Tribe STERNINI:
Sterna nilotica GULL-BILLED TERN.
Sandy seacoasts and islands. From Denmark, c Russia, s Mongolia and
e,s China s to nw Africa in Senegambia, Mauritania and Tunisia; s Spain,
Sardinia, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Iran, Persian Gulf, Crimea, Volga-Ural
steppes, n Caucasus, Kirghiz steppes, Turkestan, se Afghanistan, Pakistan
and India e to W. Bengal and Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Indonesia, Philippines
and New Guinea; Australia. Sc California at the Salton Sea, coasts
of Sonora and Sinaloa and probably islands in the Gulf of California; coastally
from New York s to Florida and w to Texas; Bahamas on Great Inagua and
Harbour I.; Virgin Is.; Pacific coast of Ecuador; Atlantic coast in Brazil,
Uruguay and n Argentina s to s Buenos Aires.
Sterna caspia CASPIAN TERN.
Sandy and gravelly seacoasts. Locally in Tunisia, Mauritania, Senegambia,
Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya,
Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, n Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola and
S. Africa. Madagascar; Seychelles, Aldabra, Comores. Locally
in s Scandinavia, Estonia and from the Black Sea and Turkey e across nw
Iran, s Russia in the Volga-Ural steppes, Caspian and Aral seas, Kirghiz
steppes to n Mongolia, s Siberia and coastal e China from Liaoning to Kwantung,
Taiwan and Hainan; from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf e to Pakistan in Sind;
Sri Lanka; locally in Australia and Tasmania; New Zealand. Locally
from Washington, ne Alberta, s Mackenzie and c Saskatchewan e across c
Canada to Newfoundland and s to c Baja California, Sinaloa, Great Lakes
region and ne New York, s along coasts to Florida and w to Texas.
Sterna maxima ROYAL TERN. Sandy
seacoasts. Locally along Pacific coast in extreme s Calif. (rarely),
wc Baja Calif., Sonora, Sinaloa and Tres Marías Is.; from Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean
coast from New Jersey s to Florida and w to Texas, s through W. Indies
to islands off n Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Los Roques, Trinidad
and French Guiana; islands off Yucatán Pen. on Cayo Arcas and Alacrán
Reef; coast of Uruguay and n Argentina. Occurs as non-breeding migrant
or vagrant on islands and coasts of many African countries; know to breed
on islands off Mauritania and Senegambia.
Sterna bergii GREAT CRESTED-TERN.
Seacoasts. Breeds on coasts of Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Namibia
and S. Africa from Walvis Bay e to Natal and on Madagascar, Comoro and
Aldabra islands; also recorded (possibly breeding) in coastal Kenya and
Tanzania, Mozambique, Zanzibar, Pemba I.; Seychelles, Mascarene and Laccadive
islands. From coasts and islands in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf
e to se Asia, se China, Philippines, Ryukyu and Bonin islands; Micronesia
and Kiribati and s to Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Australia, Tasmania and in
s Polynesia e to Tuamotu.
Sterna elegans ELEGANT TERN.
Sandy coasts. Pacific coast from s Calif. in San Diego Bay,
s to c Baja Calif. at Scammon Lagoon and I. San
Roque; Raza, Trinidad and George islands in the Gulf of Calif.; s along
Mexican coast to Nayarit.
Sterna bengalensis LESSER CRESTED-TERN.
Seacoasts and islands. Breeding records in Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti,
Somalia. Recorded as migrant or vagrant in n,w,e,se Africa from Morocco,
Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, e S. Africa
in Natal; Madagascar, Seychelles, Aldabra, Comores; from Persian Gulf e
to Malay Peninsula; Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi; Aru Is., New Guinea, and along
coasts of w,n,e Australia s to c W. Australia at Shark Bay and s Queensland
on Fraser Island.
Sterna bernsteini CHINESE CRESTED-TERN.
Seacoasts. Coast of e China in Shantung and islands off Shantung
near Tsingtao and Mukuan Tao. Few reports in recent years; may be
extinct.
Sterna sandvicensis SANDWICH TERN.
