Many forms are insular and treatment as allospecies or as subspecies often is arbitrary.
 

Speirops:  Speirops.  Cameroon Mt. and Gulf of Guinea Islands.

11.5-13.5 cm.  Differ from Zosterops by having crown or head black (melanocephalus, lugubris), brown (brunneus) or white (leucophaeus
); lugubris is brown above, grayish below; wide eyering; brunneus is brown above, paler below; leucophaeus brown above, whitish below; narrow eyering.

Speirops melanocephalus  CAMEROON SPEIROPS.  Forest clearings, trees, shrubs.  Mts., 1800-2750 m on Cameroon Mt. in sw Cameroon.  Included in S. lugubris by Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993, p. 88) and Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) who argue that a detailed study of differences in plumage color should be done before placing these allopatric populations in separate species -- one on a high, mainland mountain, the other on an island.  This, alone, argues for treatment as two species.
Speirops lugubris  BLACK-CAPPED SPEIROPS.  Forest.  Mts. above 900 m of São Tomé I., Gulf of Guinea.
Speirops brunneus  FERNANDO PO SPEIROPS.  Forest.  Mts. of Fernando Po I., Gulf of Guinea.

Speirops leucophaeus  PRINCIPE SPEIROPS.  Forest.  Lowlands of Príncipe I., Gulf of Guinea.
 Zosterops:  White-eyes, Silvereye.
Zosterops senegalensis  AFRICAN YELLOW WHITE-EYE.  Acacia savanna, forest (local).  Lowlands and mts. in s Mauritania, s Mali, Senegambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Niger, Benin, Cameroon, Fernando Po I., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., Zaire, s Chad and c,s Sudan to w Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, w,c Kenya and Tanzania (exc. c,wc), and s (exc. Congo basin) in Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, s Angola, ne Namibia and ne S. Africa in ne Transvaal and Natal.
Zosterops vaughani  PEMBA WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Pemba Island off se Tanzania.  An allopatric population separated by a water barrier from senegalensis, with which it is considered to be conspecific by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993).

Zosterops mayottensis  CHESTNUT-SIDED WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Seychelles; formerly on Marie Anne I., probably extinct before 1940.  Perhaps on Mayotte I. in the se Comoro Is., but confirmation needed.
Zosterops poliogaster  BROAD-RINGED WHITE-EYE.  Humid forest.

A complex situation in ne Africa where the relationship between lowland and montane forms is obscure.  Some intergrade, others do not although in contact in some places.
 Z. p. poliogaster.  Mts. above 1350 m of w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea and Sudan.  Incl. jacksoni, formerly in senegalensis.
 Z. p. kikuyensis.  C Kenya in the Aberdare Mts. and Mt Kenya.
 Z. p. silvanus.  Teita Hills area in se Kenya.
 Z. p. eurycricotus.  Mt. Kilimanjaro region in ne Tanzania.

Zosterops abyssinicus  WHITE-BREASTED WHITE-EYE.  Thorn savanna.

The two forms may be separate species.
 Z. a. abyssinicus.  Lowlands to 1700 m in ne Sudan, Ethiopia (exc. sw), Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Socotra I., and s Arabia in Yemen and s Oman.
 Z. a. flavilateralis.  Extreme sw Ethiopia, Kenya and ce Tanzania.

Zosterops pallidus  PALE WHITE-EYE.  Forest, woods, bushes, farms.  C,s Namibia, se Botswana, s Mozambique and S. Africa except arid nw Cape Prov.
Zosterops maderaspatanus  MALAGASY WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth, brush, mangroves.

Z. m. kirki was previously placed in Z. senegalensis.  It is also possible that some of these island forms are separate species.
   Z. m. kirki.  Lowlands to 2300 m on Grand Comoro I.
 Z. m. maderaspatanus.  Comoro islands of Mohéli and Anjouan,  Aldabra and Astove I.; Glorieuses Is. and Madagascar.  The name hovarum was based on an aberrant specimen of maderaspatanus, which has been destroyed (Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993).

Zosterops mouroniensis  COMORO WHITE-EYE.  Alpine heath.  Mts. above 1650 m of Grand Comoro I.
Zosterops ficedulinus  PRINCIPE WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth.  Príncipe I. and São Tomé I., Gulf of Guinea.
Zosterops griseovirescens  ANNOBON WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth.  Annobón I., Gulf of Guinea.
Zosterops borbonicus  MASCARENE GREY WHITE-EYE.  Open second growth, edge, forest, farms.  Lowlands and mts. of Réunion and Mauritius in the w Mascarene Is.
Zosterops olivaceus  REUNION OLIVE WHITE-EYE.  Forest, woods, alpine heath.  Réunion I., in the w Mascarene Is.

Zosterops chloronothos  MAURITIUS WHITE-EYE.  Forest, scrub.  Mauritius I. in the w Mascarene Is.  Has been considered conspecific with Z. olivaceus.
Zosterops modestus  SEYCHELLES GREY WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Mahé I., in the Seychelles Is., Indian Ocean.
Zosterops ceylonensis  CEYLON WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge, bushes.  Mts. above 500 m of Sri Lanka.
Zosterops erythropleurus  CHESTNUT-FLANKED WHITE-EYE.  Riparian thickets of willows, alders, poplars.  Se Siberia in Amurland and Ussuriland, ne Manchuria in Heilungkiang and (possibly) nw China in s Kansu.

Zosterops palpebrosus  ORIENTAL WHITE-EYE.  Woods, scrub, towns, mangroves.  Lowlands and hills to 2000 m from e Afghanistan, n,e Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Laccadive Is. e to se Tibet and sw China, and s through se Asia (exc. sw,e Thailand and e Malaya) and Andaman and Nicobar is. to Sumatra, Riau Arch. and Bangka, Java, nw Borneo in sw Sarawak, S. Natuna Is., and w Lesser Sunda Is. of Bali, Sumbawa and Flores.  Incl. siamensis, now considered a morph of palpebrosus.
Zosterops japonicus JAPANESE WHITE-EYE.  Forest, woods, farms, thickets.  Lowlands to 3050 m from Japan (c Hokkaido to Kyushu), Izu Is., islands between Japan and Korea, s coastal Korea, Volcano, Ryukyu and Daito islands, Taiwan, Batan Is. in the n Philippines, and China from Kiangsu and Shensi to Szechwan, Yunnan and Hainan I., s to e Tibet, n Laos and n,c Vietnam.  Intro. Bonin and Hawaiian islands, in Hawaii w to Kauai, ranging farther west.

