Parvorder Scolopacida
        Superfamily Scolopacoidea
          Family Thinocoridae: Seedsnipe
          Family Pedionomidae: Plains-wanderer
          Family Scolopacidae
            Subfamily Scolopacinae: Woodcock, Snipe
            Subfamily Tringinae: Sandpipers, Godwits, Curlews, Phalaropes
        Superfamily Jacanoidea
          Family Rostratulidae: Painted-snipe
          Family Jacanidae: Jacanas, Lily-trotters

      Parvorder Charadriida
        Superfamily Chionoidea
          Family Chionidae: Sheathbills
     Family Pluvianellidae: Magellanic Plover
        Superfamily Charadrioidea
          Family Burhinidae: Thick-knees, Stone-curlews
          Family Charadriidae
            Subfamily Recurvirostrinae
              Tribe Haematopodini: Oystercatchers
              Tribe Recurvirostrini: Avocets, Stilts
            Subfamily Charadriinae: Plovers, Lapwings
        Superfamily Laroidea
          Family Glareolidae
            Subfamily Dromadinae: Crab Plover
            Subfamily Glareolinae: Pratincoles and Coursers
    Family Laridae
       Subfamily Larinae
              Tribe Stercorariini: Skuas, Jaegers
              Tribe Rynchopini: Skimmers
              Tribe Larini: Gulls
              Tribe Sternini: Terns
            Subfamily Alcinae: Auks, Murres, Puffins, Guillemots

 OrderCICONIIFORMES
Suborder CHARADRII:
Family PTEROCLIDAE:

 Syrrhaptes tibetanus  TIBETAN SANDGROUSE.  Bleak plateaus, rocky wasteland, stony
river valleys.  Deserts of c Asia from Tadshikistan and w China s to n India in Himachal Pradesh; Sikkim and Tibet.
Syrrhaptes paradoxus  PALLAS'S SANDGROUSE.  Arid sandy steppes with Artemisia absinthium.  From the ne shore of the Caspian Sea e across Aral Sea area, Turkestan and Kazakhstan to sw Siberia, s Mongolia and n China, s to n Tibet and s China in Tsinghai.
Breeds irregularly w to British Isles and w Europe.
Pterocles alchata  PIN-TAILED SANDGROUSE.  Arid plains, bleak plateaus, dry mud flats.  Locally in Portugal, Spain (exc. n), se coastal France, nw Africa from Morocco e to s Tunisia and
nc Libya; sw Asia from se Turkey and Near East e to s Transcaucasus, Transcaspia, Aral Sea area, Turkestan, sw Iran and Iraq, possibly Pakistan.

Pterocles namaqua  NAMAQUA SANDGROUSE.  Sparse dry grassland.  W,cs Angola, Namibia, Botswana, sw Zimbabwe and S. Africa e to w Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal and
e Cape Prov.
Pterocles exustus  CHESTNUT-BELLIED SANDGROUSE.  Sparse bushy arid land.
In s Mauritania, Senegambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, c,se Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Lake Chad area, Egypt in the Nile Valley and c,e Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya and n Tanzania.  Near East and coastal Arabia.  S Asia in Pakistan and India s of the Himalayas exc. from Assam and Bangladesh e,s.  Intro. on Hawaii.
Pterocles senegallus  SPOTTED SANDGROUSE.  Bare desert, dry mud flats.  From Spanish Sahara, s Algeria and Morocco (exc. e) to Egypt incl. Sinai Pen., s to Mauritania, n Mali, n Niger, n Chad, n Sudan, c Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and n Somalia; sw Asia from Arabia, Near East, s Iraq and s Iran to Afghanistan.

Pterocles gutturalis  YELLOW-THROATED SANDGROUSE.  Open plains, sandveld, recently-burned grassland.  Locally from w,c Ethiopia s through Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, extreme se Angola, n,ne Namibia, sw Zimbabwe and Botswana to n S. Africa in n Cape Prov. and w Transvaal.
Pterocles orientalis  BLACK-BELLIED SANDGROUSE.  Arid stony areas, fields.  Iberian Peninsula; e Canary Is.; n Africa from Morocco e to s Tunisia and nw Libya, possibly to Egypt;
from Israel and Turkey incl. Cyprus e through Kasakhstan, Transcaspia, Turkestan, Iran and Afghanistan to w China and sw Pakistan.
Pterocles coronatus  CROWNED SANDGROUSE.  Bleak deserts, sand dunes, lava flows.  N Africa in the Sahara e to Egypt incl. Sinai Pen., s to Mauritania, Niger, n Chad, w Sudan, Socotra I.; s Asia from Israel and Arabia e across s Iraq, Iran exc. nw and Afghanistan to w Pakistan.

Pterocles personatus  MADAGASCAR SANDGROUSE.  Arid plains, sand dunes.
Lowlands of Madagascar except e.
Pterocles decoratus  BLACK-FACED SANDGROUSE.  Dry bush country.  S Ethiopia, s Somalia s through Uganda and Kenya to s Tanzania.
Pterocles bicinctus  DOUBLE-BANDED SANDGROUSE.  Dry savanna, bushveld.  W,s Angola, s,e Zambia, s Malawi and w,s Mozambique s through Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe to n S. Africa in n Cape Prov. and Transvaal.
Pterocles quadricinctus  FOUR-BANDED SANDGROUSE.  Open plains, thrornscrub.  S Mauritania, s Mali,  Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, ne Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Lake Chad area and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea and s to ne Uganda and nw Kenya.

Pterocles indicus  PAINTED SANDGROUSE.  Rocky scrub-clad hillsides.  Lowlands in ne Pakistan in Punjab and India s of the Himalayas exc. for areas in s W. Bengal, Bangaldesh and Assam.
Pterocles lichtensteinii  LICHTENSTEIN'S SANDGROUSE.  Acacia veld, arid scrub.

P. l. lichtensteinii.  Locally in nc Africa mostly along the s edge of the Sahara from s Morocco and Mauritania e through Mali, Niger, c Chad, c,ne Sudan and se Egypt to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, s through se Sudan to Uganda and c Kenya.  Socotra Island.
 P. l. arabicus.  Sw Asia in sw,s,se Arabia, s Iran, s Afghanistan and Pakistan s to Baluchistan and Sind.  Sometimes associated with P. indicus.

Pterocles burchelli  BURCHELL'S SANDGROUSE.  Dry sparsely-wooded savanna.  S Angola, Namibia, Botswana, extreme w Zimbabwe and cn S. Africa in cn Cape Prov., nw Orange Free State and w,n Transvaal.

Family THINOCORIDAE: Seedsnipe.
Attagis gayi  RUFOUS-BELLIED SEEDSNIPE.  Paramo, puna.  Andes in Ecuador, s Peru, w Bolivia, Chile s to Magallanes and w Argentina from Salta and Jujuy s to the Straits of Magellan.
Attagis malouinus  WHITE-BELLIED SEEDSNIPE.  Grassland.  S Chile in Magallanes and Tierra del Fuego and s Argentina from w Río Negro s to Tierra del Fuego, Cape Horn and Staten I.
Thinocorus orbignyianus  GREY-BREASTED SEEDSNIPE.  Grassy slopes, puna valleys, marshes, plains.  Andes from Peru s through c,sw Bolivia to Chile s to s Magallanes, and w Argentina from Jujuy and Salta to Tierra del Fuego and Staten I.

Thinocorus rumicivorus  LEAST SEEDSNIPE.  Arid areas with low ground cover.  Along coasts from sw Ecuador s through Peru to nw Chile; puna zone of the Andes in w Bolivia, Chile from Atacama s to Magallanes and nw,s Argentina in Jujuy and Tucumán and from Río Negro s to Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island.

Family PEDIONOMIDAE:
Pedionomus torquatus  PLAINS-WANDERER.  Grassland, sheep paddocks, cereal stubble fields.  From se S. Australia e to s,c New S. Wales and w,c Victoria.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE:
Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE:
Scolopax rusticola  EURASIAN WOODCOCK.  Moist woods, bogs, heath, moors.  From British Isles, Scandinavia, n Russia and c Siberia e to Sakhalin, s to e Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde Is.), s Europe s to n Spain, s France, n Italy and the Balkans, sw Russia, Crimea, Caucasus, Transcausas, ne Turkey, c Russia, ec Turkestan, n India in the Himalayas at 2000-3800 m from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh, n,c China, se Siberia, Japan, Izu Is., and probably n Ryukyu Is.

All Old World species of Scolopax are sometimes treated as races of S. rusticola, or the Asian species are combined in various ways.  S. mira apparently differs in courtship behavior; the others are poorly known in the field.

Scolopax mira  AMAMI WOODCOCK.  Wooded hills, fields.  N Ryukyu Is. on Amami-o-Shima and probably on Tokuno Shima.
Scolopax saturata  RUFOUS WOODCOCK.  Swampy forest, edge.