Sandy coasts and islands.
The two races, formerly treated as species, interbreed
freely in the Lesser Antilles.
S. s. sandvicensis. Coasts
of British Isles and s Scandinavia s to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian
seas; locally in se U.S. along coasts and islands from Virginia s to Florida
and w to s Texas; off Yucatán Pen. and Belize; Bahamas; s Cuba;
Virgin Is.; and occasionally Curaçao and Trinidad.
S. s. eurygnatha. Is. off
Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Los Roques, n Trinidad and French
Guiana; along coast of s Argentina in Chubut and Santa Cruz. Often
treated as a separate species, but interbreeding occurs in mixed colonies
where the races are in contact.
Sterna aurantia RIVER TERN.
Rivers, seacoasts. Pakistan, India, Nepal, sw China in s Yunnan and
Indochina except the Malay Peninsula.
Sterna dougallii ROSEATE TERN.
Sandy and grassy seacoasts and islands. Locally in British Isles,
Denmark and nw,s France; Azores, Madeira and Canary islands; coasts from
Red Sea and Arabia s to s S. Africa, (breeding records in Senegambia, Somalia,
Kenya, S. Africa and Madagascar). Sri Lanka; Andaman Is. and coastal
Malay Peninsula; se China in Fukien and n Kwantung; Taiwan and Lan Yü
Is.; Greater Sunda Is., Indonesia; cw Philippines on the Calamian Is. and
Palawan. Locally from Maine and Nova Scotia s to Florida, W. Indies,
Bermuda and is. off n Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles to Los Roques;
islands off n Honduras.
Sterna striata WHITE-FRONTED TERN.
Coasts, bays. Tasmania and Furneaux Is., New Zealand on North, South
and Stewart islands; Chatham and Auckland islands.
Sterna sumatrana BLACK-NAPED TERN.
Rocky and sandy islets. From Seychelles and Amirantes to Aldabra
is., Madagascar, Chagos Arch. and Andaman Is. From islands off China
from Hopeh to Fukien, Taiwan; Makeno I. off s Kyushu in s Japan; s Micronesia
s to Greater Sunda Is.; coasts of ne Australia from N. Territory to e Queensland;
New Guinea; New Caledonia; Samoa and Cook Islands.
Sterna hirundinacea SOUTH AMERICAN
TERN. Coasts, islets. Coasts and islands from Peru on San Gallán
I. and e Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands.
Sterna hirundo COMMON TERN.
From British Isles, n Europe, n Russia, nc Siberia, Mongolia and n China,
s to the Azores, Canary Is. and Madeira; Tunisia, Libya (breeding records
in Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Gabon); Mediterranean Sea, Turkey,
Near East, Iraq, Iran, Middle East, probably Pakistan, and Tibet.
From n Alberta, sc Mackenzie, n Saskatchewan, nw,c Mackenzie, and from
c Ontario e to Labrador and Newfoundland, s to e Washington, ne Montana,
ne S. Dakota, c Minnesota, and from n Illinois e across n U.S. to New England,
and s along Atlantic coast to S. Carolina; locally on Gulf coast from Texas
to w Florida; Bermuda; Greater Antilles; Dominica in the Lesser Antilles,
and Netherlands Antilles off n Venezuela. Widespread winter and vagrant
records.
Sterna paradisaea ARCTIC TERN. Seacoasts,
tundra, lakes, rivers. From Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles, Jan
Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear I., Franz Josef Land, n Europe w to France and
s Scandinavia e across n Russia incl. Novaya Zemlya and n Siberia to Anadyrland,
Koryakland and Commander Is. From n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie,
Banks, Bathurst and n Ellesmere islands, Labrador and Newfoundland s to
s Alaska incl. Aleutian Is., s Yukon, nw British Columbia, s Mackenzie,
nw Saskatchewan, and from n Manitoba e across c,se Canada to New Brunswick
and s along Atlantic coast to Massachusetts; Puget Sound in Washington
State.
Sterna vittata ANTARCTIC TERN. Seacoasts.