Zosterops meyeni  LOWLAND WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge, woods, farms, thickets.  N Philippines on Batan Is., Luzon, Lubang, Verde and Banton.  Status unclear; possibly a race of japonicus.
Zosterops salvadorii  ENGGANO WHITE-EYE.  Coconut palms, woods.  Enggano and Mega islands, off w Sumatra.
Zosterops conspicillatus  BRIDLED WHITE-EYE.  Forest edge, second growth, bushes.

Z. c. saypani.  Se Mariana Is. of Saipan, Agiguan, Tinian.
 Z. c. rotensis.  Cs Mariana I. of Rota.
 Z. c. conspicillatus.  S Mariana I. of Guam.

Zosterops hypolais  PLAIN WHITE-EYE.  Forest edge, second growth, bushes.  Yap I., in nw Caroline Is.  Formerly included in Z. conspicillatus, but vocally distinct.
Zosterops semperi  CAROLINE ISLANDS WHITE-EYE.  Forest edge, second growth, bushes.  Micronesia in Palau and Caroline Is. of Truk and Pohnpei.  Formerly included in Z. conspicillatus, but vocally distinct.
Zosterops atricapillus  BLACK-CAPPED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, alpine meadows.  Mts. 700-3000 m of Sumatra, and Borneo on Mt. Kinabalu and Mt. Mulu.
Zosterops everetti  EVERETT'S WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth.  Mts. 900-1500 m, se Asia in sw,se Thailand, Malaya, n Borneo, Talaud Is. off ne Sulawesi and c,s Philippines n to Negros, Cebu, Leyte and Samar.

Zosterops nigrorum  GOLDEN-GREEN WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 1000 m of the Philippines in Camiguin Norte, Luzon, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Semirara Is., Panay, Masbate, Ticao, Negros, Cagayancillo and Camiguin Sur (not on Palawan).
Zosterops montanus  MOUNTAIN WHITE-EYE.  Open areas, bushes.  Mts. 900-3100 m of c,s Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sundas on Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Timor; Sulawesi; Philippines on Luzon, Mindoro, Marinduque, Palawan, Negros and Mindanao; and the Moluccas on Buru, Seram, Bacan and Ternate.
Zosterops natalis  CHRISTMAS ISLAND WHITE-EYE.  Open areas, forest edge.  Christmas I., e Indian Ocean.  Introduced on Keeling I. in the Cocos Is.

Zosterops flavus  JAVAN WHITE-EYE.  Mangroves, bushes, bamboo.  Coastal areas of nw Java and se Borneo.
Zosterops chloris  LEMON-BELLIED WHITE-EYE.  Woods, edge, farms, mangroves.  Lowlands to 1500 m on small islands off Belitung, Java and Flores seas w to Karimunjawa, Lesser Sundas from Penida and Lombok e to Flores I., sw,nc Sulawesi incl. Dodepo, Muna and Butung is., islets in the Moluccas from Mayu to those off Seram, and Kai, nw Aru and w Papuan islets off Misool.
Zosterops citrinellus  ASHY-BELLIED WHITE-EYE.  Open woods, farms, mangroves.

Z. c. citrinellus.  Wc Lesser Sunda Is. of Timor, Roti, Sawu and Sumba.
 Z. c. harterti.  C Lesser Sunda I. of Alor.
 Z. c. albiventris.  Se Indonesia and ne Australia in e Lesser Sundas from Wetar, Romang, Damar and Sermata e to Tanimbar Is., islets in Torres Strait, and islets of the Great Barrier Reef off ne Australia s to Cape Flattery.

Zosterops grayi  PEARL-BELLIED WHITE-EYE.  Woods, farms.  Kai Besar I. in the Kai Is. off sw New Guinea.
Zosterops uropygialis  GOLDEN-BELLIED WHITE-EYE.  Woods, farms.  Kai Cecil I. in the Kai Is. off sw New Guinea.
Zosterops consobrinorum  PALE-BELLIED WHITE-EYE.  Forest patches, bushes, towns. Known only from se Sulawesi.  May be conspecific with another Zosterops, but affinities unclear.
Zosterops anomalus  LEMON-THROATED WHITE-EYE.  Second growth.  Hills of sw Sulawesi; occurs above Z. chloris and avoids cultivation, which is favored by chloris.  Affinities uncertain.

Zosterops wallacei  YELLOW-SPECTACLED WHITE-EYE.  Open forest, shrubs.  Lowlands to 750 m of the  Lesser Sunda Is. of Komodo, Rinca, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores and Lomblen.
Zosterops atrifrons  BLACK-CROWNED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge.  Hills and mts., but usually occurring to sea level.  N,c Sulawesi incl. Great Sangihe, Peleng and Banggai and Sula islands, and Seram I. in the s Moluccas.
Zosterops atriceps  CREAMY-THROATED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge.  Lowlands of Morotai, Halmahera and Bacan in the n Moluccas.
Zosterops minor  BLACK-FRONTED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge.

Sometimes included in Z. atrifrons.
 Z. m. chrysolaemus.  Mts. 350-1500 m of w New Guinea in the Arfak Mts. and Onin Pen.
 Z. m. minor.  Cyclops, Sepik and n Snow mts. of n New Guinea and Yapen I.
 Z. m. delicatulus.  Mts. of e New Guinea from Herzog Mts. e to Hydrographer Mts. and se peninsula, and Fergusson and Goodenough islands.

Zosterops meeki  WHITE-THROATED WHITE-EYE.  Woodland, edge.  Uplands of Tagula I., off se New Guinea.
Zosterops hypoxanthus  BLACK-HEADED WHITE-EYE.  Forest edge.  Lowlands to 1000 m on New Britain, Vuatom, Duke of York, New Ireland, New Hanover, Manus, and several small islets.
Zosterops mysorensis  BIAK WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth.  Mts. on Supiori and Biak is. in Geelvink Bay off nw New Guinea.
Zosterops fuscicapillus  CAPPED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth, shrubs.  Mts., 750-2100 m of w,c New Guinea from the Vogelkop, Fakfak and Kumawa mts., e to Orange and Hindenburg mts.; Goodenough I., off se New Guinea.