The New Guinea race, rosenbergi, may be a separate species.
 S. s. saturata.  Mts., 1500-3700 m in Sumatra and Java.
 S. s. rosenbergi.  New Guinea from the Arfak Mts. to se ranges and the Huon Peninsula.

Scolopax celebensis  SULAWESI WOODCOCK.  Moist woods, wet grassy areas.  Lowlands of n,c Sulawesi.
Scolopax rochussenii  MOLUCCAN WOODCOCK.  Moist woods, wet grassy areas.  N Molucca islands of Obi and Bacan, possibly Halmahera.
Scolopax minor  AMERICAN WOODCOCK.  Moist forest and woods, riparian thickets, wet meadows, flooded fields.  From s Manitoba e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, s to c Iowa, e Kansas, e Oklahoma, ec Texas, Gulf states and s Florida.
Gallinago solitaria  SOLITARY SNIPE.  Grassy slopes, open areas near springs, open moist forest.  Mts., 1800-4600 m from se Russia, Turkestan, Altai e through s Siberia through Transbaicalia to Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka, and Mongolia to n Manchuria and s through w China to the Himalayas of n India in Sikkim.

Gallinago hardwickii  LATHAM'S SNIPE.  Moist woods, pastures, wet grassland, grassy slopes.  Japan from Hokkaido to c Honshu.
Gallinago nemoricola  WOOD SNIPE.  Marshy areas, wet grassland.  Himalayas, 600-4300 m in s,e Tibet, possibly sw China, ne India and Burma.
Gallinago stenura  PINTAIL SNIPE.  Bogs, marshes, taiga, flooded fields.  Siberia from Ural Mts. and Altai e through Transbaicalia to Amurland and Sea of Okhotsk and Mongolia.
Gallinago megala  SWINHOE'S SNIPE.  Forest clearings, wet meadows, river valleys; marshes and flooded fields in migration.  S Siberia from Altai e to Transbaicalia; s Ussuriland and Mongolia.

Gallinago media  GREAT SNIPE.  Marshes, wet grassland, meadows, moist scrub.  From Scandinavia e across n Russia to w Siberia and s to the Baltic countries, n Poland, sw,c Russia, Ukraine and sw Siberia in the Altai.
Gallinago gallinago  COMMON SNIPE.  Moist grassy areas, tundra; wet areas during migration.

The subspecies groups differ in courtship behavior and morphology and may be separate species.
 G. g. gallinago.  From Iceland, Faroe, Orkney and Shetland islands, British Isles and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Kamchatka, s to Azores, s Europe, sw,c Russia, Kirghiz steppes, Turkestan, w China, s Siberia from Transbaicalia to Sakhalin and Manchuria; sw Alaska on the Aleutian is. of Attu and Shemya.
 G. g. delicata.  From n Alaska, n Yukon, nw,c Mackenzie and s Keewatin e across n Canada to c Labrador, s to s Alaska w to Unalaska and Aleutians, s to c Calif., ec Arizona, n New Mexico, n Colorado, w Nebraska, and from c Iowa e across c,n U.S. to nw Pennsylvania, n New Jersey and New England.

Gallinago nigripennis  AFRICAN SNIPE.  Marshes, wet grassland.  Locally in s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, e Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Angola, ne Namibia and S. Africa.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of G. gallinago.
Gallinago macrodactyla  MADAGASCAR SNIPE.  Marshes.  Lowlands to 1800 m of Madagascar.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of G. gallinago.
Gallinago paraguaiae  SOUTH AMERICAN SNIPE.  Wet grassland, swamps, marshes.  Sometimes treated as subspecies of G. gallinago.

G. p. paraguaiae.  Lowlands of S. America e of the Andes from e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s to e Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina to Mendoza, Córdoba and Buenos Aires.
 G. p. magellanica.  S S. America in Chile w of the Andes from Atacama s to Cape Horn, and s Argentina from Neuquén and Río Negro s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands.

Gallinago andina  PUNA SNIPE.  Rivers flowing through bogs.  Puna zone in the Andes from n Peru s through w,c Bolivia to n Chile and nw Argentina.  Sometimes included in G. gallinago or in G. paraguaiae, but differs in habitat and courtship behavior.
Gallinago nobilis  NOBLE SNIPE.  Grassy bogs, wet savanna.  Andes, 2000-3900 m in Colombia, sw Venezuela in Táchira and Ecuador.
Gallinago undulata  GIANT SNIPE.  Marshy pasture, savanna.  Lowlands to 1500 m from nc,se Colombia, n,s Venezuela and Guianas s to n Brazil; se Brazil, Paraguay and probably Uruguay.
Gallinago jamesoni  ANDEAN SNIPE.  Grassy bogs, wet meadows, swampy woods.  Mts., 2100-4200 m from Colombia and w Venezuela s through the Andes of Ecuador and Peru to wc Bolivia.  Sometimes included in G. stricklandi, but differs in courtship behavior.

Gallinago stricklandii  FUEGIAN SNIPE.  Grassy bogs, wet meadows, swampy woods.  Mostly in the mts. in s Chile n to Cautín and Concepción and s Argentina in Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Is.
Gallinago imperialis  IMPERIAL SNIPE.  Bogs, tall grass in elfin forest.  Locally in the Andes, 2700-3550 m in Colombia and e Peru in Piura, La Libertad, Amazonas and Cuzco.
Lymnocryptes minimus  JACK SNIPE.  Swamps, bogs, wet grass; marshes and flooded fields in migration.  From n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Kolyma River, s to Latvia, c Russia and c Siberia.
Coenocorypha pusilla  CHATHAM ISLANDS SNIPE.  Forest floor, scrub.  South-east I. in the Chatham Islands.  Sometimes lumped with aucklandica
, but differs enough, plus geographic isolation, to be considered to be an allospecies.

Coenocorypha aucklandica  SUBANTARCTIC SNIPE.  Bush, scrub.  New Zealand region in the Auckland, Antipodes and Snares islands, and small islands off Stewart Island, s of the South Island of New Zealand.

Subfamily TRINGINAE:
Limosa limosa  BLACK-TAILED GODWIT.  Marshy grassland, wet meadows, steppe and moorland; marshes to mudflats in migration.  From Iceland, Faroe Is., s Scandinavia, Baltic states, c Russia, c Siberia to Ussuriland and probably Kamchatka, s to s Europe, sc Russia, n,e Kazakhstan, nw China, Mongolia and Manchuria from w Heilungkiang s to w Liaoning.
Limosa haemastica  HUDSONIAN GODWIT.  Grassy tundra near water; wet areas in migration.  Locally in sc,w Alaska in the Cook Inlet area, probably Kotzebue Sound and Norton Bay; Fort Anderson at the mouth of the Mackenzie River in Mackenzie; Chilcat Pass in nw British Columbia, ne Manitoba and nw Ontario.
Limosa lapponica    BAR-TAILED GODWIT.  Coastal and sedge-shrub tundra; wet area in migration.  From n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia mostly n of the Arctic Circle to n Anadyrland; w,n Alaska from Wales e to Point Barrow and s to the Yukon delta.

Limosa fedoa  MARBLED GODWIT.  Marshes, flooded plains; mudflats and beaches in migration.  From c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, s Manitoba and n Ontario s to c Montana, ne Colorado, c N. Dakota, ne S. Dakota and nw Minnesota.  Formerly to Iowa and s Wisconsin.
Numenius minutus  LITTLE CURLEW.  Bushy mt. tundra, open forest.  C Siberia in n,c Yakutia in the Verkhoyansk and Cherski mts., possibly elsewhere s to n Mongolia, Lake Baikal and Amurland.  Sometimes included in N. borealis, but morphologically distinct.
Numenius borealis  ESKIMO CURLEW.  Open tundra; grassland, fields, marshes, mudflats in migration.  Nearly extinct; last specimen 1962 from Barbados, several more recent sight records.  Formerly in nw Mackenzie, possibly w to w Alaska at Norton Sound.

Numenius phaeopus  WHIMBREL.  Sedge-shrub tundra, moors, heath; other wet areas in migration.

Old World and New World races differ slightly in vocalizations and are sometimes treated as separate species.
   N. p. phaeopus.  From Iceland, Faroe Is., n British Isles, n Scandinavia, n Russia and locally in n Siberia e to Anadyrland, s to Orkney and Shetland is., s Scandinavia, c Russia and c Siberia, mostly n of Arctic Circle.
 N. p. hudsonicus.  From n Alaska, n Yukon and nw Mackenzie s to w,c Alaska at Norton Sound, Alaska Range and Susitna River highlands, sw Yukon and along w Hudson Bay to nw Ontario on nw James Bay.

