Yunnan, Kwangsi, Hainan) and Taiwan s through se Asia to Sumatra (incl. Nias), Borneo (incl. Natuna Is.), Java and Philippines.

Accipiter griseiceps  SULAWESI GOSHAWK.  Forest, woodland, mangroves.  Lowlands to 2000 m of Sulawesi (incl. Muna, Butung, and Togian is.).
Accipiter tachiro  AFRICAN GOSHAWK.  Forest, woodland.  The two (or three) subspecies groups have been treated as separate species, but are combined by most authors; reviewed by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327) and treated as below by Brown, et al. (1982. Birds of Africa, vol. 1).

A. t. tachiro group.  E,s Africa from n Angola ne to sc,ce,ne Zaire, extreme se Sudan, n,e Ethiopia, Eritrea, s Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania (incl. Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia is.), Malawi to s Mozambique, s in Angola to ne Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, n,e Botswana and e,s S. Africa.  Incl. sparsimfasciatus, pembaensis, unduliventer and croizati.
 A. t. toussenelii group.  RED-CHESTED GOSHAWK.  Forest, woodland.  W,c Africa in Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Nigeria, s Niger, Cameroon, Fernando Po I., Gabon, Congo, s C. African Rep., n,cn Zaire, w Uganda and extreme s Sudan, and s to sw,c,ce Zaire.  Incl. canescens, toussenelii, macroscelides and lopezi.

Accipiter castanilius  CHESTNUT-FLANKED SPARROWHAWK.  Dense forest.  W,c Africa in s Nigeria, s Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Cabinda, Zaire and w Uganda.
Accipiter badius  SHIKRA.  Open woodland, edge, savanna, towns, orchards, farmlands.

A. b. badius.  Lowlands to 1500 m of s Asia in s Russia from s Ukraine e to s Urals, Caucasus and Transcaucasus, n to Aral Sea, Kazakhstan, n Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, w,se China (sw Sinkiang, s Yunnan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, s Fukien and Hainan), Taiwan and se Asia. Northernmost populations migrate s, ranging to Sumatra.  See A. butleri.
 A. b. sphenurus.  N,c African region in Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, e across s Mali, s Niger, s Chad and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Somalia and sw Arabia, and s to Cameroon, C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, Uganda and n Tanzania.
 A. b. polyzonoides.  S Africa from sw,sc,ce Zaire, Rwanda and Tanzania (except n) s to ne Namibia, Botswana and ne S. Africa (Transvaal, Swaziland, n Natal).

Accipiter butleri  NICOBAR SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  Nicobar Is. on Car Nicobar and Katchall.  Sometimes regarded as conspecific with A. badius.
Accipiter brevipes  LEVANT SPARROWHAWK.  Open forest, orchards, farmlands.  Sc Eurasia in s Balkan states (n to Bulgaria and e Romania), Greece, w,c Turkey, w,sw Iran and from s Ukraine e to Volga R., Caucasus and Transcaucasus.  Winters s to nc,ne Africa and Arabia.
Accipiter soloensis  CHINESE GOSHAWK.  Woodland, swamps, rice paddies.  E Asia in c,se China (from s Shensi, Honan, Anhwei and Chekiang s to Yunnan, Kwangsi and Kwangtung), Taiwan and Korea.  Winters from se Asia and Philippines s through Indonesia to New Guinea and (rarely) w Micronesia.

Accipiter francesiae  FRANCES'S GOSHAWK.  Forest, woodland, brushy areas, savanna.  Lowlands to 1800 m of Madagascar and Comoro Is. on Grand Comoro, Anjouan, Mayotte, probably Moheli.  The species name is correctly spelled francesiae (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire, 1993, p. 327).
Accipiter trinotatus  SPOT-TAILED GOSHAWK.  Forest, mangroves.  Lowlands to 1600 m of Sulawesi, incl. Talisei, Muna and Butung islands.
Accipiter novaehollandiae  GREY GOSHAWK.  Forest.  The three subspecies groups are sometimes treated as separate species.

