La storia è racconto attraverso i libri Il primo testo che accompagna la presentazione è in genere quello diffuso dall'editore, dalla libreria o da critici che vengono indicati. Se non diversamente indicati sono del sito. 100 I DECADUTI |
|
di Massimo Gorki
|
Addosso agli ebrei
Di fronte alla folla, un carrettiere, eccitando il cavallo colle redini che gli scuoteva sulla schiena e lanciandolo a galoppo sulla via non lastricata, gridava a squarciagola:
- Stanno massacrando i nostri!.:. |
Alexander Peshkov (later known as Maxim Gorky was born
in Nizhny Novgorod on 16th March, 1868. His father was a shipping agent
but he died when Gorky was only five years old. His mother remarried and
Gorky was brought up by his grandmother. Gorky left home in 1879 and went to live in a small village in Kazan and worked as a baker. At this time radical groups such as the - Land and Liberty- group sent people into rural areas to educate the peasants. Gorky attended these meetings and it was during this period that Gorky read the works of Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Peter Lavrov , Alexander Herzen, Karl Marx and George Plekhanov. Gorky became a Marxist but he was later to say that was largely because of the teachings of the village baker, Vasilii Semenov. In 1887 Gorky witnessed a Pogrom in Nizhny Novgorod. Deeply shocked by what he saw, Gorky became a life-long opponent of racism. Gorky worked with the Liberation of Labour group and in October, 1889 was arrested and accused of spreading revolutionary propaganda. He was later released because they did not have enough evidence to gain a conviction. However, the Okhrana decided to keep him under police surveillance. |
Entrai nel cortile di una casa del vicoletto nel quale mi trovavo;
scavalcai il muro divisorio di un cortile vicino e dopo aver rifatto la
stessa manovra un altro paio di volte, mi trovai in mezzo ad un numeroso
assembramento. Il suolo pareva tremare sotto i passi del
torrente impetuoso che riempiva lo stretto cortile intorno ad una gran
casa di pietra, contro la quale si addossavano molti caseggiati
dipendenti da essa. Colla testa alzata, gli uomini si agitavano come
tanti ossessi; i loro volti erano rossi ed oltremodo eccitati; i denti
rilucevano nelle bocche spalancate. Agitavano i pugni, si spingevano,
salivano sulle tettoie, cadevano e tornavano a salire. E malgrado la
diversità dei gesti di ogni individuo, avevano tutti qualche cosa di
simile; erano, per così dire, le membra separate d'un corpo gigantesco
animato da una sola ed unica e potente forza. Dominando dall' alto
tutto quel brulichio feroce I mosso dallo stesso odio I un Ebreo magro
ed alto stava in cima alla casa, vicino al tubo del cammino, Ne
strappava i mattoni ad uno ad uno e li lanciava giù con grida stridule
somiglianti a quelle dei gabbiani. La lunga barba bianca gli tremava sul
petto, ed il suo calzone bianco era coperto di macchie rosse, |
Osip Volzhanin met Gorky in 1889: "He was tall,
stooped, dressed in a coat-like jacket and high polished boots. His face
was ordinary, plebeian, with a homely duck-like nose. By his appearance
he could easily have been taken for a worker or a craftsman. The young
man sat on the window sill, and swinging his long legs, spoke strongly
emphasizing the letter 'O'. We listened with great delight to his
stories, though Somov, an implacable 'political', disapproved of the
stories and the behaviour of the young man. In his opinion, the latter
occupied himself with trifles." In 1891 Gorky moved to Tiflis where he found employment as a painter in a railway yard. The following year his first short-story, Makar Chudra, appeared in the Tiflis newspaper, Kavkaz. He story appeared under the name Maxim Gorky (Maxim the Bitter). The story was popular with the readers and soon others began appearing in other journals such as the successful Russian Wealth. Gorky also began writing articles on politics and literature for newspapers. In 1895 he began writing a daily column under the heading, By the Way. In this articles he campaigned against the eviction of peasants from their land and the persecution of trade unionists in Russia. He also criticized the country's poor educational standards, the government's treatment of the Jewish community and the growth in foreign investment in Russia. In his story Twenty-six Men and a Girl, one of his characters comment: “The poor are always rich in children, and in the dirt and ditches of this street there are groups of them from morning to night, hungry, naked and dirty. Children are the living flowers of the earth, but these had the appearance of flowers that have faded prematurely, because they grew in ground where there was no healthy nourishment.” |
Lo specchio attraversò lo spazio, riflettendo i raggi del sole. Il giovanotto si chinò fuori della finestra e lo seguì con lo sguardo.
Il suo largo viso pareva preoccupato e
grave, ma per nulla irritato. Un contadino dalla barba nera si mostrò ad
un'altra finestra; teneva fra le .mani un grosso cuscino di piume. Ne
lacerò la fodera e le piume ne uscirono a fìocchi come una nube bianca.