Numenius tahitiensis  BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW.  Montane tundra; fields, mudflats, beaches on migration.  W Alaska near mouth of the Yukon River and Seward Peninsula.
Numenius tenuirostris  SLENDER-BILLED CURLEW.  Bogs, swampy steppe, marshy forest edge; beaches and mudflats in migration.  E Iran and sw Siberia in n Kazakhstan and w Altai.  May be nearing extinction.
Numenius arquata  EURASIAN CURLEW.  Grasslands, marshes; mudflats and wet meadows in migration.  From Iceland, British Isles and Scandinavia e across c Russia and nw,c Siberia to Transbaicalia, n Mongolia and Manchuria, s to w,s Europe, Crimea, Ukraine and sw Siberia in the Altai.

Numenius americanus  LONG-BILLED CURLEW.  Prairies, grassy meadows; beaches, farms, mudflats in migration.  From sc British Columbia, s Alberta, s Saskatchewan and s Manitoba s to e Washington, ec Calif., c Nevada, c Utah, s Colorado, c New Mexico, n Texas and sw Kansas.
Numenius madagascariensis  FAR EASTERN CURLEW.  Moors, wet meadows; mudflats, beaches, marshes in migration.  E,se Siberia in e Transbaicalia, Amurland, Ussuriland and Kamchatka, n Mongolia and n Manchuria incl. Inner Mongolia.
Bartramia longicauda  UPLAND SANDPIPER.  Grassland, prairie, dry meadows, pastures, open woods.  From nc Alaska, n Yukon, nw British Columbia, extreme sw Mackenzie, n Alberta and wc,s Saskatchewan e across s Canada to s New Brunswick and c Maine, s to e Washington, ne Oregon, Idaho, c Colorado, nw Oklahoma, nc Texas, and from c Missouri e across ec U.S. to c Virginia and Maryland.

Tringa erythropus  SPOTTED REDSHANK.  Marshy tundra, taiga edge; marshes, ponds, etc. on migration.  From Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to the Chukotski Peninsula, s in c Siberia to limits of taiga.
Tringa totanus  COMMON REDSHANK.  Marshes, wet meadows, moors, rivers, lakes, ponds; mudflats and estuaries in migration.  From Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles and n Scandinavia e across c Russia and c,s Siberia to Transbaicalia, Amurland, Ussuriland and Anadyrland, s to s Europe, Tunisia, Turkey, Transcaucasus, Turkestan, n India in n Kashmir, Tibet, w,n China and Inner Mongolia and Mongolia.
Tringa stagnatilis  MARSH SANDPIPER.  Marshes, wet meadows; mudflats in migration.  From se Europe w to Bulgaria and Romania, e across sc Russia s to Crimea and Ukraine and n Kazakhstan to s Siberia and Manchuria.

Tringa nebularia  COMMON GREENSHANK.  Marshes, bogs, wet meadows, moors; ponds, lakes and mudflats in migration.  From Scotland and Scandinavia e across c Russia and c Siberia to Kamchatka, s to Lake Baikal and n Amurland.
Tringa guttifer  NORDMANN'S GREENSHANK.  Grassy lagoons, swamps, wet meadows; marshes and mudflats in migration.  E Siberia in s Sakhalin.
Tringa melanoleuca  GREATER YELLOWLEGS.  Muskeg, tundra; marshes, ponds, mudflats, etc. in migration.  From s Alaska, sw Mackenzie and sc British Columbia e across c Canada to c,s Labrador, Newfoundland, ne Nova Scotia and Anticosti I. in se Quebec.
Tringa flavipes  LESSER YELLOWLEGS.  Tundra, muskeg; in migration marshes, ponds, lakes, etc.  From w,c Alaska, c Yukon, nw,ec Mackenzie, s Keewatin, n Manitoba, n Ontario and wc Quebec s to ec British Columbia, c Alberta, c Saskatchewan and se Manitoba.

Tringa solitaria  SOLITARY SANDPIPER.  Taiga, nests in trees.  In migration on ponds, streams, mudflats, etc.  From c,sc Alaska, n Yukon, nw,c British Columbia, w,s Mackenzie, n,c Alberta and n,c Saskatchewan e across c Canada to c,s Labrador and s to s Manitoba and n Minnesota.
Tringa ochropus  GREEN SANDPIPER.  Brooks, pools, marshes, swamps; wet fields, mudflats in migration.  From n Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia s to c Ukraine and c Siberia to Kolyma River, s to n Europe, Kirghiz steppes, s Siberia in the Altai and e to Amurland, nw China, Mongolia and n Manchura along the Amur River.
Tringa glareola  WOOD SANDPIPER.  Pond edges in taiga; lakes, streams, meadows, bogs, etc. in migration.  From British Isles and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Chukotski Peninsula and s to Denmark, Germany, c Russia, extreme e Turkestan, n Mongolia, n Manchuria, Kamchatka and Kuril and Commander islands; sw Alaska in the w,c Aleutian Is. on Amchitka, Attu and probably Adak.

Tringa cinerea  TEREK SANDPIPER.  River meadows, marshes, stream banks, ponds, lakes; mudflats, bays, etc. in migration.  From Finland e through n Russia and n Siberia to Anadyrland, s to c Russia and Lake Baikal.  Placed in the genus Xenus by Cramp, et al. (1983. Vol. 3, p. 587) and accepted by the East African and South African List Committees (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).  The genus Tringa has been enlarged in other recent publications to include Actitis and Heteroscelus.
Tringa hypoleucos  COMMON SANDPIPER.  Streams, ponds, lakes; coasts, marshes in migration.  From British Isles and Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Anadyrland and Kamchatka, s to Mediterranean region, Turkey, w,n Iran, Afghanistan, Himalayas above 1500 m, Mongolia, w,c,n China, Ussuriland, Kuril Is. and Japan;  Uganda.  Often placed in Actitis.

Tringa macularia  SPOTTED SANDPIPER.  Lakes, ponds, streams; coasts and marshes in migration.  From c Alaska, c Yukon, nw,c Mackenzie, s Keewatin, ne Manitoba, n Ontario, n Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland s to s Alaska w to base of Alaskan Peninsula, to s Calif.in interior mts., c Arizona, s New Mexico, c Texas, n portions of Gulf states (exc. Louisiana), N. Carolina, Virginia and e Maryland.  Vagrant in w Europe; has nested in Scotland.  Often placed in Actitis.
Tringa brevipes  GREY-TAILED TATTLER.  Streams, lakes, mossy and scrubby hills; coasts, beaches in migration.  Locally in mts. of Siberia on the s Taimyr Peninsula, Lake Baikal area, Verkhoyansk Mts., Anadyrland and possibly Kamchatka and Kuril Is.  Sometimes treated as a race of T. incana, but morphologically and vocally distinct.  Often placed in Heteroscelus.

Tringa incana  WANDERING TATTLER.  Streams, lakes, mossy and scrubby hills, damp meadows, forest clearings; rocky coasts, beaches in migration.  Ne Siberia in Anadyrland and Chukotski Peninsula; mts. of w,c,se Alaska, c,s Yukon and nw British Columbia.  Often placed in Heteroscelus.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus  WILLET.  Marshes, lakes; mudflats, beaches, shores in migration.  From e Oregon, Idaho, c Alberta, s Saskatchewan and sw Manitoba s to ne,ec Calif., w Nevada, c Utah, n Colorado, w,n Nebraska and e S. Dakota; formerly to w,se Minnesota and Iowa.  Along Atlantic coast from s New Brunswick, Prince Edward I., w Newfoundland and Nova Scotia s to s Florida and w to s Texas.  N W. Indies in Bahamas, Cuba, Beata I. off Hispaniola, Virgin Is. of Anegada and St. Croix, Grand Cayman I., Los Roques Is. off n Venezuela, possibly n Lesser Antilles.

Prosobonia cancellata  TUAMOTU SANDPIPER.  Beaches, shores.  Tuamotu Archipelago in the s,c Pacific Ocean.
*Prosobonia leucoptera  TAHITIAN SANDPIPER.  Extinct.  Last observed in 1777.  Formerly on Moorea and Tahiti in the e Society Islands, sc Pacific Ocean.
Arenaria interpres  RUDDY TURNSTONE.  Tundra; seacoasts, mudflats, lakes, etc. in migration.  From n Greenland, Iceland, n Scandinavia, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian Is. and n Siberia e to Chukotski Pen., s to c Greenland, w Norway, islands in the Baltic Sea and Anadyrland; from n Alaska and Canadian Arctic islands from Banks I. e to Ellesmere and sw Baffin I., s to w Alaska on St. Lawrence I. and the Yukon River delta and Southampton, Coats and Mansel islands, probably n Mackenzie and n Keewatin.