Zosterops buruensis  BURU YELLOW WHITE-EYE.  Second growth, farms.  Mts., 750-1500 m of Buru I. in the s Moluccas.
Zosterops kuehni  AMBON YELLOW WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Uplands (probably) of Ambon I., in the s Moluccas.
Zosterops novaeguineae  NEW GUINEA WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth, farms, edge.  Locally in lowlands of the Aru Islands and sc New Guinea in the Fly River region on the s coast; cn coast opposite Manam I.; mts. 1650-2350 from the Arfak and Kumawa mts. e to the se ranges.
Zosterops luteus  AUSTRALIAN YELLOW WHITE-EYE.  Mangroves, forest, along rivers.  Coastal n Australia from c W. Australia w to Shark Bay; an isolated colony in sw near Bunbury; e to ne Queensland on the Cape York Peninsula and s locally to the Burdekin River.

Degnan and Moritz (1992. Auk 109:800-811) report that the western race balstoni differs in mtDNA from the nominate race luteus, but a contact zone has not been studied; luteus is more similar to Z. lateralis than it is to balstoni.

Zosterops griseotinctus   LOUISIADE WHITE-EYE.  Forest, woods.  Small islands off e New Guinea in the Louisiade Arch. from Bonvouloir Is. and Conflict Group e to Rossel I. and the Bismarck Arch. from Long I. and the Admiralty Group e to Nissan I.
Zosterops rennellianus  RENNELL WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Rennell I. in the se Solomon Is.
Zosterops vellalavella  BANDED WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Vellalavella and Baga is. in the c Solomon Is.
Zosterops splendidus  GANONGGA WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Gannonga I. in the wc Solomon Islands.

Zosterops luteirostris  SPLENDID WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Gizo I. in the c Solomon Islands.
Zosterops kulambangrae  SOLOMON ISLANDS WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth.  Lowlands of the c Solomon Is. on Kulambangra, New Georgia, Rendova, Vangunu and several small islets.
Zosterops murphyi  HERMIT WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Mts. of Kulambangra I. in the c Solomon Islands.
Zosterops metcalfi  YELLOW-THROATED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, woods.  Lowlands and hills of the c,n Solomon Is. of Buka, Bougainville, Shortland, Choiseul, Santa Isabel, San Jorge and Florida.

Zosterops rendovae  GREY-THROATED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge.  Mts. of Bougainville, San Cristobal and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Is.

The proper application of the name Z. rendovae is disputed and the correct name for this species may be Z. ugiensis.

Zosterops stresemanni  MALAITA WHITE-EYE.  Forest, scrub.  Coastal lowlands to mts. on Malaita I. in the se Solomon Is.
Zosterops sanctaecrucis  SANTA CRUZ WHITE-EYE.  Forest, scrub.  Ndeni I. in the Santa Cruz Is. (se of the Solomon Is).
Zosterops lateralis  SILVEREYE.  Coastal shrubs, forest undergrowth, open scrub, towns, edge, second growth.

Degnan and Moritz (1992. Auk 109:800-811) found the sw West Australian and w Victorian populations to be characterized by mtDNA distinct from that in e Australian populations, but the zone of change does not correspond to morphologically defined subspecies boundaries; this may reflect introgression between taxa that formerly were geographically isolated.
 Z. l. gouldi.  Sw Australia in wc,sw,se W. Australia n to Point Cloates and sw S. Australia.
 Z. l. halmaturinus.  Cs Australia in sc,interior S. Australia w to Eyre Pen. and Kangaroo I., int. Victoria and sw,c New S. Wales.
 Z. l. lateralis.  E,se Australasian region and sw Oceania in e Australia from extreme se S. Australia e across s Victoria, Tasmania, and n through e New S. Wales to e Queensland n to Cape York Pen., incl. offshore islets, islands in Torres Strait.  New Zealand (colonized 1855, now incl. Chatham and Campbell is., and to Norfolk I. in 1904), Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Loyalty and Banks is., Fiji and Tuamotu Arch. on Makatea since 1986.

Zosterops tephropleurus  LORD HOWE ISLAND WHITE-EYE  Scrub, edge, towns, second growth.  Lord Howe Island.  Thought to be extinct, but rediscovered in 1965.  Z. tephropleurus does not hybridize with lateralis and did not hybridize with strenuus on Lord Howe I.
*Zosterops strenuus  ROBUST WHITE-EYE.  Open areas, scrub, palms, woods.  Extinct since ca. 1920.  Formerly on Lord Howe Island.
*Zosterops tenuirostris  SLENDER-BILLED WHITE-EYE.  Extinct before 1928.  Formerly Norfolk Island.

Zosterops albogularis  WHITE-CHESTED WHITE-EYE.  Now confined to forest reserves in nw Norfolk Island.  Related to lateralis.
Zosterops inornatus  LARGE LIFOU WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth.  Lifou I. in the Loyalty Islands.
Zosterops explorator  LAYARD'S WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge, shrubs, farms.  Mts., usually above 750 m of the Fiji Islands of Viti Levu, Ovalau, Gau, Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Kadavu.
Zosterops flavifrons  YELLOW-FRONTED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth, farms.  S Banks Is. on Vanua Lava, Santa Maria, Méré Lava; Vanuatu.

Zosterops xanthochrous  GREEN-BACKED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge.  Lowlands and mts. in New Caledonia; Ile des Pins; Maré I. in the se Loyalty Is.
Zosterops minutus  SMALL LIFOU WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth, scrub, edge, farms.  Lifou I. in the Loyalty Is.
Zosterops samoensis  SAMOAN WHITE-EYE.  Forest, edge, bushes.  Mts. above 900 m on Savaii I. in the w Samoan Islands.
Zosterops finschii  DUSKY WHITE-EYE.  Woods, second growth, grassland.  Palau Archipelago (except Angaur I.).
Zosterops cinereus  GREY-BROWN WHITE-EYE.  Woods, second growth, grassland.

Z. c. ponapensis.  Pohnpei I. in the e Caroline Is.
 Z. c. cinereus.  Kosrae I. in the e Caroline Is.

Zosterops oleagineus YAP OLIVE WHITE-EYE.  Forest, bushes.  Yap Island in the nw Caroline Islands.  Formerly placed in Rukia, but DNA hybridization comparisons indicate it is a Zosterops.
 Rukia:  Closely related to Zosterops, but differ in coloration.  R. ruki (Truk White-eye) is uniformly dark brown with orange legs and a white mark below the eye.  R. longirostra (Long-billed White-eye) is drab olive-brown above, paler below; bill long; legs pinkish; narrow eyering.
Rukia longirostra  LONG-BILLED WHITE-EYE.  Dense forest, edge.  Mts. of Pohnpei I. in the e Caroline Islands.