A. n. hiogaster.  Lowlands to 1450 m of e Indonesia and New Guinea region in Moluccas, Lesser Sunda is. from Sumbawa e to Damar and Babar, Banda, Tanimbar, Aru and w Papuan is. on Gebe, Waigeo, Salawati, Numfoor, New Guinea incl. Biak, Numfor and Yapen is., Trobriand and Woodlark is., and D'Entrecasteaux on Fergusson and Goodenough, Louisiade and Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is.
 A. n. pulchellus.  Solomon Is.
 A. n. novaehollandiae.  N,e Australia (incl. coastal is.) from ne W. Australia (Kimbeleys) e to Queensland, s to Victoria, Tasmania, and w to s S. Australia (Adelaide area).

Accipiter fasciatus  BROWN GOSHAWK.  Open forest, woodland, scrub, savanna, grassland, towns, farmlands.  The larger wallacii may be a separate species from A. fasciatus, with both breeding in northern Australia.

A. f. wallacii.  Lowlands to 1200 m of s Indonesia and n Australasian region on Christmas I. (in e Indian O.), Lesser Sunda Is. (from Lombok e to Damar, Sermata and Babar, incl. Tanahjampea, Kalao, Bone Rate, Kalaotoa, Madu and Tukangbesi is.), s Moluccas (Buru), e New Guinea (w to Sepik R. and Merauke), sw Solomon Is. (Rennell, Bellona), New Hebrides, Loyalty is., New Caledonia and n Australia (generally n of lat. 20°S.
 A. f. fasciatus.  C,s Australia generally s of lat. 20°S, and Tasmania.  Winters generally in breeding range, with s Australian populations (
fasciatus) wintering n to n Australia.

Accipiter melanochlamys  BLACK-MANTLED GOSHAWK.  Forest.  Mts., 1100-3100 m, of New Guinea from Arfak Mts. e to Huon Pen. and se ranges.
Accipiter albogularis  PIED GOSHAWK.  Forest.  Lowlands of sw Oceania in Bismarck Arch. (Feni Is.), Solomon Is. and s Santa Cruz Is. on Utupua and Vanikolo.
Accipiter haplochrous  WHITE-BELLIED GOSHAWK.  Forest.  New Caledonia.
Accipiter rufitorques  FIJI GOSHAWK.  Forest.  Fiji.
Accipiter henicogrammus  MOLUCCAN GOSHAWK.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1300 m of n Moluccas on Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, and probably (or formerly) Ternate.

Accipiter luteoschistaceus  SLATY-MANTLED SPARROWHAWK.  Forest. Mts. of Umboi and New Britain islands in the cs Bismarck Arch.
Accipiter imitator  IMITATOR SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  N,c Solomon Is. on Bougainville, Choiseul and Santa Isabel.
Accipiter poliocephalus  GREY-HEADED GOSHAWK.  Forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 1500 m of New Guinea region in Aru Is. and w Papuan is. on Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati and Misool; New Guinea (incl. Yapen I.), D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson I., and Louisiade Arch. on Tagula and Misima.
Accipiter princeps  NEW BRITAIN GOSHAWK.  Forest.  Highlands of New Britain I. in Bismarck Arch.
Accipiter superciliosus  TINY HAWK.  Forest, edge, woodland.  Lowlands to 1800 m in e Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and from Colombia, w,s Venezuela (sw Táchira, Mérida, Carabobo, Barinas, Apure, Amazonas, n Bolívar) and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), and Amazonian,e Brazil (both sides of Amazon, and from Maranhão, Piau, Bahia, s Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro s to Santa Catarina) to e Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).

.Accipiter collaris  SEMICOLLARED HAWK.  Forest.  Locally in mts., 600-1800 m, of nw S. America in w,n Colombia (Antioquia, Valle, Cauca, Tolima, Santa Marta Mts., Norte de Santander, Meta), sw Venezuela (Mérida, Táchira) and w Ecuador (Pichincha); occurs at higher elevations than A. superciliosus.
Accipiter erythropus  RED-THIGHED SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  W,c Africa in Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, sw C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, Uganda, s to cw Angola and sw,sc,ce Zaire.  Often regarded as conspecific with A. minullus, but there is no evidence of intergradation in the areas of close approach and probable overlap.  Review by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 327).