Arenaria melanocephala  BLACK TURNSTONE.  Coastal salt-grass tundra;  rocky coasts in migration.  From Kotzebue Sound in w Alaska s to Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, rarely to n Alaska Peninsula.
Limnodromus griseus  SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER.  Grassy or mossy tundra; rocky coasts, beaches, mudflats in migration.  S Alaska from Bristol Bay e to Stikine River; from s Yukon, s Mackenzie and ne Manitoba s to ec British Columbia, c Alberta and c Saskatchewan; from interior Ungava Pen. s to n Ontario.
Limnodromus scolopaceus  LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER.  Grassy tundra, wet meadows; marshes, ponds, lakes, mudflats in migration.  Ne Siberia from lower Yana R. e to Chukotski Pen. and Anadyrland; nw N. America in coastal w,n Alaska at Hooper Bay and from Point Barrow e, n Yukon and nw Mackenzie.  Formerly treated as a race of L. griseus, but now known to be vocally, morphologically, ecologically and genetically distinct.

Limnodromus semipalmatus  ASIAN DOWITCHER.  Open boggy steppe, wet meadows; mudflats, marshes, beaches in migration.  Locally in c Asia in s Siberia on the upper Ob and Yenisei rivers, s Lake Baikal, Transbaicalia, s Ussuriland, Mongolia and n Manchuria.
Aphriza virgata  SURFBIRD.  Open rocky ground above treeline; rocky coasts in migration.  Mts. in c Alaska in theAlaska Range, Fortymile River system and Yukon, exc. se.
Calidris tenuirostris  GREAT KNOT.  Barren or stony tundra; rocky coasts, beaches, mudflats in migration.  Mts. of ne Siberia from the lower Kolyma R. e to Anadyrland, probably from Verkhoyansk Mts. e to Sea of Okhotsk.
Calidris canutus  RED KNOT.  Barren or stony tundra; coasts, mudflats, beaches, etc. in migration.  From n Greenland and Spitsbergen e to New Siberian and Wrangel islands; nw,n Alaska from Seward Pen. and Delong Mts. e to Point Barrow and probably farther e, and Canadian Arctic islands e to Ellesmere and s to s Victoria and Southampton islands.

Calidris alba  SANDERLING.  Dry sedge, barren or stony tundra; beaches, mudflats in migration.  N Greenland, Spitsbergen, n Siberia; n Alaska at Barrow; from Banks, Prince Patrick, Lougheed and n Ellesmere islands s to n Mackenzie, w Victoria I., n Keewatin on the Melville Pen., nw coast of Hudson Bay at Cape Fullerton, and Southampton and n Baffin islands.
Calidris pusilla  SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.  Open tundra; mudflats, ponds, wet areas in migration.  E. Siberia on the Chukotski Peninsula and from Arctic coast of w,n Alaska s to Norton Bay, n Yukon, n Mackenzie, Canadian Arctic islands of Banks, Victoria, King William, c Baffin and probably others, and n Labrador s to w Alaska at the mouth of the Yukon Rl, ec Mackenzie, se Keewatin, ne Manitoba, Southampton I., n Ontario, n Quebec and coastal Labrador.

Calidris mauri  WESTERN SANDPIPER.  Coastal sedge tundra; mudflats, beaches, etc. in migration.  Ne Siberia on e Chukotski Pen.; nw Alaska on St. Lawrence and Nunivak is., coasts from Bristol Bay and Kashunuk R. to Seward Pen., Point Barrow and Camden Bay.
Calidris minuta  LITTLE STINT.  Tundra; in migration mudflats, ponds, coasts, etc.  From n Scandinavia e through n Russia and Novaya Zemlya to New Siberian Is. and n Siberia e to Yana R. delta.
Calidris ruficollis  RUFOUS-NECKED STINT.  Swampy or grassy tundra; in migration mudflats, beaches.  Ne Siberia from Chukotski Pen. s to Anadyrland and Koryakland; n,w Alaska at Point Barrow, Seward Pen. and probably other areas.

Calidris temminckii  TEMMINCK'S STINT.  Tundra, grassy meadows; in migration mudflats, coast, ponds, etc.  From British Isles and n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen. and Anadyrland.
Calidris subminuta  LONG-TOED STINT.  Mossy or wet tundra; in migration beaches, mudflats, etc.  Locally in Siberia in w Transbaicalia, Verkhoyansk Mts., Koryakland, Chukotski Pen., Anadyrland and near Magadan; Commander and Kuril islands.
Calidris minutilla  LEAST SANDPIPER.  Mossy or grassy tundra; in migration meadows, mudflats, ponds, etc.  From w Alaska at the Kobuk River, n Yukon, n Mackenzie, s Keewatin, Southampton I., n Quebec and n Labrador s to Unalaska I. in the e Aleutians, sc,se Alaska w to Alaskan Pen., nw British Columbia and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to Anticosti and Magdalen is., New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia; Monomoy I. off Massachusetts.

Calidris fuscicollis  WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.  Mossy or grassy tundra; in migration mudflats, marshes, ponds, etc.  From n Alaska, n Yukon, nw Mackenzie and Banks, Melville, Bathurst and n Bylot islands s to coasts of Mackenzie and Keewatin, nw Hudson Bay at Chesterfield Inlet and Southampton and Baffin islands.
Calidris bairdii  BAIRD'S SANDPIPER.  Dry coastal and alpine tundra; in migration mudflats, marshes, lakes, pastures, etc.  Ne Siberia on the Chukotski Peninsula; Arctic N. America from w,n Alaska from Wales and Point Barrow e to n Yukon and Banks, Melville, Ellef Ringnes and Ellesmere islands, and nw Greenland s to c Alaska in the Askinuk Mts. and Susitna River highlands, n Mackenzie, n Keewatin, s Melville Pen., and Southampton and sc Baffin islands.

Calidris melanotos  PECTORAL SANDPIPER.  Wet coastal tundra; in migration wet meadows, ponds, mudflats, etc.  Arctic coast of c,e Siberia w to Taimyr Peninsula.  N N. America from w,n Alaska from Wales and Point Barrow e to n Yukon, n Mackenzie and Banks, Victoria, Bathurst, Devon, n Baffin and Southampton islands, and nw Greenland, s to w Alaska at Goodnews Bay,c Mackenzie, se Keewatin and s coast of Hudson Bay to Cape Henrietta Maria.

Includes C. paramelanotos (Cox's Sandpiper) which is now treated as a hybrid between melanotos and ferruginea, although parents other than ferruginea are possible, including proposals for C. fuscicollis and Philomachus pugnax.

Calidris acuminata  SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.  Grassy tundra; in migration marshes, wet fields, mudflats, ponds, etc.  Ne Siberia from Yana R. to Kolyma R. and probably Chukotski Peninsula.  A specimen from Long Island, New York, described as Calidris cooperi (Cooper's Sandpiper) may have been a hybrid between C. acuminata and C. ferruginea.
Calidris maritima  PURPLE SANDPIPER.  Mossy tundra, moors, heath, coastal barren flats; in migration rocky coasts and lake shores.  From w,se Greenland, Iceland, Faroes, Spitsbergen, Bear I., Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya and New Siberian I. s to Arctic coast of Scandinavia and nc Siberia on the Taimyr Pen.  Ne N America from Melville, Bathurst, Devon, Bylot and Baffin is. s to Southampton and Belcher islands and nc James Bay at N. Twin Island.

Calidris ptilocnemis  ROCK SANDPIPER.  Grassy or mossy tundra; in migration rocky coasts and breakwaters.  Ne Siberia on the Chukotski Pen. and Commander Is.  W Alaska from Wales s to Hooper Bay, St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Nunivak and Pribilof is., and Aleutian and Shumagin is. e to Sanak.  Sometimes treated as a race of C. maritima; its breeding biology is poorly known.
Calidris alpina  DUNLIN.  Wet coastal tundra; in migration mudflats, wet fields, beaches, ponds, etc.  From e Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya and Arctic coast of Russia and Siberia e to Chukotski Pen., Anadyrland and Koryakland, s to British Isles and Baltic region.  N N. America from n Alaska, n Mackenzie on Baillie I., ne Keewatin and s Somerset and Baffin is., s to wc Alaska on Nunivak I. and Hooper Bay; Southampton I., ne Manitoba and n Ontario at Cape Henrietta Maria.

Wenink, et al. (J. für Orn. 135:337) compared mtDNA control regions of 155 Dunlins from 15 breeding populations and defined five major phylogeographic groups.  This fragmentation is attibuted to the isolation of the five groups in tundra refugia during the late Pleistocene.  The five groups occur in central Siberia, eastern Siberia, Alaska, Europe and Canada.  The mtDNA differences are probably being maintained by the strong tendency of birds to return to the area where they were hatched (natal philopatry).  Each group can be defined morphometrically as separate subspecies, but other recognized subspecies are not supported by the mtDNA evidence.  C. a. hudsonia of central arctic Canada is supported, but merging of Canadian and southern Alaskan populations is not recommended because the mtDNA data show them to be the results of an ancient divergence.  C. a. centralis of central Siberia is supported by a different moult pattern and by the mtDNA data.  C. a. arcticola, arctica and schinzii are not corroborated by separate major mtDNA lineages.  Birds from northern and western Alaska can be assigned to C. a. pacifica.  The genetic structure of the European group probably began with the last retreat of the ice sheets ca. 10,000 years ago.