Rukia ruki  TRUK WHITE-EYE.  Forest canopy, scrub.  Islands of the Truk Group, Pacific Ocean.  Related to and possibly congeneric with, Cleptornis marchei.
Cleptornis marchei  GOLDEN WHITE-EYE.  Trees, bushes, around human habitation.  Saipan and Aguijan islands in the s Mariana Is.

From its discovery in 1889 until a few years ago, this bird was thought to be a honeyeater (Meliphagidae).  Field observations by H. D. Pratt, and DNA-DNA hybridization comparisons (Sibley and Ahlquist 1990:654-655), have shown that it is a zosteropid, closest to Rukia.  Songs of Cleptornis and Rukia ruki are virtually identical (H. D. Pratt, pers. comm.).
 Head and breast bright golden yellow; darker yellow on the belly and lower back; bill and feet orange; pale yellow eyering.  Feeds in flocks on insects taken from foliage and bark.  Nest an open cup hung from a tree fork; eggs pale blue with rufous spotting.

Apalopteron familiare  BONIN ISLANDS WHITE-EYE.  Formerly called BONIN ISLANDS HONEYEATER.  Bonin Islands off s Japan.

DNA sequencing by Mark Springer has shown that this species is not a honeyeater, but a white-eye.  The details will be published in 1995.  Like Cleptornis, this is another example of mistaken identity based on the assumption that the nectar-adapted tongue of Apalopteron indicated that it was a honeyeater.

Tephrozosterops stalkeri  BICOLORED WHITE-EYE.  Forest edge, scrub.  Mts. 600-1200 m on w,c Seram in the s Moluccas.  Generic separation from Zosterops debatable; possibly closest to Z. cinereus.
Madanga ruficollis  RUFOUS-THROATED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, scrub.  Mts. 800-1500 m of nw Buru I. in the s Moluccas.  Probably closest to Lophozosterops.
 Lophozosterops:  Indonesia; Lesser Sunda Is.; s Moluccas; Sulawesi; Mindanao, s Philippines.

13 cm.  Large white-eyes with gray throats.

Lophozosterops javanicus  JAVAN GREY-THROATED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, second growth, farms.  Mts. above 900 m of Java and Bali.  Olive-green above; head, throat, breast gray; belly pale yellow.
Lophozosterops squamiceps   STREAKY-HEADED WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Mts. above 900 m of Sulawesi.
Lophozosterops goodfellowi   BLACK-MASKED WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Mts. 1200-2450 m of Mindanao in the s Philippines.
Lophozosterops superciliaris  YELLOW-BROWED WHITE-EYE.  Forest, tree-fern forest.  Mts. 750-2100 m of Sumbawa and Flores islands in the wc Lesser Sunda Is.

Lophozosterops pinaiae  GREY-HOODED WHITE-EYE.  Tree-fern forest.  Mt. 1200-2300 m of c Seram in the s Moluccas.
Lophozosterops dohertyi  CRESTED WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Mts. 300-1100 m of Sumbawa and Flores islands in the c Lesser Sunda Is.
Oculocincta squamifrons  PYGMY WHITE-EYE. Moss forest, scrub.  Mts. 200-2500 m of  Sabah (N. Borneo)  9 cm. Olive-gray above with white-spotted forecrown; yellowish-gray and white below; narrow eyering.
 Heleia:  Forest.  Lowlands and mts. of c Lesser Sunda Is.

Heleia crassirostris  THICK-BILLED WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1100 m on Sumbawa and Flores islands in the c Lesser Sundas.
Heleia muelleri  SPOT-BREASTED WHITE-EYE.  Forest.  Lowlands to 900 m of w Timor in the Lesser Sundas.
Chlorocharis emiliae  MOUNTAIN BLACKEYE. Forest.  Mts. 1650-4000 m of Sabah (n Borneo).
14 cm.  Dark olive-green above; green or yellow below; lores and wide eyering black; ear coverts yellow.  Food mainly insects.  Nest a compact cup of tendrils, grass, lichens, moss; in a tree fork.
Woodfordia superciliosa  BARE-EYED WHITE-EYE.  Woods, second growth.  Rennell I., se Solomon Is.  14 cm.  Brownish-olive above; whitish below; belly yellowish-brown; lower throat brownish; upper throat, forehead, eyestripe and postocular stripe whitish; lores and eyering bare skin.

Woodfordia lacertosa  SANFORD'S WHITE-EYE. Woods, scrub. Ndeni I. in the Santa Cruz Islands. 

15 cm. Bill long, slightly curved, yellow; brown above; rufous-brown wings, tail; olivaceous buffy ochre below; olivaceous throat; whitish eyering and loral spot.

Megazosterops palauensis  GIANT WHITE-EYE.  Forest, bushes, thickets.  Palau Archipelago on Babelthuap, Urukthapel and Peleliu islands  14 cm. Dark buffy-olive above, paler below; eyering indistinct; ear coverts dark with pale yellow mottling; bill yellow.
Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus  CINNAMON IBON.  Forest.  Mts. 900-2100 m of Mindanao in the s Philippines.  Affinities uncertain, may not be a zosteropid.  Cinnamon-rufous above; chin, throat, breast buffy-cinnamon; belly grayish-white; bill, feet black.
 

Family SYLVIIDAE:  Leaf Warblers, Grassbirds, Songlarks, Babblers.  The "Sylviidae" of many previous classifications included most of the small, leaf-gleaning, insectivorous passerines of the Old World and some New World taxa.  In addition to those listed above the following groups often were placed in the Sylviidae: Cisticolas, Prinias, etc. (Cisticolidae); fairy-wrens (Maluridae) and thornbills (Acanthizinae) of Australia; kinglets (Regulidae) and gnatcatchers (Polioptilinae).  In some classifications these groups, plus the thrushes and Old World flycatchers (including Australian taxa), were placed in the "Muscicapidae", thus uniting in one family convergently similar, but genetically dissimilar, species.  The babblers were sometimes included in the Sylviidae by taxonomists of the 19th century, but in recent classifications the babblers have been assigned to the Timaliidae.  DNA hybridization indicates that the earlier treatment was correct, but that Sylvia is not especially close to the other Old World warblers, except Parisoma which is a synonym of Sylvia.  Sibley and Ahlquist (1990:628-663) reviewed the history of these problems.

