Atatürk's Life
"There
are two Mustafa Kemals. One is the flesh-and-bone Mustafa Kemal who now stands
before you and who will pass away. The other is you, all of you here who will
go to the far corners of our land to spread the ideals which must be defended
with your lives if necessary. I stand for the nation's dreams, and my life's
work is to make them come true."
Atatürk stands as one of the
world's few historic figures who dedicated their lives totally to their
nations.
He was born in 1881 (probably
in the Spring) in Selanik, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece. His father,
Ali Riza, a customs official turned timber merchant, died when Mustafa was
still a boy. His mother, Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him
and his sister. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he soon
switched to a modern school. In 1893, he entered a military high school where
his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal (meaning
"perfection") in recognition of young Mustafa's superior
achievement. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal.
In 1905, Mustafa Kemal
graduated from the Military Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff
Captain. Posted in Damascus, he started, with several colleagues, a
clandestine society called "Homeland and Freedom" to fight against
the Sultan's despotism. Mustafa Kemal's career flourished as he won fame and
promotions because of his heroism in the farflung corners of the Ottoman
Empire, including Albania and Tripoli. He also briefly served as a staff
officer in Selanik and Istanbul and as a military attache in Sofia.
When
the Dardanelles campaign was launched in 1915, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a
national hero by winning successive vistories and finally repelling the
invaders. Promoted to general in 1916, at age 35, he liberated two major
provinces in eastern Antalia that year. In the next two years, he served as
commander of several Ottoman armies in Palestine and Aleppo, achieving
anotherr major victory by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppo.
On May 19, 1919, Mustafa
Kemal landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to start the War of Independence.
In defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberation army in
Anatolia and convened the Congresses of Erzurum and Sivas which established
the basis for the new national effort under his leadership. On April 23, 1920,
the Grand National Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa Kemal was elected to its
Presidency.
Fighting on many fronts, he
led his forces to victory against rebels and invading armies. Following the
Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand
National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal the title of Commander-in-Chief
with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armies won
their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was
completely liberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman
dynasty abolished.
In July 1923, the national
government signed the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain, France, Greece,
Italy and others. In mid-October, Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish
State. On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was
unanimously elected President of the Republic.
The
account of Atatürk's fifteen-year presidency is a saga of dramatic
modernization. With indefatigable determination, he created a new political
and legal system, abolished the Caliphate and made both government and
education secular, gave equal rights to women, changed the alphabet and
advanced the arts, sciences, agriculture and industry.
In 1934, when the surname law
was adopted, the national parliament gave him the name "Atatürk"
(Father of Turks).
On November 10, 1938,
following an illness of a few months, the national liberator and the Father of
modern Turkey died. His legacy to his people and to the world endures.
|