Calidris ferruginea  CURLEW SANDPIPER.  Dry tundra; in migration mudflats, marshes, beaches.  N Siberia from Yenisei R. delta e along Arctic coast and New Siberian I. to Chukotski Pen., s to Anadyrland and Koryakland; n Alaska at Barrow.  See note about "C. cooperi" above under C. acuminata.
Micropalama himantopus  STILT SANDPIPER.  Sedge tundra; in migration mudflats, wet fields, ponds, marshes.  From n Alaska w to Prudhoe Bay, n Yukon, n Mackenzie and s Victoria I., se to se Keewatin, ne Manitoba and n Ontario at Cape Henrietta Maria.
Tryngites subruficollis  BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.  Dry grassy tundra; in migration short grassland, fields, mudflats.  From n Alaska w to Barrow area, n Yukon, nw Mackenzie and Banks, Melville, Bathurst and Devon islands s to s Victoria, Jenny Lind and King William islands.

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus  SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.  Stone or shell banks; in migration mudflats and beaches.  Ne Siberia from Chukotski Pen. s to Anadyrland and Koryakland.
Limicola falcinellus  BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.  Tundra; in migration marshes, mudflats, beaches.  Locally in n Scandinavia, n Russia on the Kola Pen., and n Siberia from the Yenisei R. e to Kolyma R.
Philomachus pugnax  RUFF.  Grassy tundra, lakes, ponds, swampy meadows, farmland; in migration also mudflats and wet fields.  From s British Isles and n Scandinavia e across n Russia and n Siberia incl. New Siberian Is., to Anadyrland, and s locally to nc Europe and c Russia, Kirghiz steppes and sw Siberia in Altai and Lake Shira.  Nw Alaska at Point Lay.

Phalaropus tricolor  WILSON'S PHALAROPE.  Marshes and wet meadows; in migration ponds, lakes, mudflats.  Coastal British Columbia on Vancouver I.; from s Yukon, n Alberta, c Saskatchewan and s,ne Manitoba e across s Canada to s Ontario, s Quebec and New Brunswick, and s in the interior to ec Calif., c Nevada, c Utah, ec Arizona, wc New Mexico, n Texas, c Kansas, w Nebraska, e S. Dakota, and from n Iowa e to n Ohio; Plum I. off Massachusetts.
Phalaropus lobatus  RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.  Grassy ponds, lakes and marshes; in migration ponds, lakes, marshes; mostly pelagic in winter.  From Greenland, Iceland, n British Isles, Faroe and Shetland islands, and Spitsbergen e across Scandinavia, n Russia and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen., Anadyrland, Kamchatka and Commander Is.  From n Alaska, n Mackenzie, s Victoria I., c Keewatin, and Southampton and s Baffin islands s to Pribilof and Aleutian islands, s Alaska, nw British Columbia, s Yukon, s Mackenzie and n Alberta e across n Canada to n Quebec and Labrador.

Phalaropus fulicaria  RED PHALAROPE or GREY PHALAROPE.  Coastal tundra.  Pelagic in winter; in migration bays, lakes, marshes, etc.  From Greenland and Iceland e through Spitsbergen, Bear I., Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian I. and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen. and Anadyrland.  From w,n Alaska s to Yukon R. delta and St. Lawrence I., e across n Yukon and n Mackenzie to Banks, Melville, Ellesmere, Bylot and n Baffin islands, s to e Keewatin, Southampton and Mansel is., n Quebec and n Labrador.  Six vagrant records in New Zealand since 1883 - sight only with photos (Chance, G. 1994. Orn. Soc. New Zealand News, No. 73, p. 1-2).

Family ROSTRATULIDAE:
Rostratula benghalensis  GREATER PAINTED-SNIPE.  Marshes with thick cover, swampy areas, rice paddies.  Locally in Senegambia e through s Mali, s Niger, s Chad, nw,ne Egypt and s Sudan to Ethiopia and Kenya, s to s S. Africa.  Recorded in all mainland subSaharan African countries except Djibouti and Congo.  Madagascar exc. s.  Lowlands to 1500 m from Pakistan and India n to Kashmir e through e,s China to Japan n to Honshu, s through se Asia to Greater Sumba Islands, Sumbawa, Philippines and Taiwan.  In Australia widespread and rare in the east, rare and local in west.
Rostratula semicollaris  AMERICAN PAINTED-SNIPE.  Open swampy areas.  Locally in lowlands in c Chile from Coquimbo to Arauco, Paraguay in the chaco, se Brazil, Uruguay and n,c Argentina s to Río Negro.

Family JACANIDAE:
Actophilornis africanus  AFRICAN JACANA.  Lakes, ponds and marshes with much surface vegetation.  Senegambia and sw Mauritania e across s Mali, s Niger, s Chad and Sudan to Ethiopia and s Somalia, s to c Namibia, ne Botswana and e S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal and e Cape Province.  Occurs in all subSaharan mainland African countries except Eritrea and Djibouti.
Actophilornis albinucha  MADAGASCAR JACANA.  Lakes, ponds and marshes with ample surface vegetation.  Lowlands to 750 m of Madagascar exc. s,se.
Microparra capensis  LESSER JACANA.  Lakes, ponds, marshes with ample surface vegetation.  In Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, s Niger, ne Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, C. African Rep., and s Sudan s in e Africa through extreme ne,ce Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, w,s Kenya and Tanzania w across Zambia, Malawi, se Zaire and c,s Angola, s to c Namibia, n Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and e S. Africa in n,c Transvaal, e Cape Prov., formerly Natal.

Irediparra gallinacea  COMB-CRESTED JACANA.  Swamps, marshes and lagoons with floating vegetation.  Lowlands in Borneo, Sulawesi, sw Mindanao, Lesser Sunda Is., Aru Is. and Misool I. in the w Papuan islands, New Guinea, Fergusson and Goodenough islands, and n,e Australia from n W. Australia in the Kimberleys, e to Queensland and s to se New S. Wales near Sydney.
Hydrophasianus chirurgus  PHEASANT-TAILED JACANA.  Swamps and marshes with floating or emergent vegetation.  Lowlands and mts. to 3650 m from Pakistan and India n to the Himalayas from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, s China, Hainan, Taiwan, s through se Asia (exc. n Vietnam) to Sri Lanka and the Philippine is. of Calayan, Luzon, Mindoro and Mindanao.
Metopidius indicus  BRONZE-WINGED JACANA.  Marshes and swamps with floating vegetation.  Lowlands from India (exc. w Rajasthan) e through Burma to sw China in sw Yunnan, Thailand (exc. ne,sw), Cambodia, c Laos and s Vietnam; Sumatra and Java.  Ranges to Malay Peninsula.

Jacana spinosa  NORTHERN JACANA.  Marshes with floating vegetation, wet pastures, meadows, ponds, lakes, rivers.  Lowlands from s Sinaloa, s Texas and Tamaulipas s incl. Yucatán Pen. and Cozumel I., to w Panama; Cuba incl. Isle of Pines, Jamaica and Hispaniola. Hybridizes with J. jacana in w Panama and sometimes treated as a race of that species.
Jacana jacana  WATTLED JACANA.  Marshes, wet grass, ponds, lakes, rivers.  Lowlands mostly below 1000 m from Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, west of the Andes to nw Peru and e of the Andes to n Argentina s to San Luis, Córdoba, Santa Fe and n Buenos Aires.

Family CHIONIDAE:
Chionis alba  SNOWY SHEATHBILL.  Rocky seacoasts, usually near penguin or cormorant colonies.  Subantarctic islands of S. Georgia, S. Orkney, S. Shetland; Antarctic Peninsula s to lat. 65°S.  Migrant n along e coast of S. America to Uruguay.
Chionis minor  BLACK-FACED SHEATHBILL.  Rocky seacoasts, moist inland meadows.  Southern Indian Ocean on Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen and Heard islands.

Family PLUVIANELLIDAE:
Pluvianellus socialis  MAGELLANIC PLOVER.  Beaches and shores of ponds, lagoons, lakes.  Lowlands to 1200 m in s Chile in the Straits of Magellan region, n Tierra del Fuego and ce,se Argentina in Santa Cruz Province.