Accipiter minullus  LITTLE SPARROWHAWK.  Open forest, woodland, thornbush.  Mali, se Sudan, s Ethiopia, s Somalia, n Angola, sc,se Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, ne Namibia, s Angola, Zimbabwe, n,e Botswana and e,s S. Africa (Transvaal, Natal, s Cape Prov.).  See A. erythropus.
Accipiter gularis  JAPANESE SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  E Asia in s Siberia (from upper Ob R. and Altai e through Transbaicalia and L. Baikal region to w Amurland, Ussuriland and Sakhalin), n Mongolia, ne,e China (from Heilungkiang s to e Hopeh and Kwangtung), Korea, Kuril Is., Japan (c Honshu) and s Ryukyu Is. (Iriomote, Ishigaki).  Winters in se Asia, Indonesia, Philippines and (probably) w Micronesia.  Sometimes considered as conspecific with A. virgatus.

Accipiter virgatus  BESRA.  Forest.  Foothills and mts., 600-3000 m, of s Asia and Malay Arch. from n,sw India in the Himalayas from Garhwal to Assam; W. Ghats from Maharashtra to Kerala; E. Ghats in Andhra Pradesh; Sri Lanka; c,s China (from s Shensi s to Szechwan, Yunnan and Kwangsi) and Taiwan s to Andaman and Nicobar islands, and through se Asia (except Malaya and c Vietnam) to Sumatra, n Borneo, Java, Bali, Flores and Philippines.  Winters to lower elevations.
Accipiter nanus  SMALL SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  Mts., 900-2000 m, of Sulawesi.  Possibly most closely related to A. virgatus.
Accipiter erythrauchen  RUFOUS-NECKED SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1400 m of Moluccas on Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Buru, Ambon and Seram.

Accipiter cirrocephalus  COLLARED SPARROWHAWK.  Scrub, mallee, mulga, woodland, forest.  Lowlands to 2500 m of Australasian region in Aru and w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Salawati), New Guinea (incl. Yapen I.), Louisiade Arch. (Rossel I.), Australia and Tasmania.  The specific name is correctly spelled cirrocephalus, not cirrhocephalus.
Accipiter brachyurus  NEW BRITAIN SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  Cs Bismarck Arch. on New Britain I.
Accipiter rhodogaster  VINOUS-BREASTED SPARROWHAWK.  Forest, edge, mangroves.  Lowlands to 2000 m of Sulawesi, incl. Muna, Peleng, Butung, and Banggai and Sula is.  Possibly related to  A. cirrocephalus.

Accipiter madagascariensis  MADAGASCAR SPARROWHAWK.  Scrub, savanna.  Lowlands to 1000 m of Madagascar.
Accipiter ovampensis  OVAMBO SPARROWHAWK.  Savanna, thornbush, dry woodland.  Locally in Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, s Ethiopia, n,ne Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Angola, n Namibia, n Botswana and n S. Africa in Transvaal.
Accipiter nisus  EURASIAN SPARROWHAWK.  Woodland, fields.  Palearctic from British Isles and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Anadyrland, Kamchatka Pen. and Kuril Is., and s to e Atlantic is. (Madeira, Canary), nw Africa (from Morocco to Tunisia), n Mediterranean region (incl. Sardinia and Corsica), Turkey, n,sw Iran, sw,c,se Russia to Transcaucasus and upper Volga R., and s to upper Irtysh and upper Ob rivers, thence s to Turkestan, Pakistan (Baluchistan), n India (Himalayas, 1400-4500 m, from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh and e Assam), s Tibet, c,ne China (nw Kansu, Tsinghai, w Szechwan, Hopeh, from Heilungkiang to Liaoning, and possibly n Yunnan), Korea and Japan (c Honshu).  Winters s to n,ne Africa and s Asia.

Accipiter rufiventris  RUFOUS-CHESTED SPARROWHAWK.  Forest.  Locally in highlands (generally) of e,s Africa from se,ce,ne Zaire, Rwanda, Uganda, se Sudan, w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea and w,c Kenya s through Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Malawi, w Mozambique and Zimbabwe to e,s S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal, Lesotho and s Cape Prov.  Sometimes included in A. nisus.
Accipiter striatus  SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.  Forest, woodland, scrub.  Nearctic from w,c Alaska, n Yukon, w,s Mackenzie, and from n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland, and s to c Calif., c Arizona, through highlands of Mexico to Oaxaca, and to s New Mexico, s Texas, n parts of Gulf states, and S. Carolina; Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico).  Winters from s Alaska and s Canada s to Panama and Greater Antilles.
Accipiter chionogaster  WHITE-BREASTED HAWK.  Pine and pine-oak forest and woodland.  Highlands of c Middle America in e Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and nc Nicaragua.  Sometimes treated as a race of A. striatus.