Subfamily ACROCEPHALINAE:  Tesias, Stubtails, Bush-Warblers, Scrub-Warblers, Reed-Warblers, Tailorbirds, Crombecs, Longbills, Eremomelas, Leaf Warblers, Hyliotas, etc.
 Trees, thickets, grassland.  Eurasia, Africa, Australia, s,sw Pacific islands.
 There seems to be a large amount of genetic variation among the members of this group that have been examined and it may be composed of several distinct groups.

Tesia:  Tesias. Forest undergrowth.  S, se Asia; Java.

7-10 cm.  Tiny, wren-like; appear tailless in the field.  Food insects, spiders.  Nest a ball of moss with side entrance near the top, in low bush, hanging moss or suspended from a branch.  Eggs 2-5, pink to chestnut, with rufous markings, speckles.

Tesia castaneocoronata  CHESTNUT-HEADED TESIA.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Lowlands and mts. to 3660 m in Himalayan foothills of cs China, w,ne,e Burma, nw Thailand and n Vietnam in nw Tonkin.
Crown, face chestnut; white postocular spot; brownish-olive above; yellow below.
Tesia olivea  SLATY-BELLIED TESIA.  Dense humid forest undergrowth.  Lowlands to 2000 m from Himalayan foothills of n India and s China s to Burma (exc. c, Tenasserim), nw,sw Thailand, n Laos and n Vietnam in Tonkin   Olive-green above; crown yellowish-green; slaty-gray below.
Tesia cyaniventer  GREY-BELLIED TESIA.  Humid forest undergrowth, bamboo, usually near water.  Himalayan foothills, 1200-2550 m in ne India, s China, Burma, nw Thailand and n Vietnam; Java.

Like olivacea, with olive-green crown; paler below; belly whitish; yellow-green supercilium.

Tesia superciliaris  Javan Tesia.  Forest undergrowth.  Forest undergrowth.  Mt. forests of Java.

Tiny (7 cm); grayish-olive above; white below; head blackish with pale gray supercilium.

Tesia everetti  RUSSET-CAPPED TESIA.  Forest undergrowth.  Sumbawa and Flores is. in the wc Lesser Sunda Is.  Has been placed in Urosphena.
 Urosphena:  Stubtails. Sometimes placed in Tesia or Cettia.  Forest undergrowth of Timor, Borneo, ne Asia.  10-11 cm.  Small, short-tailed.
Urosphena subulata  TIMOR STUBTAIL.  Forest undergrowth.  Timor in the c Lesser Sunda Is.
Urosphena whiteheadi  BORNEAN STUBTAIL.  Mt. forest undergrowth.  Above 2000 m of N. Borneo (Sabah).
Urosphena squameiceps  ASIAN STUBTAIL.  Woods, thickets.  Hills of ne Asia in se Siberia, Manchuria, Korea and Japan on Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu.

Cettia:  Bush-Warblers, Cetti's Warbler.  Woods, thickets, undergrowth.  S,c Europe; nw Africa; c,e,s,se Asia: India; China; Philippines; Sakhalin; Japan; other e Pacific islands; Palau; Solomons; Fiji; Indonesia.  10-15 cm.  Songs distinctive; plumages similar.  Tail short, rounded; plumages mainly brown/rufous above, white, yellow, buffy or grayish below; pale supercilium; dark eyestripe; crown of some species darker or more rufous than back.  Food insects.  Nest usually domed, of grass, bamboo leaves, other plant fibers; side entrance; placed in a low shrub.  Eggs 3-5, bright rufous or chestnut with darker reddish-brown markings.
Cettia pallidipes  PALE-FOOTED BUSH-WARBLER.  Thickets, bushy areas, scrub, woods, forest edge.  Lowlands to 2150 m from Himalayan foothills of n India and n,c Burma; S. Andaman I.

Cettia canturians  MANCHURIAN BUSH-WARBLER.  Dense brush, undergrowth, tall grass, bamboo scrub, open forest.  E Siberia, Manchuria, c,e China and Korea.
Cettia diphone  JAPANESE BUSH-WARBLER.  Dense brush, undergrowth, tall grass.  E Asia in s Sakhalin, s Kurils, Japan and Izu, Bonin, Volcano and Ryukyu islands.  Intro. Hawaii from Oahu to Maui.
Cettia seebohmi  PHILIPPINE BUSH-WARBLER.  Dense brush, undergrowth.  Mts. above 800 m of Luzon, Philippine Is.
Cettia annae  PALAU BUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth, edge, second growth.  Palau Archipelago from Babelthuap s to Peleliu.

Cettia parens  SHADE WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Mts. above 600 m of San Cristobal I., in the s Solomon Is.
Cettia ruficapilla  FIJI BUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth, low bushes.  Mts. (rarely lowlands) of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Kandavu islands in the Fiji Islands.
Cettia fortipes  BROWNISH-FLANKED BUSH-WARBLER.  Dense forest undergrowth, scrub, grassy areas.  Mts. 1200-3300 m, from n Pakistan e through n,e India and se Tibet to e,c China, ne Burma, n Laos, n Vietnam in Tonkin and Taiwan.
Cettia vulcania  SUNDA BUSH-WARBLER.  Dense forest undergrowth, scrub.  Mts. 2000-3400 m, of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Timor and Palawan I. in the Philippines.

Cettia carolinae  TANIMBAR BUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth, thickets, scrub.  Yamdena I., in the Tanimbar Is.
Cettia major  CHESTNUT-CROWNED BUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Himalayas, 1800-4000 m, in n India, se Tibet and s China.  Possibly in nw Thailand - one record.
Cettia flavolivacea  ABERRANT BUSH-WARBLER.  Tall grass, dense scrub, bamboo, ferns, undergrowth.  Mts. 1200-3600 m, in   n,e India, se Tibet, c,sw China, w,n,e Burma, nw Thailand, n Laos and n Vietnam in nw Tonkin.
Cettia acanthizoides  YELLOWISH-BELLIED BUSH-WARBLER.  Thickets in forest, bamboo scrub.