Family BURHINIDAE:
 Burhinus oedicnemus  EURASIAN THICK-KNEE.  Open steppes, sandy or stony areas in heath and scrub, open areas with sparse vegetation.  Lowlands to 1000 m from se England, Germany, Poland and w,s Russia e to Kirghiz steppes and Turkestan, s to the Canary Is., n Africa incl. oases in Sahara s to Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, s Tunisia and c Egypt, e to Turkey, Near and Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India n to Himalayan foothills from Kashmir e to Assam; Sri Lanka, Burma, c Thailand, Cambodia and c Vietnam in Annam.
Burhinus senegalensis  SENEGAL THICK-KNEE.  Lakes, rivers, esp. sandy banks with cover.  In extreme sw Mauritania, s Mali, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep.,  to Lake Chad, the Nile Valley, c Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, s to cn,ne Zaire, n Uganda and nw Kenya.

Burhinus vermiculatus  WATER THICK-KNEE.  Lakes, rivers, esp. with sandy banks with cover, coastal estuaries.  Senegambia, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, n,ne Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, s (exc. sw deserts) in Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, ne Namibia and s Angola to s S. Africa w to sw Cape Province.
Burhinus capensis  SPOTTED THICK-KNEE.  Woodland edge, savanna, thorn scrub.  In sw Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, s Niger, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., L. Chad area and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and sw,e Arabia, s (exc. w,c forests) in Zaire, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe  to s S. Africa.
Burhinus bistriatus  DOUBLE-STRIPED THICK-KNEE.  Arid open country with sparse vegetation, savanna, open woods.  I. of Hispaniola; Mexico in Veracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Pacific lowlands from Guatemala s to nw Costa Rica; lowlands to 500 m from n Colombia e through Venezuela incl. Margarita I., to Guyana and extreme n Brazil in Roraima and Amapá.  May include superciliaris.

Burhinus superciliaris  PERUVIAN THICK-KNEE.  Arid scrub and grassland, adj. farms.  Pacific lowlands in extreme sw Ecuador, Peru and extreme nw Chile in Arica.  Closely related to B. bistriatus and possibly conspecific.
Burhinus grallarius  BUSH THICK-KNEE.  Open woods, sandy scrub, golf courses, orchards.  Australia incl. coastal islands and Kangaroo I.
Burhinus recurvirostris  GREAT THICK-KNEE.  Rivers, seacoasts, beaches.  Lowlands to 1000 m, mostly along large rivers, seacoasts and islands) in se Iran, Pakistan, India n to Himalayan foothills from Kashmir e to Assam; Sri Lanka; Burma (exc. Tenasserim), sw China, Hainan I., Thailand (exc. peninsular), and Indochina.

Burhinus giganteus  BEACH THICK-KNEE.  Rivers, seacoasts, beaches.  Mostly along large rivers, seacoasts and islands.  From the Andaman Is., Malay Peninsula and Philippines s through Indonesia, New Guinea and Bismarck Arch. to the Solomon Is., New Caledonia, and n,ne coastal Australia from n W. Australia w to Point Cloates, e to Queensland and extreme ne New S. Wales at Tweed Heads.  May be conspecific with recurvirostris, but differs in bill shape and usually treated as a separate species.

Family CHARADRIIDAE:
Subfamily RECURVIROSTRINAE:
Tribe HAEMATOPODINI:
In this classification there are 11 species of Haematopus, but the status of some allopatric populations is uncertain.  Allopatric pied forms that differ in soft part colors, display or behavior are here treated as allospecies; relationships of uniformly black forms to pied forms vary locally and are often unclear.

Haematopus ostralegus  EURASIAN OYSTERCATCHER.  Sandy and muddy beaches,, rocky seashores.  From Iceland, Faroes, British Isles and coasts of Europe e to n Russia and s to the Iberian Peninsula; along coasts of nw Mediterranean, Adriatic, Aegean and n Black seas; inland in c,s Russia n of the Caucasus, Turkey, nw Iran, s Russia (absent from Transcaspia and higher e parts of Turkestan and Kazakhstan) and w Siberia e to Ob River; locally in Kamchatka, n coasts of Sea of Okhotsk, e China and Korea.  Birds from n Europe winter from the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Arabian seas, Persian Gulf s to s Africa, Sri Lanka, Burma and s China.
*Haematopus meadewaldoi  CANARY ISLANDS OYSTERCATCHER.  Probably extinct.  Formerly on the e Canary islands of Graciosa, Lanzatore and Fuerteventura; last reliable report in 1913.  Often included in moquini.

Haematopus moquini  AFRICAN OYSTERCATCHER.  Rocky seacoasts, beaches.  Coastal s Africa in Namibia and S. Africa e to Natal.
Haematopus finschi  SOUTH ISLAND OYSTERCATCHER.  Lakes.  Highlands of the South Island of New Zealand.
Haematopus bachmani  BLACK OYSTERCATCHER.  Rocky seacoasts and islands, occasionally sandy beaches.  Coasts and islands from s Alaska incl. Round I., Aleutian Is. w to Kiska, s to c Baja Calif. to Punta Abreojos and Isla Natividad.  Sometimes included in H. palliatus, but assortative mating and limited hybridization occur in central Baja California where their ranges meet.

Haematopus palliatus  AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER.  Rocky and sandy coasts and islands.  Locally along coasts of the Americas from c Baja Calif. on San Benito Is., and Gulf of California, s along Pacific coasts to c Chile, Galapagos Islands and Isla Chiloé, but absent from Oaxaca to Nicaragua; Atlantic-Gulf coast from Massachusetts s to Florida, w to Texas and s to Yucatán Pen.; W. Indies in Bahamas, Greater Antilles and on the Lesser Antillean islands of St. Barthélemy, Guadeloupe, Grenadines, possibly Tobago; and Caribbean-Atlantic coast of S. America from Colombia to sc Argentina, incl. most islands n of Venezuela and e to Trinidad.
Haematopus longirostris  PIED OYSTERCATCHER.  Sandy beaches, tidal mudflats, estuaries.  Coasts and islands in the Watubela, Kai and Aru islands, islands in Torres Strait, locally s coast of New Guinea e to Orangerie Bay (possibly only winter visitant), Louisiade Arch. on Misima, possibly as a vagrant; coasts and islands of Australia and Tasmania.

Haematopus unicolor  VARIABLE OYSTERCATCHER.  Sandy beaches, seacoasts, tidal mudflats, estuaries.  Coasts and islands of New Zealand on North, South and Stewart islands and the Chatham Is.  H. unicolor has both black and pied morphs, the latter sometimes considered to be a separate species, reischeki.  The Chatham I. population sometimes allied with finschi, but is probably closest to the pied form of unicolor.
Haematopus fuliginosus  SOOTY OYSTERCATCHER.  Tidal rocks on seashores, islands.  Coasts and islands of cn,ne Australia in the Gulf of Carpenteria, Cape York Peninsula; Australia and Tasmania.  Occasional hybridization with H. longirostris.
Haematopus ater  BLACKISH OYSTERCATCHER.  Rocky seacoasts and islets, beaches.  Coasts and islands from nw Peru and s Argentina in Chubut s to Tierra del Fuego, Juan Fernández and Falkland is.

Haematopus leucopodus  MAGELLANIC OYSTERCATCHER.  Coastal beaches, inland lagoons, meadows, semi-desert areas.  Lowlands to 900 m from c Chile n to Llanquihue and s Argentina n to Chubut, s to Tierra del Fuego and islands of Cape Horn region; Falkland Islands.

Tribe RECURVIROSTRINI:
Ibidorhyncha struthersii  IBISBILL.  Pebbly shores or islands in rocky mt. streams and large rivers.  Mts. to 4600 m, mostly above 1800 m, in Turkestan, Pamirs, Tibet, n,c China from w Sinkiang e to Inner Mongolia and sw Heilungkiang, s to Szechwan and Hopeh, and n India from Kashmir e to Sikkim and e Arunachal Pradesh.
Himantopus himantopus  BLACK-WINGED STILT.  Marshes, swamps, weedy lakes, flooded fields, stream banks.  Relationships within Himantopus
 are unclear; most allopatric populations differ in morphology, behavior or voice and are treated here as allospecies.

H. h. himantopus.  Canary and Cape Verde islands; from c,se Europe n to France and Hungary e across s Russia, s Ukraine, Transcaucasus, Volga-Ural steppes and e to L. Balkash, Iraq, Oman, Yemen, and Iranian region to w,c China, India s to Maharashtra and W. Bengal, Bangladesh, Burma and Indochina (exc. Malay Pen.).  Africa in Senegambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, C. Afr. Rep., Zaire, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa.  Madagascar.  Formerly nw Egypt.
 H. h. ceylonensis.  Sri Lanka.