Accipiter ventralis  PLAIN-BREASTED HAWK.  Forest edge, brushy woodland, second growth.  Mts., 900-3400 m of w,n S. America from n Colombia, Venezuela (n of Orinoco, and in n Amazonas and c Bolívar) s through Andes of Ecuador and Peru to c Bolivia (Cochabamba).  Sometimes treated as a race of A. striatus.
Accipiter erythronemius  RUFOUS-THIGHED HAWK.  Forest, woodland, scrub.  Lowlands of sc,se S. America in e,se Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija), n Argentina (s to La Rioja Córdoba and Santa Fe), Paraguay, e,se Brazil (from e Mato Grosso and Bahia s to Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay.  Sometimes treated as a race of A. striatus.

Accipiter cooperii  COOPER'S HAWK.  Forest, edge, open woodland.  N. America from s British Columbia and c Alberta e across s Canada to New Brunswick, Prince Edward I. and Nova Scotia, and s to Baja Calif., Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, s Texas, Louisiana, c Mississippi, c Alabama and c Florida.  Winters from n U.S. s to Costa Rica and n S. America.
Accipiter gundlachi  GUNDLACH'S HAWK.  Forest, open woodland, mangroves.  Cuba.  Sometimes treated as a race of A. cooperii.
Accipiter bicolor  BICOLORED HAWK.  Forest, edge.  The three subspecies sometimes are treated as separate species.

A. b. bicolor.  Lowlands to 2000 m of Middle and n S. America from s Mexico (n to Oaxaca, s Tamaulipas and Yucatán Pen.) s to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru (Lambayeque) and e of Andes through e Ecuador and e Peru to ne Bolivia, Amazonian,se Brazil (Amazonia; from s Maranhão and Ceará s to c Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul), e Paraguay and (possibly) ne Argentina (Misiones).
 A. b. guttifer.  Sc S. America in n,e,se Bolivia (Pando, La Paz, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija), w Brazil (w Mato Grosso), w Paraguay and n Argentina s to Santa Fe.
 A. b. chilensis.  S. America in Chile (n to O'Higgins) and extreme w Argentina from Catamarca s to Tierra del Fuego and Staten I.

Accipiter melanoleucus  BLACK GOSHAWK.  Forest, open woodland.  Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, se Sudan, s Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania (incl. Pemba and Zanzibar is.), Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Angola, n Namibia and S. Africa (except arid sw).
Accipiter henstii  HENST'S GOSHAWK.  Forest, woodland, savanna.  Lowlands to 1800 m of Madagascar.
Accipiter gentilis  NORTHERN GOSHAWK.  Forest, edge, open woodland.  The Old and New World populations are sometimes treated as separate species.

A. g. gentilis.  Palearctic from British Isles and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia e to Kolyma R., Kamchatka, and s to nw Africa (n Morocco), n Mediterranean region (incl. Corsica and Sardinia), Turkey, n Iran, sw,c Russia (to Transcaucasus and s Urals), s Siberia (from Altai e to Ussuriland and Sakhalin), se Tibet, nw,c China (n Sinkiang, Kansu, Tsinghai, n Szechwan, probably n Yunnan), Mongolia, n Manchuria (Heilungkiang) and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Winters (gentilis) s to n Africa, Arabia, c India, n part of se Asia, Taiwan and Bonin Is.
 A. g. atricapillus.  N. America from w,c Alaska, n Yukon, w,s Mackenzie, and from ne Manitoba e across n Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland, and s to s Alaska (w to base of Alaska Pen.), c Calif., s Nevada, se Arizona, s New Mexico, e foothills of Rocky Mts. (incl. Black Hills of w S. Dakota), c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, n Minnesota, c Michigan, W. Virginia, e Kentucky, e Tennessee, w N. Carolina and Maryland; c Mexico (Jalisco). Winters s to n Mexico and s U.S.

Accipiter meyerianus  MEYER'S GOSHAWK.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands to 1600 m in the Moluccas (Halmahera, Boano, Seram, and Seram Laut is.), New Guinea (Wau, Kratke Mts., incl.Yapen and Karkar is.), Bismarck Arch. (Umboi, New Britain, Watom I.) and Solomon Is. (Kolombangra, Guadalcanal).

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