The name C. robustipes, formerly applied to this species, pertains to a race of C. fortipes.
 C. a. acanthizoides.  Mts., 1500-4000 m, in the Himalayas of n India, se Tibet, e,c China and e Burma.
 C. a. concolor.  Taiwan.

Cettia brunnifrons  GREY-SIDED BUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth, bamboo thickets, long grass.  Himalayas, 2700-4300 m, in n India, s Tibet, s China and w,n Burma.
Cettia cetti  CETTI'S WARBLER.  Thickets near water, swamps, reedbeds.  From s England, France, n Italy, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece e through Caucasus, Transcaspia, Kazakhstan, Lake Balkash and L. Zaysan to extreme w China in w Sinkiang, s to nw Africa from Morocco to Tunisia. n Mediterranean region incl. most islands and Near and Middle East.
 Bradypterus:  Bush-Warblers, Scrub-Warblers.  Forest, swamps, scrub, undergrowth, grass.  Africa, s,se Asia, Indonesia, Moluccas, Philippines.  Plumages brown to rufous above; throat white, buffy or gray with dark spots, faintly spotted or unspotted; pale supercilium; underparts white/gray; flanks gray/rufous/olive; tail graduated; crissum barred in some.  Food insects, worms.  Nest a cup of grass, moss, dead leaves, plant fibers; in a bush, bamboo clump; near the ground.  Eggs 2-5, white to pink, spotted with rufous/gray.

Bradypterus baboecala  AFRICAN BUSH-WARBLER.  Papyrus swamps, reedbeds.  Locally in s Nigeria, s Cameroon, Congo, Lake Chad area, from Angola, Zambia, se,e,ne Zaire, se Sudan and w,c Ethiopia s through e Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, w,c Kenya, ne,s Tanzania, Malawi, n Mozambique and Zimbabwe to extreme ne Namibia (Caprivi), n,e Botswana and S. Africa (exc. nw Cape Province).
Bradypterus grandis  JA RIVER SCRUB-WARBLER.  Swamps, reedbeds.  Cw Africa in s Cameroon and Gabon.
Bradypterus carpalis  WHITE-WINGED SCRUB-WARBLER.  Papyrus swamps, reedbeds. Locally in lowlands to 2100 m of c Africa in ne Zaire, c Uganda, w Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi.

Bradypterus graueri  GRAUER'S SCRUB-WARBLER.  Swamps, reedbeds.  Mts. above 2100 m of c Africa in ce Zaire and adjacent Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda.  Marginally sympatric with carpalis in Rwanda.
Bradypterus alfredi  BAMBOO SCRUB-WARBLER.  Tall grass, bushes in forest edge.  Mts., 1100-2300 m, of c Africa in e Zaire, extreme se Sudan, w Uganda, s Ethiopia, w Tanzania and nw Zambia.
Bradypterus sylvaticus  KNYSNA SCRUB-WARBLER.  Dense scrub in forest edge.  Coastal s,e S. Africa in e Cape Province.
Bradypterus bangwaensis  BANGWA FOREST-WARBLER.  Forest.  Locally in mts. of s Cameroon (but not Cameroon Mt.) and adjacent Obudu Plateau in e Nigeria.  B. bangwaensis has been treated as a race of B. cinnamomeus (e.g., Peters, Check-list, vol. 11, p. 25), but Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 356) note that "... fieldwork has shown the specific distinctness of B. bangwaensis of the Cameroon highlands ... and the fact that B. lopezi is indeed the prior name for what was known as B. mariae ...."  They also note that the spelling "lopezi" is correct, "
lopesi" is incorrect.

Bradypterus lopezi  EVERGREEN FOREST-WARBLER.  Forest.  Fernando Po I., Cameroon Mt., mts. in ce Zaire, Rwanda, sw Uganda, c,s Kenya, Tanzania (exc. n), Angola, n Zambia, Malawi and n,c Mozambique.  Note: B. lopezi is the prior name for what was known as B. mariae (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.) and Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 356).
Bradypterus barratti  AFRICAN SCRUB-WARBLER.  Forest.  Mts. in e Zimbabwe, s Mozambique and e S. Africa in e Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal and e Cape Province.
Bradypterus cinnamomeus  CINNAMON BRACKEN-WARBLER.  Bushes, bracken, forest edge.  Locally in mts. in extreme se Sudan and w,c Ethiopia s through e,se Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and ne,ce,s Tanzania to Zambia (exc. sw), Malawi and n Mozambique.

Bradypterus victorini  VICTORIN'S SCRUB-WARBLER.  Thick vegetation, tangled scrub.  Mts. of s Cape Province, S. Africa.
Bradypterus thoracicus  SPOTTED BUSH-WARBLER.  Rank grass, moist thickets, wet brushy areas.  Mts., 2400-4400 m in the Himalayas of sw Siberia from Altai to w Amurland, ne,c,s China, se Tibet, n India and n Burma.
Bradypterus major  LONG-BILLED BUSH-WARBLER.  Dank thorn scrub, grass, bracken.  Himalayas of nw India in Kashmit and extreme w China in Sinkiang.
Bradypterus tacsanowskius  CHINESE BUSH-WARBLER.  Undergrowth, thickets, grass.  Foothills and mts. to 3600 m in sc,se Siberia in Transbaicalia and Ussuriland, n Mongolia, se Tibet and ne,c,s China.

Bradypterus luteoventris  BROWN BUSH-WARBLER.  Dense weedy areas, deep grass, bracken, undergrowth in pine woods.  Mts., 1200-3300 m, of ne India, c,s China, and n Burma.
Bradypterus seebohmi  RUSSET BUSH-WARBLER.  Thickets, thick grass.  Mts. to 2200 m in se China, nw Thailand, s Vietnam in s Annam, Taiwan and n Luzon (Philippines).

B. montis and B. timoriensis have been considered races of B. seebohmi.  B. King (pers. comm.) considers it premature to 'lump' these forms.

Bradypterus montis  JAVAN BUSH-WARBLER. Thickets, grass.  E Java. Usually included in seebohmi. 
Bradypterus timoriensis  TIMOR BUSH-WARBLER.  Thickets, grass.  Timor.  Usually included in seebohmi.
Bradypterus palliseri  CEYLON BUSH-WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth, bamboo, woodland.  Hills above 900 m of Sri Lanka.
Bradypterus caudatus  LONG-TAILED BUSH-WARBLER.  Mossy forest floor, edge, second growth.  Mts. above 700 m of n Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippines Is.
Bradypterus accentor  FRIENDLY BUSH-WARBLER.  Mossy forest floor.  Mts. 2100-3700 m. of N. Borneo (Sabah) on Mt. Kinabalu and Mt. Trus Madi.