Himantopus leucocephalus  WHITE-HEADED STILT.  Swamps, marshes, rivers, lakes, sewage ponds, estuaries, mudflats.  Lowlands in the E. Indies, w Papuan I. of Misool, New Guinea mostly s coast in winter and one breeding record at Port Moresby. Fergusson I. in D'Entrecasteaux Arch., Misima I. in Louisiade Arch., Bismarck Arch., Australia exc. Tasmania, and New Zealand.
Himantopus novaezelandiae  BLACK STILT.  Marshes, dry shingle beds, swamps, mudflats.  New Zealand on N. and S. islands, formerly widespread no restricted to colonies in n Otago and s Canterbury.
Himantopus mexicanus  BLACK-NECKED STILT.  Marshes, wet savanna, mudflats, ponds, flooded fields.  Following two races often considered to be separate species, and perhaps they are.

H. m. knudseni.  Hawaiian Is.  Main islands from Niihau e, except Lanai and Kahoolawe.
 H. m. mexicanus.  From cs British Columbia, s Alberta, s Saskatchewan, e Montana, s Colorado, c Kansas and Gulf coast from Texas e to Alabama, and Atlantic coast from s New Jersey to s Florida, s locally through Middle America, W. Indies s to Antigua and Montserrat, and n S. America from Colombia on the Caribbean coast, Cauca and Magdalena Valley and e of the Andes; Venezuela incl. most is. off n coast, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, e of the Andes, to Ecuador and ne Brazil; coastal Peru; Andes of s Peru around Lake Junín and Lake Titicaca.

Himantopus melanurus  WHITE-BACKED STILT.  Mudflats, marshes, wet savanna, ponds.  E of Andes from ec Peru, c,s Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and se Brazil s to s Argentina in Río Negro; n Chile from Antofagasta to Llanquihue.
Cladorhynchus leucocephalus  BANDED STILT.  Inland salt lakes.  Sporadic and nomadic in w,s Australia from sw W. Australia w to Rottnest I., e to s Victoria near Melbourne.
Recurvirostra avosetta  PIED AVOCET.  Mudflats, lagoons, sandy beaches, lakes, estuaries.  From s England and s Scandinavia e across s Russia, s Ukraine, Caucasus, Transcausus and from s Transcaspia and the Volga-Ural steppes to s Siberia in Transbaicalia, Mongolia and w,n China, s to Mediterranean region, Turkey, nw,cs Iran, cn Afghanistan, Pakistan and sw India in Gujarat; locally from Tunisia to Morocco; Spanish Sahara, n Egypt (formerly), Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, n Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa.

Recurvirostra americana  AMERICAN AVOCET.  Marshes, mudflats, ponds, lakes, estuaries.  From s British Columbia, c Alberta, s Saskatchewan, sw Manitoba, sw Ontario and Minnesota s locally to s Calif., c Nevada, n Utah, sc Colorado, s New Mexico and ne Mexico in San Luis Potosí; e to c Kansas and coastal Texas; coastal Virginia and N. Carolina.
Recurvirostra novaehollandiae  RED-NECKED AVOCET.  Estuaries, tidal mudflats, swamps, lakes.  Locally in Australia.  Ranges to Tasmania and New Zealand.
Recurvirostra andina  ANDEAN AVOCET.  Salt lakes and marshes.  Andes in the puna zone in s Peru n to Junín, c,sw Bolivia, n Chile s to Atacama and nw Argentina in Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca.

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE:
Christian, et al. (1992. Aust. J. Zool. 40:225-233), based on protein variation, propose the following changes from the names given below: 1. Charadrius rubricollis to be placed in Thinornis and called Hooded Dotterel.  2. Peltohyas australis changed to Charadrius australis, Inland Plover.

Pluvialis apricaria  EUROPEAN GOLDEN-PLOVER.  Moors, bogs, swampy heath, wet and mossy tundra.  From Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles, Scandinavia and n Europe e across n Russia and n Siberia to Yamal Pen. and region e of lower Yenisei River.  Sympatric with fulva in n Eurasia from the Yamal Pen. to e of the Yenisei River.
Pluvialis fulva  PACIFIC GOLDEN-PLOVER.  Grassy tundra.  N Russia and n Siberia from Yamal Pen. e to Chukotski Pen. and Anadyrland.  Along Bering Sea coast of Alaska from Wales s to Kuskokwim R.; St Lawrence, Nunivak and Nelson islands.  Breeds sympatrically with dominica in w Alaska.

Pluvialis dominica  AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER.  Grassy tundra.  From n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie and Banks, s Melville, Bathurst, Devon and n Baffin islands, s to c Alaska in the interior mt. ranges, s Yukon, nw British Columbia, c Mackenzie, s Keewatin, ne Manitoba, n Ontario at Cape Henrietta Maria, and Southampton and s Baffin islands.
Pluvialis squatarola  GREY PLOVER. (=BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER).  Tundra.  From nc Russia w to Kanin Pen., e across n Siberia incl. Kolguyev, s Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian and Wrangel islands, to Chukotski Pen. and Anadyrland.  From n Alaska w to Point Barrow s to w Alaska at Hooper Bay and Nelson I.; from nw,nc Mackenzie and Banks, s Melville, Bathurst, Devon, Bylot and w,s Baffin is. s to Yukon R., s Victoria I., n Keewatin and Southampton and Coats islands.

Charadrius obscurus  RED-BREASTED PLOVER.  Sandy beaches, estuaries.  New Zealand on N. Island from Auckland area e to Bay of Plenty and on adjacent islands; s S. Island and Stewart I.
Charadrius hiaticula  COMMON RINGED PLOVER.  Sandy areas with low sparse vegetation, farms, grassy tundra.  From Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., Spitsbergen, Bear I. and Scandinavia e through n Russia (incl. Novaya Zemlya) and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen., Anadyrland and Sea of Okhotsk, and s to British Isles and n Europe, w to n France.  W Alaska on St. Lawrence Island.
Charadrius semipalmatus  SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.  Sandy areas, grassy or mossy tundra.  From n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie, n Keewatin and Banks, Victoria, s Somerset and c Baffin is. e to n Labrador and s to Pribilof and e Aleutian is., w Alaska on the Alaskan Pen. and St. Lawrence I., Queen Charlotte Is., sw,c British Columbia, w Washington, sc Oregon, se Yukon, s Mackenzie, ne Alberta, and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to c Quebec, and s along Atlantic coast to Gulf of St. Lawrence and s Nova Scotia.

Charadrius placidus  LONG-BILLED PLOVER.  Lake shores, gravelly river banks.  Se Siberia in Ussuriland, e China and Japan on Honshu and Shikoku, perhaps elsewhere.
Charadrius dubius  LITTLE RINGED PLOVER.  Sandy or rocky shores of lakes and rivers, mudflats.  From British Isles and s Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia and c Siberia to Amurland, Ussuriland and Japan s to Shikoku, s to e Atlantic is. (Canaries, Madeira), Mediterranean region incl. Balearic Is., Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Cyprus; from n Morocco e to n Tunisia and n Egypt, and from Turkey, Middle East and n Arabia e through s Asia to se Asia and the Philippines, s to Sri Lanka; lowlands to 1500 m in New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago.

Charadrius wilsonia  WILSON'S PLOVER.  Sandy beaches, tidal mudflats, savanna pools.  Pacific coast from c Baja Calif. and n Sonora s through Middle America incl. Pearl Is. off Panama, to nw Peru; coasts of Atlantic-Gulf-Caribbean from s New Jersey s to Belize and W. Indies s in n Lesser Antilles to Dominica; Caribbean-Atlantic coast from Colombia e to ne Brazil (Amapá), incl. Netherland Antilles e to Trinidad, Grenadines and Grenada.
Charadrius vociferus  KILLDEER.  Fields, meadows, pastures, mudflats, lakes, ponds and rivers.  From ec,se Alaska, s Yukon, w,s Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to c Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward I., w Nova Scotia and w Newfoundland, s to s Baja Calif., Guerrero, Guanajuato, Tamaulipas, Gulf coast and s Florida; W. Indies in Greater Antilles e to Virgin Is., s Bahamas; Aruba; Pacific coast of Peru and nw Chile to Arica.

Charadrius thoracicus  MADAGASCAR PLOVER.  Arid seacoasts.  Coast of sw Madagascar, formerly also se.
Charadrius sanctaehelenae  ST. HELENA PLOVER.  Beaches, streams, flooded fields.  St. Helena I.  Sometimes treated as a race of C. pecuarius.
Charadrius pecuarius  KITTLITZ'S PLOVER.  Lakes, rivers, flooded fields, sandy beaches.  In s Mauritania, s Mali, Senegambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep. e to Lake Chad, ne Egypt, c Sudan, Ethiopia, Djibouti, s Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa.  Madagascar.
Charadrius tricollaris  THREE-BANDED PLOVER.  Ponds, mudflats,marshes, sandy river banks.  S Mali, c,e Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, sw,sc,ce,ne Zaire, Lake Chad area, s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, nw Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe to s S. Africa.  Madagascar.

