A Room of One's Own

 by Virginia Woolf

http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/roomofonesown/analysis.html

The orientation of A Room of One's Own is materialistic and social as Woolf's thesis shows: "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction

What are the basic material and social conditions in which aesthetic achievement becomes a realistic possibility? By addressing this question, she hopes to situate the problem of women and fiction in an objective and historicized framework--in rejection of a theoretical tradition founded on the assumption that women are naturally inferior to men. Woolf's argument constantly returns to the concrete material details of the situations she describes: the food that was eaten, the money that was spent, the comfort of the accommodations, and the demands on people's time. Her strategy is designed to convince the reader of the deep relevance of these physical conditions for the possibility of intellectual and creative activity.

As Woolf describes her narrator's thoughts on women and fiction, she emphasizes the role of interruptions in the reflective process: a private room is a basic requirement for creative work. The fact that women have not historically been granted space or leisure for uninterrupted thinking is, in Woolf's view, a determining factor in the history of their literary achievements. Intelligence works by "wild flash[es] of imagination" or the "lightning crack of genius"--insights which nevertheless take time to gestate. Yet time and time again, just as our narrator seems to be on the verge of an insight of this sort, her thinking is cut off--usually by an authority figure trying to keep her in her place. Where a man would have been given free rein, the narrator is restricted to a narrow path on the Oxbridge campus. Nor is she permitted to enter the college library.

These obstacles symbolize the effects of an educational culture that radically restricts the scope of a woman's intellectual exposure. Woolf identifies the fact of being denied access--whether to buildings or ideas--as another type of infringement on the freedom of the female mind. This exclusion is a more radical kind of interruption, one that disturbs not just a single thought or reverie, but the life-long development of an individual or the historical development of an intellectual tradition.


http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/own/themes.html

Major Themes:

500 Pounds and a Room of One's Own: Woolf repeatedly insists upon the necessity of an inheritance that requires no obligations and of the privacy of one's own room for the promotion of creative genius.

She gives a historical argument that lack of money and privacy have prevented women from writing with genius in the past. Without money, women are slavishly dependent on men; without privacy, constant interruptions block their creativity. Freedom of thought is hampered as women consume themselves with thoughts of gender. They write out of anger or insecurity, and such emotions make them think about themselves rather than about their subjects. Aphra Behn is the first female writer to earn her own money from writing. She paved the way for 19th-century novelists like Jane Austen who were able to write despite the lack of privacy in their family sitting-rooms. Woolf believes that contemporary female writers still generally operate out of anger or insecurity, but that in the future, with money and privacy, their minds will be freed and their genius will blossom.

Coleridge's Androgynous Mind: Woolf adapts Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge's idea that the "androgynous" mind is a pure vessel for thought that inspires the most objective and creative relationship with reality.

Woolf does not view androgyny as asexual, but rather as a union of male and female minds, which she believes are different. She encourages this differentiation but sees their fusion as a necessity; both genders have a blind spot about their own and the opposite sex, and are dependent on each other to flesh out an accurate portrayal of humanity (she also contends that the sexes are dependent on each other to renew creative power). Shakespeare, for example, had this kind of androgynous mind

The Aggression of Men: Woolf posits that men historically belittle women as a means of asserting their own superiority. In her metaphor of a looking-glass relationship, men, threatened by the thought of losing their power, reduce women to enlarge themselves, using them as mirrors. However, just as women's writing suffers from the emotions of anger and fear, men's writing suffers from this aggression and are full of prejudices. In the end, their writing revolves around them rather than around their subject. Woolf points out that war is a greater societal byproduct of this consuming aggression and defensiveness.

Institutionalized sexism: Much of "A Room of One's Own" is dedicated to an analysis of the patriarchal English society, which has limited women's opportunity. Woolf reflects upon how men, the only gender allowed to keep their own money, have historically fed resources back into the universities and similar institutions that helped them gain power in the first place; in contrast, the women's university the narrator stays at had to scrap together funds when it was chartered.

Woolf compares the effect of the relative wealth of the male and female universities: the luxurious lunch at the men's college provokes pleasant intellectual banter, while the mediocre dinner at the female college hampers thought. Women are not even allowed in the library at the men's college without special permission, or to cross its lawn.