Islands in s oceans: Ascension; St. Helena; Tristan da Cunha incl. Gough
I., Stag I. off s S. Africa; Bouvet, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie,
Amsterdam, St. Paul, Campbell, Auckland, Snares, Antipodes and Bounty islands;
Antarctic peninsula s to lat. 68°S.
Sterna virgata KERGUELEN TERN. Ponds,
marshes, beaches. Prince Edward, Marion, Crozets and Kerguelen islands
in the s Indian Ocean.
Sterna forsteri FORSTER'S TERN. Marshes
and sandy seacoasts. From se British Columbia, c Alberta, c Saskatchewan,
c Manitoba and s Ontario s to s Calif., w Nevada, sc Idaho, nc Utah, and
from n,e Colorado e across c U.S. to nw Indiana and ec Michigan; Atlantic
coast from s Massachusetts and s New York s locally to S. Carolina; Gulf
coast from Louisiana s to n Tamaulipas.
Sterna trudeaui SNOWY-CROWNED TERN.
Marshes, lagoons. Chile from Aconcagua to Isla Chiloé, Uruguay
and ne Argentina in Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires.
Sterna albifrons LITTLE TERN. Beaches,
seacoasts, rivers, lakes. From British Isles and s Scandinavia e
across c,se Russia to w Mongolia, China, se Siberia and Japan on Honshu
and Shikoku, s to Mediterranean region incl. coast of n Africa; w,ne,e
Africa (breeding records in Mauritania, Senegambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Gabon,
Chad, Socotra I.). Turkey, and from Persian Gulf and Middle East
to India, Sri Lanka and se Asia; Indonesia; Philippines; New Guinea; Bismarck
Arch., and coasts of Australia (exc. most of W. and S. Australia).
Sterna saundersi SAUNDERS'S TERN.
Seacoasts, islets. Ne Africa (breeding records in Somalia), and s
Asia from the Red Sea, Djibouti, Somalia and s Arabia e to Pakistan.
May be conspecific with albifrons, but differs vocally; interactions in
contact zones are poorly known.
Sterna antillarum LEAST TERN. Seacoasts,
beaches, bays, lagoons, lakes, rivers. Locally along major river
systems from e Montana, sc N. Dakota, w Iowa, sw Missouri, nw Indiana,
c Kentucky and nw Ohio s to c New Mexico, se Colorado, w Kansas, c Oklahoma,
ne Texas, c Louisiana and w Tennessee; coasts from c Calif. (now rare due
to habitat destruction) and Maine s to Chiapas, s Texas, Gulf coast and
Florida incl. Florida Keys; coast of Yucatán Pen. incl. Isla Cancun,
and islands off Belize and Honduras; W. Indies s to Antigua; islands off
n coast of Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Margarita I., possibly
Trinidad. Formerly treated as a race of S. albifrons, but differs
vocally and the two are not in contact.
Sterna superciliaris YELLOW-BILLED TERN.
Rivers, lakes, estuaries. Lowlands of interior S. America from Colombia,
Venezuela and Guianas s, east of the Andes, to n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay
and ne Argentina s to ne Buenos Aires.
Sterna lorata PERUVIAN TERN. Seacoasts.
Arid Pacific coast from Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador s through Peru to
n Chile s to Antofagasta.
Sterna nereis FAIRY TERN. Seacoasts,
islands. From W. Australia n to Derby and e to Port Albert, Victoria
and King I.; Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait. Breeds sympatrically
with albifrons.
Sterna balaenarum DAMARA TERN. Seacoasts.
W,s Africa from Cabinda and Angola s to s S. Africa in Cape Province.
Breeding records in Namibia and S. Africa, probably breeds on other African
coasts.
Sterna repressa WHITE-CHEEKED TERN.
Islands, coasts of the n Indian Ocean from Red Sea and ne Africa s to Kenya
(breeding records in Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya); e locally through
Persian Gulf area and India off Malvan in Maharashtra to Laccadive Islands.
Sterna acuticauda BLACK-BELLIED TERN.
Rivers, lakes, swamps, ponds. Pakistan, India, Nepal, sw China in
w Yunnan, Burma and Indochina, except Malay Peninsula.