Bradypterus castaneus  CHESTNUT-BACKED BUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  C,s Moluccas s to Buru and Seram.
Dromaeocercus brunneus  BROWN EMU-TAIL. Forest undergrowth, grass.  Lowlands to 500-1500 m. in e Madagascar  15 cm. Brown above; chin, throat rufous-tinged white; rufous-brown below; tail dark brown, long, graduated, with downlike widely-spaced barbs.  Food small insects.  Nest close to ground in low vegetation; eggs 2.  A little known species.  See discussion below under D. seebohmi.
Dromaeocercus seebohmi  GREY EMU-TAIL.  Marshy meadows, dense grass, bushes at rain forest edge, near stagnant water.  Mts., 900-2600 m, of n,e Madagascar.

Parker (1984. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 104:11-17) proposed the new genus Amphilais in the Megalurinae for this species and considered it to be unrelated to D. brunneus.  Parker considered "the endemicity of both brunneus and seebohmi to Madagascar ... as inadmissable to the taxonomic argument."  Parker's analysis was based on external morphology, nest, song and behavior and involved morphologically similar species, including Stipiturus and others with similar rectrices.  In the absence of molecular evidence it is difficult to evaluate the comparisons made by Parker.  Placed in Amphilais by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, pp. 356-7) with a discussion indicating the decision is "tentative" and "urge further research."

16.5 cm. Gray-brown streaked with black above; rump rufous-brown; head brown; chin, throat white streaked with rufous-brown; chest, flanks brown-gray; belly whitish; crissum pale brown; tail long, graduated, barbs downlike.  Food small insects.  Nest a large bowl of grass in a tuft of marsh grass; eggs 2.  A little known species.  (Langrand, 1990. Birds of  Madagascar.  Yale Univ. Press).

Bathmocercus cerviniventris  BLACK-CAPPED RUFOUS WARBLER.  Riparian undergrowth. Locally in w Africa in Sierra Leone, se Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana.

Male: head, neck, throat, upper breast black; back rufous; partial rufous breastband; belly rufescent brown; tail brown, graduated.  Female: paler above; buffier throat, below.  Little known.

Bathmocercus rufus  BLACK-FACED RUFOUS WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth, edge, marshy areas.  C Africa in s Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Gabon, ne,ce Zaire, extreme se Sudan, Uganda, w Kenya, nw Tanzania.

Male: back bright rufous; forehead, face, chin to upper belly black; sides of chest russet-brown; belly, flanks gray.  Female: olive-gray above, buffy below.  Food insects.  Nest bulky, of grass.  Eggs unknown.

Bathmocercus winifredae  MRS. MOREAU'S WARBLER.  Forest.  Uluguru Mts. of ec Tanzania.

Has been placed in Sceptomycter.  East African List Committee recommend assignment to Bathmocercus (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.), as do Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 357).
 Male: head, breast dark rufous; back, rump dull olive; below olivaceous/buffy.  Female paler rufous areas.

Nesillas aldabrana  ALDABRA BRUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Aldabra Is.  Possibly extinct, last recorded in 1983.
Nesillas longicaudata  ANJOUAN BRUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Anjouan I., in the Comoros.
Nesillas typica  MALAGASY BRUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth and low, dense vegetation.  Lowlands to 2000 m of Madagascar.

17-18 cm. Plumage coloration geographically variable: brownish-gray above, tail; pale supercilium; pale whitish-green/gray-green below; tail long, graduated.  Food insects.  Nest of dry grass in a dense tuft of grass, close to the ground; eggs 2, pinkish white with gray/rufous spots.

Nesillas brevicaudata  GRAND COMORO BRUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Grand Comoro I. in the Comoro Islands.
Nesillas mariae  MOHELI BRUSH-WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Mohéli I. in the Comoro Is.
Thamnornis chloropetoides  THAMNORNIS WARBLER. Arid brush, dry forest undergrowth.  Lowlands to 500 m of sw Madagascar.

15 cm. Gray-green above; head brownish; chin, throat, supercilium white; yellowish-white below; flanks,crissum, yellow-green; tail yellow-green, graduated, 3 outer rectrices white-tipped.  Food insects, larvae.  Nest of dry leaves, bark in dense, low shrubbery, attached by cobwebs to small vertical branches; eggs 3, reddish-white with brown or maroon spots and red-gray undermarkings.

Melocichla mentalis  MOUSTACHED GRASS-WARBLER.  Deep grass, riparian thickets.  Senegambia, sw Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, C. African Rep., Chad, s Sudan, w Ethiopia, w,c,s Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burunda, Zaire s to sw,c Angola, Zambia, Malawi, extreme e Zimbabwe and Mozambique.

Rufous/brownish above; white supercilium; malar streak black; cheeks, throat white; breast, crissum russet-brown; belly center white.  Nest a large, flat cup of grass placed low in tuft of high grass; eggs 2-3, buffy/brownish, spotted with brownish; lilac undermarkings.
Achaetops pycnopygius  DAMARA ROCK-JUMPER.  Rocky areas.  Sw Angola and n,c Namibia.   Crown, back streaked black and buff; rump dark rufous; supercilium and malar stripe white; cheek black with white stripes; chin to breast white; breast and sides of chest black-spotted; center of breast white, belly to crissum rufous; tail black.  Nest of dry leaves, stems placed close to ground in bush; eggs 2-3, white with reddish spots and violet undermarkings.

Sphenoeacus afer  CAPE GRASS-WARBLER.  Deep grass, brush, riparian scrub.  Extreme e Zimbabwe, sw Mozambique and e,s S. Africa in Transvaal, Swaziland, w Orange Free State, Lesotho, Natal, and s Cape Province.

Crown rufous with black streaks; ear coverts rufous; lores, supercilium white; malar stripe black; mantle black/buffy edges; rump rufous; tail brownish, long, pointed; buffy below; belly, flanks black-streaked.  Food insects.  Nest an open cup of grass, leaves; hidden in grass tuft or bush close to ground; eggs 2-3, white with faint spots of brown with gray undermarkings.

