HOME

PRONOUNS

The pronoun [lat. pronomen] it is that varying part of the discourse that can replace some parts of it: words or groups of words that precede [anaphora] or they follow [cataphora] in the same context and it has an economic function [or substitutive] or cohesive [or of connection].

anaphora: - È 'nguendrât' a Felippe e l'é parlâte.

cataphora: - L'é 'lluqquât' appresse 'nu munne de vote ma Pasquâle nen ge sendéve. 

CLASSIFICATION OF PRONOUNS

Also in dialect, as in Italian, the subject personal pronoun can be understood:
[î o isse] 'ccatte, [tu] mejègne, [esse] dorme, etc...

PERSONAL PRONOUNS SUBJECT 

Some pronominal forms are tonic and others atonic, or rather, they lean themselves to the word that it follows or precedes them.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS COMPLEMENT

PROCLITICS

 The pronominal particle ce (proclitic or enclitic) it is used for the third singular person and the first third plural's. This involves some ambivalences (indeterminateness) of the grammatical functionality (even of meaning). So for ex. ci'u can mean (in Italien) glielo, se lo or ce lo. 

ENCLITIC PRONOUNS 

EXAMPLES

COMPOSED PERSONAL PRONOUNS
[COMPLEMENT'S] 

ENCLITIC'S

They exist also forms of object pronouns as mé, té and sé (with the closed but not contracted e) that they are used in sentences like this:
- Fattu da té 
- m'u 'ccatte pe' mé.
- 'u fa pe' sé

These three pronominal forms, that we simply write me, te, se, they are placed at the end of the sentence.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Relative pronouns replace a word or a group of words to connect two sentences.

a) - Felippe, ch'é jûte fóre, ne m'a salutâte.
b) - Me sejènghe magnâte tre panîne c'u presutte, ch'é cattâte stammatîne.

Relative pronouns in Sanmartinese dialect are less diversified that in Italian. There are not forms corresponding to Italian as: il quale, i quali, del quale, per la quale, etc...

Pronouns can be united with apostrophe to the verb avé [to have - to must], and to other verbs that begin for vowel.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Dialect possessive pronouns are of common gender (by themselves) contrarily in Italian, therefore the article or the specific contracted preposition it is obligatory. Ex.:

- questa câs' è 'a mîje [*]  
- questa câs' è 'a soje [*]  
- questa câs' è 'a lore  

[*] - We remember that monosyllables and oxyton words in the dialect they tend to assume (optionally) the suffix -je.

Possessive adjectives (correspondents to possessive pronouns here listed) they are postponed to the name of wich they are accompanied.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

As corresponding adjectives, demonstrative pronouns coincide perfectly with Italian forms questo, codesto, quello, questa, codesta, etc...

IDENTIFICATIVE PRONOUNS 

Identified pronouns replace a word (or groups of words) to determine an identity or a similarity.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Indefinite pronouns don't refer exactly to names that they replace them.
Some forms are identical to those of corresponding adjectives.

Indefinite pronouns can be elided and therefore to have the apostrophe but only if the following word begins with vowel. Ex.: - Paricch'àvete, poc'àvete, nejènd'àvete, n'àvete[ûne + àvete], etc...

INTERROGATIVE AND EXCLAMATORY PRONOUNS

Interrogative pronouns replace nouns in questions and requests; exclamatory pronouns replace nouns in exclamations instead. 

HOME