Sterna aleutica ALEUTIAN TERN. Grassy
flats, islets, lagoons, river mouths. E Siberia in Sakhalin and Kamchatka;
Alaska from Cape Krusenstern and Kotzebue Sound s to Aleutians w to Attu,
and e to Alaska Peninsula and sc coast incl. Kodiak I.
Sterna lunata GREY-BACKED TERN. Pelagic,
breeds on sandy beaches and islets. Islands in the w Pacific from
Guguan in the c Mariana Is., Wake and Hawaiian islands e to Kaula and Moku
Manu off Oahu, s to Fiji and Tuamotu.
Sterna anaethetus BRIDLED TERN. Pelagic,
breeds on rocky or coral islands. From Taiwan, ec Philippines on
Maturin I. and Palau s to Indonesia, New Guinea and w,n,e Australia from
Cape Leeuwin in W. Australia e to Great Barrier Reef off Queensland.
Middle America off Honduras probably on Los Farallones, nw Costa Rica and
Panama. Locally on the Florida Keys, W. Indies, and off Yucatán
Pen., Belize and Venezuela. On islands off Mauritania and islands
in the Gulf of Guinea (w Africa) and e Africa (breeding records in Senegambia,
Mauritania, Gulf of Guinea Is., Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia and Kenya).
From the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and w India s to Kenya, w Madagascar, Seychelles,
Mauritius and Laccadive and Maldive islands.
Sterna fuscata SOOTY TERN. Pelagic,
breeds on sandy or coral beaches on islands. Islands from Ryukyu,
Bonin, Marcus and Wake is., Hawaiian Is. from Kure e to Moku Manu and Manana
off Oahu, and islands off w Mexico: Clipperton, Revillagigedo, Tres Marías,
Isabela, Alijos Rocks; s to Philippines, islands off e Australia, Lord
Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec Is., Tuamotu, Galapagos, Sala-y-Gómez, and
San Félix off Chile. Islands off coasts from N. Carolina to
Florida, w to Texas, off Yucatán Pen. and Belize, throughout W.
Indies to islands off n coast of S. America, off Brazil, and in tropical
Atlantic on Salvage, Ascension, St. Helena and Príncipe. Indian
Ocean from ne Arabia, Madagascar, Mascarene, Seychelles, (breeding records
in Senegambia, Gulf of Guinea Is., Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Madagascar,
Mascarene Is.). Laccadive, Maldive and Andaman islands, s to islands
off w Australia.
Chlidonias albostriatus BLACK-FRONTED TERN.
Rivers, lakes. New Zealand on South Island from Marlborough Sound
to Southland; formerly on North Island. Sometimes placed in Sterna;
sometimes treated as a race of C. hybridus.
Chlidonias hybridus WHISKERED TERN.
Marshes, swamps, lagoons, rivers, lakes. From s Europe n to c France
and s Poland, Mediterranean region and from Morocco to Tunisia and Mali,
e through Turkey, Middle and Near East, Iraq, e Iran, Ukraine, Volga-Ural
steppes, Kazakhstan, Aral Sea, Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes to s Siberia
in Transbaicalia, c,e China, Taiwan s to n,c India and se Asia; Togian
I. off n Sulawesi. From Kenya and Tanzania s to S. Africa w to sw Cape
Prov.; Madagascar (breding records in Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi,
Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, S. Africa, Madagascar). Australia, except
Tasmania.
Chlidonias leucopterus WHITE-WINGED TERN.
Marshes, wet meadows. From e Europe in Poland and from Hungary to
Bulgaria and Romania, e across n Turkey, Ukraine, Ural Mts., Volga-Ural
steppes, Black Sea, Armenia, Caucasus and n Kirghiz steppes to s Siberia
in Transbaicalia, Amurland, s Ussuriland and s Sakhalin, Mongolia and n
China; se Iraq; irregularly to Kenya and n Tanzania. Has nested,
usually paired with C. niger, in Quebec, Wisconsin and New York; recorded
annually during migration in eastern North America.