Locustella: Grasshopper-Warblers, River Warbler, Lanceolated Warbler, Savi's Warbler.  Eurasia.  Grass, thickets, near water, swamps.  12-14 cm. Brownish above, whitish to buffy below; breast streaked/spotted with dusky; pale or white  supercilium; tail brownish, graduated; undertail coverts often white-tipped; lanceolata black-streaked above and flanks; ochotensis rectrices white-tipped.
Locustella lanceolata  LANCEOLATED WARBLER.  Reedbeds, wet meadows, marshy areas.  C Eurasia in nc Russia, c,s Siberia, n Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea, Sakhalin, Kuril Is. and Japan on Hokkaido and Honshu.
Locustella naevia  COMMON GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.  Rank vegetation, marshes, heath, moors, open woods, fields.  From British Isles e across s Sweden, continental Europe and c Russia to sw Siberia, ne Mongolia and extreme w China, s to n Spain, n Mediterranean region, n Italy, Yugoslavia, s Russia to n Caucasus, (but absent from most of Ukraine), Transcaspia, Kazakhstan, Kirghiz steppes, w China and probably n Afghanistan.

Locustella certhiola  PALLAS'S GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.  Damp grass, riparian thickets, swamp vegetation.  Siberia s of the Arctic Circle and w to Irtysh River and Altai, e to Kolyma River, e Kazakhstan, Mongolia and n China from w Sinkiang to e Inner Mongolia.
Locustella ochotensis  MIDDENDORF'S GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.  Deep damp grass, riparian thickets, swamp vegetation   E Siberia in s Kamchatka and shores of the Sea of Okhotsk from Magadan to s Amurland and n Sakhalin, n Japan on Hokkaido, and Shantar, Kuril and Commander islands.
Locustella pleskei  PLESKE'S GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.  Deep damp grass, riparian thickets, swamp vegetation.  In extreme se Siberia in s Ussuriland, Korea, Dagelet I., s Japan on Kyushu and the Izu Is.

Locustella fluviatilis  EURASIAN RIVER WARBLER.  Riparian thickets, woodland undergrowth.  From Germany and Poland e across c Russia n to lat. 62°N, to w Siberia in the Urals and upper Irtysh River, s to n Yugoslavia, Hungary and sw Russia s to the n Black Sea area and n Ukraine.
Locustella luscinioides  SAVI'S WARBLER.  Reedbeds, dense marshy growth.  From se England, Estonia and continental Europe se across c,s Russia to the Kirghiz steppes, and s to Morocco and nw Algeria, Balearic Is., Sicily, Crete, nw Turkey, Syria, Israel and cn Saudi Arabia.
Locustella fasciolata  GRAY'S GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.  Dense thickets, tall grass, bushes, woodland edge undergrowth.

L. f. amnicola was reported to be sympatric with fasciolata on Sakhalin, but further study suggests it is the eastern race of this species which is more variable than had been suspected.  They differ somewhat in wing formula and plumage, but are vocally similar.
 L. f. fasciolata.  Sc,se Siberia from upper Ob River e through Transbaicalia to Amurland and Ussuriland, n Manchuria, Japan on Hokkaido and Korea.
 L. f. amnicola.  Extreme se Siberia on Sakhalin and s Kuril Islands.  May be a separate species.

Acrocephalus:   Warblers, Reed-Warblers, Swamp-Warblers.  Reedbeds, marshes, swamps, thickets, grass, usually near water.  Eurasia, Africa, Arabia, Japan, Philippines, sw, s Pacific islands, Australia.

12-19 cm.  Plumages similar: brown to rufescent above, some with black streaks; whitish, grayish, buffy below; throat white, buffy; some with dusky or brown pectoral area; white or pale supercilium; often a dark eyeline, dark cheeks; some with white crown stripe; tail short, slightly graduated.  Food insects.  Nest a deep cup of plant material, cobwebs, often attached to several reeds over water; hanging from several twigs in a bush, thicket or similar sites.  Eggs usually 4-6, variable; pinkish, whitish, greenish with reddish, yellowish, gray to black spots/blotches.

Acrocephalus melanopogon  MOUSTACHED WARBLER.  Reedbeds, sedges, dense riparian vegetation.  Locally in se British Isles; and locally from coastal Spain e to n Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary and Turkey; n Morocco, n Tunisia, n Egypt in the Nile delta, Balearic Is., Corsica, Sicily, e across the Black Sea area, Transcaucasus, s Russia, n to n Caspian Sea area, Aral Sea and w Turkestan, cn Saudi Arabia and Near and Middle East to w Pakistan in Baluchistan and n India locally in Punjab and Kumaon.
Acrocephalus paludicola  AQUATIC WARBLER.  Open sedge marsh, dank vegetation near water.  Locally in Europe from Denmark, Netherlands, Germany and Poland e across w,c Russia (s of lat. 56°N) to w Siberia on the middle Ob River, and s to Italy, Sicily, n Yugoslavia, Hungary and n Black Sea area.

Schulze-Hagen, et al. (1993. J. für Orn. 134:145-154) used DNA fingerprinting to investigate multiple paternity in broods of young.  Females alone care for the young, but both sexes strive for copulations with several partners.  Data from 70 nestlings of 18 broods, their mothers and 32 males, revealed the extent of extra pair copulations.  The female feeding young at all nests was their mother; 9 of the 18 broods were offspring of a single male; the other 9 broods had 2 to 4 fathers.  Multiple paternity occurred in all broods with 5 or 6 nestlings, but not in broods of 2-4.  In most multiple broods the extra-pair male fathered only one nestling.  The incidence of multiple paternity was high: 58% of nestlings were from multiple paternity broods and 44% of all broods were fathered by 3 or 4 males.  For all nestlings, the extra-pair paternity rate was 35%.

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus  SEDGE WARBLER.  Reedbeds, marshy undergrowth, bushes near water.  From British Isles e across Scandinavia and n Russia to w Siberia e to Yenesei R. and Altai, and extreme w China, s to s France, n Mediterranean region, wc Turkey, nw Iran (probably), Crimea and Caucasus to Aral Sea area, Lake Zaysan and Kazakhstan.
Acrocephalus sorghophilus  STREAKED REED-WARBLER.  Breeding habitat unknown, occurs in millet fields on migration.  Ne China in Liaoning and possibly Hopeh.  Winters in Philippines.