|
Gorky's short stories often showed Gorky's interest in
social reform. In a letter to a friend, Gorky argued that "the aim of
literature is to help man to understand himself, to strengthen the trust
in himself, and to develop in him the striving toward truth; it is to
fight meanness in people, to learn how to find the good in them, to
awake in their souls shame, anger, courage; to do all in order that man
should become nobly strong." In 1898 Gorky published his first collection of short-stories. The book was a great success and he was now one of the country's most read and discussed writers. His choice of heroes and themes helped him emerge as the champion of the poor and the oppressed. The Okhrana became greatly concerned with Gorky's outspoken views, especially his articles and stories about the police, but his increasing popularity with the public made it difficult for them to take action against him. Gorky secretly began helping illegal organizations such as the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Social Democratic Labour Party. He donated money to party funds and helped with the distribution of radical newspapers such as Iskra. One Bolsheviks later recalled that Gorky's contribution included "financial help systematically paid every month, technical assistance in the establishment of printing shops, organizing transport of illegal literature, arranging for meeting places, and supplying addresses of people who could be helpful." |
- A voi, le stoviglie ! .. Scostatevi ! .. ,
Un mucchio di piatti cadde, seguiti da un
samovar di rame, scintillante come il sole. La gente, nel cortile si
scostò, proteggendosi la testa con le due braccia alzate, e si gridava e
si rideva, Un giovanotto, biondo e grasso, s’impadronì del samovar ed
incominciò a sfondarlo coi piedi. Un singhiozzo che non aveva nulla di
umano risuono nella soffitta. Tutte le teste si alzarono .... Si udì lo
stridore di una lastra di zinco che si staccava... E, ad un tratto,
sull'orlo del tetto, apparve una torma indecisa e voluminosa che, per
alcuni minuti secondi, rimase sospesa in aria, dibattendosi. ... poi ci
fu un gemito .. , un rantolo ... finalmente un urto molle ed orribile
... Uscii di corsa, dal cortile. Dietro a me scoppiarono grida feroci ed
urli di trionfo: |
On 4th March, 1901, Gorky witnessed a police attack on a student demonstration in Kazan. After publishing a statement attacking the way the police treated the demonstrators, Gorky was arrested and imprisoned. Gorky's health deteriorated and afraid he would die, the authorities released him after a month. He was put under house arrest, his correspondence was monitored and restrictions were placed on his movement around the country. When he was allowed to travel to the Crimea, he was greeted on the route by large crowds bearing banners with the words: "Long live Gorky, the bard of Freedom exiled without investigation or trial." In 1902 Gorky was elected to the Imperial Academy of Literature. Nicholas II was furious when he heard the news and wrote to his Minister of Education: "Neither Gorky's age nor his works provide enough ground to warrant his election to such an honorary title. Much more serious is the circumstance that he is under police surveillance. And the Academy is allowing, in our troubled times, such a person to be elected! I am deeply dismayed by all this and entrust to you to announce that on my orders, the election of Gorky is to be cancelled." When news that the Academy had followed the Tsar's orders and had overruled Gorky's election, several writers resigned in protest. Later that year the statutes of the Academy were changed, giving Nicholas II the power to approve the list of candidates before they came up for election. Gorky gave his support to Father George Gapon and his planned march to the Winter Palace. He attended the march on the 22nd January, 1905, and that night Gapon stayed in his house. After Blood Sunday Gorky changed his mind about the moral right for revolutionaries to use violence. He wrote to a friend: "Two hundred black eyes will not paint Russian history over in a brighter colour; for that, blood is needed, much blood. Life has been built on cruelty and force. For its reconstruction, it demands cold calculated cruelty - that is all! They kill? It is necessary to do so! Otherwise what will you do? Will you go to Count Tolstoy and wait with him?" |
- Evviva la distruzione! vociò un altro contadino; ed accorrendo in
aiuto del primo, abbracciò anch'egli il fanale, e lo scosse con tanta
forza da farlo alla fine piegare e cadere.
- Addosso all'Ebrea ! -gridò una voce .. |
After Blood Sunday Gorky was arrested and charged with
inciting the people to revolt. Following a wide-world protest at Gorky's
imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress, Nicholas II agreed for him
to be deported from Russia. Gorky now spent his time attempting to gain
support for the overthrow of the Russian autocracy. This included
raising money to buy arms for the Socialist Revolutionaries and the
Social Democratic Labour Party. He also helped to fund the new
Bolsheviks newspaper Novaya Zhizn. In 1906 Gorky toured Europe and the United States. He arrived in New York on 28th March, 1906 and the New York Times reported that "the reception given to Gorky revealed with that of Kossuth and Garibaldi." His campaign tour was organized by a group of writers that included Ernest Poole, William Dean Howells, Jack London, Mark Twain, Charles Beard and Upton Sinclair. The New York World newspaper decided to run a smear campaign against Gorky. The American public were shocked to hear that Gorky was staying in his hotel with a woman who was not his wife. The newspaper printed that the "so-called Mme Gorky who is not Mme Gorky at all, but a Russian actress Andreeva, with whom he has been living since his separation from his wife a few years ago." As a result of the story Gorky was evicted from his hotel and William Dean Howells and Mark Twain changed their mind about supporting his campaign. President Theodore Roosevelt also withdrew his invitation for Gorky to meet him in the White House. ...http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSgorky.htm
|
Al secondo piano della casa un uomo demolisce a colpi di piccone il muro
che si trova fra due finestre. I mattoni, la calce e l'intonaco cadono sul
lastrico della strada in uno spargimento di polvere bianca. Una
guantiera, lanciata dalla finestra, gira per aria come indecisa e va a
colpire alla testa una grossa comare che si, siede per terra gemendo e
piangendo. La testa dei cavalli ed i berretti blu dei Cosacchi appariscono all'estremità della via; le fruste fischiano per aria ed una voce sonora comanda: -Tre per fila, e a trotto ! Un mucchio di mattoni si stacca. dal muro della casa e va a rotolare sul marciapiede. Lo spazio tra le due finestre è demolito e nell' immenso buco aperto nella facciata della casa si vede un grandissimo armadio che si scuote, si muove, scivola come da se lungo il muro, urta contro il cornicione, gira su se stesso e va a spezzarsi con un fracasso indiavolato sul largo marciapiede della strada.
Un rumore continuo riempie l'ambiente,
simile al muggire di un fiume impetuoso, coperto di schiuma e
sconquassando il suolo nel suo rapido e selvaggio percorso.
|