Chlidonias niger BLACK TERN. Marshes,
wet meadows. From s Sweden, n Europe, nc Russia and c Siberia, s
to s Spain, Sardinia, n Italy, Greece, w Turkey, Armenia, n Caucasus, Caspian
and Aral seas, Turkestan, Altai and w China. From sw,ec British Columbia,
n Alberta, sc Mackenzie, nw Saskatchewan and n Manitoba e across s Canada
to Nova Scotia and s locally to sc Calif., n Nevada, n Utah, Colorado,
and from Nebraska e to sc Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New England.
Phaetusa simplex LARGE-BILLED TERN.
Rivers, lakes, estuaries. Lowlands to 3500 m, w of the Andes in w
Ecuador; from Colombia in the c Andes in Cauca; e Andes in Boyacá;
Venezuela, Margarita I., Trinidad and Guianas s, e of the Andes, to n,e
Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina s to Córdoba and Buenos
Aires.
Anous stolidus BROWN NODDY. Sandy
beaches, trees on islands; pelagic in winter. Islands from Ryukyu,
Bonin and Hawaiian from Kure e to Moku Manu and Manana off Oahu, s to islands
off w,n,e Australia s to Houtman Abrohos Is. off W. Australia and Raine
I. off Queensland, Norfolk I., Fiji, Tonga on Eua and Kalau is., and s
Polynesia e to Sala-y-Gómez; from Revillagigedo, Tres Marías,
Tres Marietas and Isabela is. off w Mexico, s to Costa Rica on Cocos I.,
Colombia on Octavia Rocks and Gorgona I., and Galapagos Is. From
the Dry Tortugas and Bahamas s through W. Indies to islands off Yucatán
Pen. on Alacrán Reef, Belize, Isla San Andrés, Venezuela
from Las Aves e to Margarita, Tobago and Trinidad and French Guiana.
Islands in c,s Atlantic on Trindade, Ascension, St. Helena, Tristan da
Cunha and Gough islands; islands in Gulf of Guinea off w Africa (breeding
records in Gulf of Guinea Is., Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Aldabra, Comores,
Madagascar, Mascarene Is.). From islands in the Red Sea, Gulf of
Aden and Laccadive Is., s to Seychelles, Madagascar; islands off Sumatra
incl. Nias and possibly others, and Kebantuan I. off se Belitung.
Anous minutus BLACK NODDY. Trees on islands, rock ledges; pelagic in winter. Is. from Philippines, Palau, Wake, Marcus and Hawaiian is. s to Kebuantuan I. off Belitung, Borneo, New Guinea, ne Australia on Great Barrier Reef off Queensland; Norfolk I., Fiji, Kalau in Tonga, and Tuamotu; Clipperton I., Cocos I. off Costa Rica. Southwest Cay off Belize (formerly?) and Los Roques, possibly Las Aves off Venezuela; islands in s Atlantic from St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks to Fernando de Noronha, St. Helena, Gulf of Guinea and (formerly) Tristan da Cunha on Inaccessible I. Ranges at sea in tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans; in the S. Atlantic ranges n to, and breeds on, Príncipe I. in the Gulf of Guinea (Aug. 1991 records from D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).
Anous tenuirostris LESSER NODDY. Trees
on islands, mangroves; pelagic in winter. Seychelles, Mascarene Is.
(breeds), Madascar. Houtman Abrolhos Is. off W. Australia.
Sometimes treated as conspecific with A. minutus.
Procelsterna cerulea BLUE-GREY NODDY.
Breeds on coastal cliffs and sandy beaches.
P. c. cerulea. Islands from n Marshall Is.,
and Hawaiian islands on Gardner Pinnacles, French Frigate Shoals, Necker,
Nihoa, and Kaula, s to Fiji and Samoa, e to Marquesas, Tuamotu, Henderson,
Easter, Sala-y-Gómez and San Ambrosia.
P. c. albivitta. Lord Howe I., Norfolk
and Kermadec is., and Tonga. No evidence that albivitta is a separate
species.