Woolf goes back to Elizabethan times to give a fictional-historical example of sexism: Judith Shakespeare, imagined sister of William, leads a tragic life of unrealized genius as society scorns her attempts to make something of her brilliant mind.

Woolf traces such obstacles against women writers through the modern day; beyond her main treatment of money and privacy, she touches upon topics such as the masculine derogation of female books, subjects, and prose style.

Una stanza tutta per sé (A Room of One's Own) è un saggio della celebre autrice inglese Virginia Woolf. Fu pubblicato per la prima volta il 24 ottobre 1929 e si è basata su due conferenze tenute a Newnham e Girton, College femminili dell'Università di Cambridge, nel 1928.


http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una_stanza_tutta_per_s%C3%A9 (modificato)

"Intellectual freedom depends upon material things. Poetry depends upon intellectual freedom".

Il saggio ripercorre la storia letteraria delle donna. In senso pratico il fine ultimo della tesi di Virginia Woolf è quello di rivendicare, per il genere femminile, la possibilità di essere ammesse ad una cultura che fino a quel momento si era rivelata di esclusivo appannaggio maschile, in una società, nella fattispecie quella Inglese, di stampo profondamente patriarcale.

[...] Se secoli di sudditanza hanno relegato la figura femminile al silenzio, escludendola dalle sale della cultura, diviene allora necessario dare spazio ad una voce che rappresenti la prospettiva femminile.

[...]Se lo scenario del saggio-romanzo di Virginia Woolf è quello universitario (la protagonista, anonima, parla durante una giornata nel fittizio college di Oxbridge), questo non è casuale. È proprio partendo dal luogo principe dell'esclusione femminile, [l'Università] che Woolf decide di smantellare una cultura d'élite, ridicolizzandone i difetti.

[...] Woolf afferma inoltre, "there is no mark on the wall to measure the height of women in history", sottolineando come la mancanza di cultura e vita sociale, abbiano reso la donna invisibile nella storia. Non c'è un muro su cui misurarne le gesta, poiché nessun gesto è mai stato compiuto. [...]Vi è infatti più di un riferimento all'impossibilità delle donne di riuscire ad ottenere un posto nella società, perché troppo impegnate ad occuparsi di bambini e attività domestiche. Nessuna delle grandi scrittrici aveva figli, sottolinea. Questo argomento viene ripreso in una sezione particolare, in cui Woolf inventa un personaggio fittizio, quello di Judith "la sorella di Shakespeare". La figura di un'ipotetica sorella del più grande scrittore esistito, anche lei desiderosa di divenire scrittrice, ma sbeffeggiata da tutti, serve per illustrare le mancanze, le negazioni, a cui il mondo femminile va inevitabilmente incontro. La strada di Judith si divide in una pericolosa biforcazione: essere una scrittrice, e venire indicata come folle; o arrendersi al volere del padre e trovare marito. La sua storia si concluderà con una gravidanza forzata, e il suicidio di Judith. [...]

Ma la Woolf non si sofferma solo su questo. Il merito storicamente più riconosciuto all'opera, è il tentativo di riordinare la storia delle scrittrici, partendo da Aphra Behn, per arrivare a Jane Austen,e le sorelle Brontë e finire con George Eliot. Queste ultime in particolare, vengono criticate per aver lasciato che la rabbia dovuta all'esclusione dal mondo attivo, traspaia dalla loro letteratura, errore che non commette ad esempio Jane Austen. La rabbia è un altro elemento fondamentale del saggio, e la Woolf la attribuisce all'incapacità della donna di riuscire a liberarsi dal peso della "men's sentence". Nel viaggio in cui ci conduce, attraverso il silenzio delle stanze domestiche che non vengono illuminate dalla scrittura, dalla mancanza di soldi che permetterebbe al mondo femminile di ottenere una libertà intellettuale, Virginia Woolf arriva alla conclusione che l'unica sentence che vesta adeguatamente il libro sia androgina. La mente androgina, che si libera dal peso della costruzione psicologica maschile e femminile, permette di vedere le cose obiettivamente. [...]

Il titolo deriva dalla concezione della Woolf che, "una donna deve avere soldi e una stanza tutta per sé per poter scrivere". Si fa anche riferimento alla necessità di una licenza poetica e alla libertà personale per creare arte, da parte di qualsiasi autore od artista.