Gygis alba COMMON WHITE-TERN. Trees
on islands, rock ledges. Breeds on the Seychelles, Mascarene, Aldabra and
Comores islands. Islands in tropical Pacific from Caroline, Marshall
and Hawaiian is. on Kure e to Kaula; Oahu; s to Bismarck Arch. on Wuvulu,
Ninigo and Tench I.; Nguria Is., s to Norfolk I., Kermadec Is., Tonga,
Society Is., and Hatutu I. in the Marquesas; from Clipperton I. off w Mexico
and Cocos I. off Costa Rica, s to Galapagos, Easter and Sala-y-Gómez
is. Islands in s Atlantic on Fernando de Noronha, Trindade, Martin
Vas Rocks, Ascension and St. Helena.
Gygis microrhyncha LITTLE WHITE-TERN.
Trees on islands, rock ledges. Islands in Pacific Ocean in s China
Sea on the Paracel Is., and the Line, Phoenix and Marquesas from Eiao to
Fatu Hiva islands. Sometimes treated as a race of G. alba.
Larosterna inca INCA TERN. Rocky
seacoasts, islands. Pacific coast and islands of sw S. American in
Peru and n Chile s to Aconcagua.
SubfamilyALCINAE:
Friesen, et al. 1994. J. für Orn.
135:30) compared 1045 bases of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene plus electrophoretic
profiles of 37 allozyme loci among the species of Brachyramphus.
Among their conclusions is the recognition of B. perdix as a separate species,
formerly included in marmoratus. A complete account based on data
for 22 extant species of alcines will be published in Mol. Biol. and Evolution
in 1995. In this paper (pers. comm.) the alcines are divided into
six lineages (1). Dovekie, murres, Razorbill; (2). guillemots; (3). Xantus',
Craveri's, Ancient and Japanese murrelets; (4). Long-billed, Marbled and
Kittlitz's murrelets; (5). auklets (except Rhinoceros Auklet); (6). Rhinoceros
Auklet and the puffins.
Alle alle DOVEKIE or LITTLE AUK. Pelagic
and coastal, breeds on coastal cliffs. On Baffin I.; coasts and islands
of Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Bear I., Franz Josef Land,
Novaya Zemlya and North Land; probably St. Lawrence and Little Diomede
is. in Bering Sea and e Ellesmere I. in Canadian Arctic.
Uria aalge COMMON MURRE. Pelagic
and seacoasts, breeds on coastal cliffs. From Greenland, Iceland,
Bear I. and Novaya Zemlya s to British Isles, Iberian Pen., n France and
c Norway; e Siberia from Kamchatka s to Sakhalin; e Korea, Japan and Kuril
and Commander is. From Cape Lisburne, Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound
and Diomede Is. in w Alaska s through Bering Sea islands of St. Matthews,
Nunivak and Pribilof, to Aleutian Is., and from sc Alaska s along the Pacific
coast to Farallon Is. and c Calif; e N. America from Labrador and se Quebec
s to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
Uria lomvia THICK-BILLED MURRE. Pelagic
and seacoasts; breeds on coastal cliffs. Coasts and islands in Greenland,
Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, n Norway, Kola Pen.,
Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian I., Wrangel I., e Siberia from Chukotski Pen.
s to Kamchatka and Sakhalin, and Kuril and Commander is. From n,w,sw
Alaska at Cape Lisburne, Kotzebue Sound and Diomede Is., s through Pribilofs
to Aleutians, e to Kodiak, Middleton and St. Lazaria is., nw Mackenzie,
and Prince Leopold, Bylot and e Baffin is., s to n Hudson Bay on Coats
I., Chesterfield Inlet, n Quebec, Labrador, Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland.
Formerly Maine.
Alca torda RAZORBILL or RAZOR-BILLED AUK.
Pelagic and seacoasts; breeds on coastal cliffs and rocky islands.
From Greenland e to British Isles, Bear I., Scandinavia and nw Russia on
the Kola Pen., s to n Europe w to France. From se Baffin I. and coast
of Labrador s to se Quebec, e Newfoundland, s New Brunswick, e Maine on
Machias Seal I. and Matinicus Rock, and Nova Scotia.
*Pinguinus impennis GREAT AUK. Extinct.
Last specimen in 1844. Bred on Bird Rocks in the Gulf of St
Lawrence, Funk I. off Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland and St. Kilda in
the Outer Hebrides, possibly elsewhere in the nw Palearctic. Subfossil
bones have been found on the Murman coast of the Barents Sea ca. 400 km
e of the Varanger Fjord in ne Norway, the next nearest site in n Scandinavia
(Potapova, O. Poster at XXI Intl. Orn. Congr., 1994).
Cepphus grylle BLACK GUILLEMOT. Pelagic
and seacoasts; breeds on rocky islands and coastal cliffs. From Greenland,
Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles, Scandinavia, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen,
Bear I., Franz Josef Land and Estonia e through nw Russia on the Kola Pen.,
Novaya Zemlya and New Siberian, Wrangel and Herald is. to ne Siberia on
the Chukotski Pen. and Kuril and Commander islands. N Alaska on St.
Lawrence I. and from Cape Thompson e to Barter I. and n Yukon; from Ellesmere,
Devon, Somerset, Bylot and e Baffin is. and n Labrador s to ne Keewatin,
Hudson and James bays, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Maine and Nova Scotia.
Cepphus columba PIGEON GUILLEMOT.
Pelagic and coastal; breeds on coastal cliffs and rocky shores. Ne
Siberia from Chukotski Pen. s to Kamchatka and Commander islands.
From n Alaska at Cape Lisburne and Cape Thompson s through islands in Bering
Sea (Diomede, St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Hall, Bogoslof) and w Alaska at
Norton Sound, Cape Newenham and Cape Peirce, to s Alaska w to the Aleutians
and s along Pacific coast to s California; Kuril Islands.
Cepphus carbo SPECTACLED GUILLEMOT.
Pelagic and rocky coasts; breeds on coastal cliffs and rocky shores.
From Sea of Okhotsk s to Ussuriland, ne Korea, Sakhalin, Kuril Is. and
n Japan on Hokkaido and n Honshu.
Brachyramphus marmoratus MARBLED MURRELET.
Pelagic and seacoasts; usually nests in coastal coniferous forest on high
limbs of tall trees; occasionally on the ground. Most ground nests
have been found in treeless areas in Alaska, but see note below.
Known to breed only in Alaska on the Kenai Pen. and Barren Is., w Washington
and locally in n coastal California s to Santa Cruz County. Probably
in other places from Alaska to California, but nests difficult to find
high up in tall trees. Ford and Brown (1995. Wilson Bull. 107:178-179)
cited previous records of ground nests and described one in old-growth
forest on n Prince of Wales Island in se Alaska, ca. 13 km from saltwater.
Brachyramphus perdix LONG-BILLED MURRELET.
Pelagic and seacoasts; nesting as in marmoratus. Kamchatka and shores
of Sea of Okhotsk. Previously considered a subspecies of marmoratus.
Brachyramphus brevirostris KITTLITZ'S MURRELET.
Pelagic and coasts; breeds on coastal cliffs, barren ground and rocky mt.
slopes. Mts. of Alaska from Point Hope s to Aleutians and e to Glacier
Bay and the Russian Far East. Day (1995. Condor 97:271-273) recorded
nests in Katmai Natl. Park, Alaska, one was at ca. 2000 m elevation, 39
km from saltwater and 5.6 km from a rough, dangerous river; another nest
was in a similar situation at 975 m elevation. A nest at ca. 1000
m elevation, 5 km from saltwater and 2500 m from a river, was found in
the Tavuvnan Mts. in the ne part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia in
1990.
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus XANTUS'S MURRELET. Pelagic and coasts; breeds on the ground or in burrows on islands. The two races (or species) breed on Santa Barbara I. and the San Benito Is., apparently with limited hybridization, and may be separate species.
S. h. hypoleucus. Islands off s Calif. on
San Miguel, Anacapa, Santa Barbara and possibly other Channel Islands;
w Baja Calif. on Los Coronados, Todos Santos, San Benito, Natividad is.
S. h. scrippsi. Santa Barbara I.
off s Calif., and Guadalupe and San Benito islands off nw Baja California.
Synthliboramphus craveri CRAVERI'S MURRELET.
Pelagic and coasts. Breeds in rock crevices on islands in the Gulf
of Calif. n to Consag Rock; probably on islands n along Pacific coast of
Baja Calif.
Synthliboramphus antiquus ANCIENT MURRELET.
Pelagic and coasts, rarely on large lakes; breeds on rocky seacoasts or
in burrows. From Kamchatka s to Amurland, Sakhalin, Dagelet I., Korea,
and Kuril and Commander is. From s Alaska on the Aleutian, Sanak
and Kodiak islands, s to the Queen Charlotte Is. and nw Washington on Carroll
I.
Synthliboramphus wumizusume JAPANESE MURRELET.
Pelagic and coasts; breeds on rocky islets and seacoasts. Islands
off s Japan in s Honshu, w Kyushu, incl. Izu Is.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus CASSIN'S AUKLET.
Pelagic and coastal; breeds in burrows on islands. Offshore islands
from s Alaska w to Buldir I. in the Aleutians, s to s Baja Calif. on Asunción,
San Roque and Guadalupe islands.
Cyclorrhynchus psittacula PARAKEET AUKLET.
Pelagic and coastal; breeds on coastal cliffs, islands and rocky slopes
and beaches. From Chukotski Pen. s to Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka and
Commander Is. W Alaska from Diomede Is., Fairway Rock, Sledge I.
and Norton Sound s to Pribilof and Aleutian islands, e to islands in Prince
William Sound.
Aethia cristatella CRESTED AUKLET.
Pelagic and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes, cliffs and beaches.
From Chukotski Pen., s to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and c Kuril Is. From
islands in Bering Sea on Diomede, Fairway Rock and Sledge I., and w Alaska
on Norton Sound, s to Pribilofs and Aleutians e to Shumagin and Semidi
is., but absent from Near Is.
Aethia pygmaea WHISKERED AUKLET. Pelagic
and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes and beaches. Commander and Kuril
islands. Aleutians e to Unimak and w to Buldir I.
Aethia pusilla LEAST AUKLET. Pelagic
and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes, coastal cliffs and beaches.
Coast of Chukotski Pen. From Diomede Is. s to Pribilof, Aleutian,
Shumagin and Semidi islands.
Cerorhinca monocerata RHINOCEROS AUKLET.
Pelagic and coastal; breeds in burrows on wooded islands. From s
Sakhalin and s Kuril is., s to Korea and Japan. Pacific coast from
sc,se Alaska w to Barren, Middleton, St. Lazaria and Forrester islands,
s to the Farallon Is. off c Calif.
Fratercula arctica ATLANTIC PUFFIN.
Pelagic and coastal; breeds on rocky slopes and burrows on coasts and islands.
From Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Spitsbergen, Bear I. and Novaya Zemlya
s to British Isles, nw France, n Scandinavia and nw Russia on the Kola
Pen. From Labrador s to se Quebec, Newfoundland, sw New Brunswick
and Seal I. and Matinicus Rock off e Maine; Digges I. off nw Quebec.
Fratercula corniculata HORNED PUFFIN.
Pelagic and coasts; breeds on cliffs and in burrows on rocky islands.
From Chukotski Pen. s to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and n Kuril and Commander
islands. From Diomede I. and Cape Lisburne in w Alaska s through
islands in Bering Sea to Aleutians and s Alaska, s along coast to Queen
Charlotte Is.
Fratercula cirrhata TUFTED PUFFIN. Pelagic and coastal; breeds in burrows on rocky slopes or islands. From Chukotski Pen. s to Ussuriland, Sakhalin, n Japan and Kuril and Commander islands. In nw N. America from Diomede Is. and Cape Thompson in w Alaska s to Aleutians and s Alaska, s along coast to the Farallon Is. off c Calif. Formerly on Anacapa I.
Sibley's Sequence - 20