Charadrius forbesi  FORBES'S PLOVER.  Short grassland, rocky slopes, flat open country.  Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, s Sudan, w Uganda, Tanzania, c Angola, n Zambia and ce,se Zaire.
Charadrius melodus  PIPING PLOVER.  Sandy and alkaline shores of interior shallow lakes and coastal sandy beaches.  From sc Alberta, n Saskatchewan and sc Manitoba s to e Montana, e Colorado, nw N. Dakota, se S. Dakota, c,e Nebraska and w Oklahoma; Great Lakes region from n Michigan and s Ontario s to lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario; coast from n New Brunswick, Prince Edward I., s Nova Scotia, se Quebec and Newfoundland s to N. Carolina.  Numbers declining, approaching extirpation in many areas.

Charadrius pallidus  CHESTNUT-BANDED PLOVER.  Salt lakes, seacoasts.  Locally in e,s Africa on rift valley lakes of sc Kenya and n,c Tanzania; and from sw Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and ec Mozambique to s S. Africa.
Charadrius alexandrinus  KENTISH PLOVER.  Beaches, mudflats, rivers, lakes, ponds.

The three groups may be separate species although similar in behavior and voice with only slight morphological differences.
 C. a. alexandrinus.  KENTISH PLOVER.  From se England and s Sweden e across s Russia, Georgia to Turkestan n to Kirghiz steppes, s Siberia, Transbaicalia, s Ussuriland and n China to Japan from Honshu to Kyushu, s to Cape Verde Is., w,n Africa from Morocco e to Egypt, s to sw Mauritania and coastal Senegambia; Red Sea coast in Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Socotra I., Arabia, Iran, Pakistan in Baluchistan and Sind, w,n,s India in Gujarat, n Bihar; Sri Lanka; s China and s Ryukyu Is.; Sumatra, Java and Bali.
 C. a. nivosus.  SNOWY PLOVER.  Locally on Pacific coast from s Washington to s Baja Calif.; int. N. America from s Oregon, ne Calif., w Nevada, Utah, sw Montana, s Saskatchewan, Colorado, c Kansas and nc Oklahoma s to se Calif., s Arizona, s New Mexico and nc Texas; along Gulf coast from Florida w to Texas and ne Tamaulipas; s Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles on St. Martin; Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Chiapas and Guatemala; is. off n coast of Venezuela from Curaçao e to Margarita Island.

C. a. occidentalis.  PERUVIAN PLOVER.  Pacific coast of sw S. America in Peru and Chile.

Charadrius marginatus  WHITE-FRONTED PLOVER.  Open shores of lakes, ponds, rivers and seacoasts.  Senegambia, s Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, se Niger, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo,  sw C. African Rep., Chad, Ethiopia, Somalia, n Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe and S. Africa.  Madagascar.
Charadrius ruficapillus  RED-CAPPED PLOVER.  Sandy or gravelly shores, dry flats near marsh, mudflats, seashores.  Coasts and adjacent islands of Australia and Tasmania; locally inland on brackish or saline waters.
Charadrius peronii  MALAYSIAN PLOVER.  Sandy beaches, mudflats.  Coasts and islands of Malay Peninsula in se,sw,peninsular Thailand and coastal Malaya, s Vietnam in Cochinchina; Sumatra incl. Lingga Arch., Borneo, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Is. e to Timor; Philippines.

Charadrius javanicus  JAVAN PLOVER.  Sandy beaches, mudflats.  Coasts and adj. islands of Java.
Charadrius collaris  COLLARED PLOVER.  Beaches, sandy savanna, rivers, lakes, ponds.  Lowlands to 2550 m, mostly coastal, from Sinaloa and Veracruz s to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of the Andes, to nw Peru s to Lambayeque, and e of the Andes to c Argentina; c Chile from Valparaíso to Malleco; islands off Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Trinidad and Tobago.
Charadrius bicinctus  DOUBLE-BANDED PLOVER.  Rivers, lakes, stony fields, coasts.  New Zealand on N. and S. islands and adjacent coastal islands; Chatham and Auckland islands.
Charadrius falklandicus  TWO-BANDED PLOVER.  Sandy beaches, wet savanna, ponds, streams.  Lowlands of c,s Chile from Santiago s to Cape Horn; coast and Patagonian lakes of Argentina s to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands.

Charadrius alticola  PUNA PLOVER.  Ponds and river banks in puna zone.  Andes above 3500 m from c Peru s through c,s Bolivia to n Chile s to Antofagasta and nw Argentina in Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán and Catamarca.  Sometimes treated as a race of C. falklandicus.
Charadrius mongolus  MONGOLIAN PLOVER.  Mudflats, beaches, lakes, ponds, barren steppe.

The two groups are allopatric and distinctive; they may be separate species.
 C. m. mongolus.  Locally in e Siberia in the Stanovoy and Verkhoyansk mts., Pyagina Pen., Kamchatka and Commander islands.  W Alaska from the Brooks Range s to Seward Peninsula.
 C. m. atrifrons.  Himalayas, 3900-5500 m from the Pamirs, Turkestan, Kirghiz steppes e through n India in Kashmir, Sikkim and Tibet to w China in w,s Sinkiang, w Kansu, Tsinghai and w Szechwan.

Charadrius leschenaultii  GREATER SAND PLOVER.  Sandy and gravelly banks of rivers and lakes, barren stony flats, arid steppe, semi-desert.  From Turkey, Near East, Transcaucasus, Transcaspia, Turkestan, Altai and sw Siberia e to w,n China, c Inner Mongolia and Mongolia, possibly s to Iran, Arabia and Red Sea coast of Somalia.
Charadrius asiaticus  CASPIAN PLOVER.  Arid salt steppe with Artemisia, desert flats.  Ne Iran, n Caspian Sea area, s Russia n to Volga-Ural steppes and Kirghiz steppes, (absent from Pamirs) and nw China in nw Sinkiang.
Charadrius veredus  ORIENTAL PLOVER.  Stony flats, lakes, rivers.  Sc Siberia in extreme se Transbaicalia, Mongolia and Manchuria from Heilungkiang s to w Liaoning and Inner Mongolia.

Charadrius montanus  MOUNTAIN PLOVER.  Open plains.  From s Alberta, sw Saskatchewan, n Montana and ne N. Dakota s to nw,c,se New Mexico, w Texas, w Oklahoma and w Missouri.
Charadrius modestus  RUFOUS-CHESTED PLOVER.  Coastal beaches, damp meadows, open pampas.  S Chile n to Llanquihue and s Argentina in Tierra del Fuego.
Charadrius rubricollis  HOODED PLOVER.  Beaches, tidal flats.  Coastal s Australia in s W. Australia from Israelite Bay to near Geraldton and inland on salt lakes to Balladonia and L. Deborah; coasts and islands of se Australia from S. Australia w to Spencer Gulf and Kangaroo I., e to New S. Wales n to Shoalhaven Heads; Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait.  Placed in Thinornis by Christian, et al. (1992, cited above).

Thinornis novaeseelandiae  SHORE PLOVER.  Coastal salt pools, flats.  Chatham Islands, now confined to South East I., formerly more widespread.
Erythrogonys cinctus  RED-KNEED DOTTEREL.  Shallow swamps, flooded fields, marshes.  Interior Australia to coastal areas in the dry season.  Ranges to s New Guinea and Tasmania.
Eudromias morinellus  EURASIAN DOTTEREL.  Stony steppe, plains, plowed fields, grassland.  Locally from Scotland and Scandinavia e across n Russia incl. Arctic islands, and n Siberia to Chukotski Pen. and Anadyrland; mts of c Europe; from s Siberia in the Altai and L. Baikal region, and n Mongolia s to nw China in nw Sinkiang.  W,n Alaska from Barrow s to Seward Pen. and St. Lawrence I.

Females are potentially polyandrous and compete for access to males on mating arenas.  Males provide all parental care and are not active in mate choice.  Brightly-plumaged females win more fights, do more courting, pair earlier in the season and are more likely to mate with a brightly-colored male. (Owens, et al.1994.  Amer. Naturalist 144:76).

Oreopholus ruficollis  TAWNY-THROATED DOTTEREL.  Grasslands, semi-arid open country.  Locally on coasts of nw,c Peru and s Argentina n to Chubut; Andes from se Peru s through c,sw Bolivia, Chile and w Argentina to Tierra del Fuego.
Anarhynchus frontalis  WRYBILL.  Rivers.  Coasts and mts. of c New Zealand on n South Island in the Canterbury district and n Otago.
Phegornis mitchellii  DIADEMED SANDPIPER-PLOVER.  Mt. streams and lakes, bogs, wet puna.  Puna zone of the Andes in Peru n to Lima and Junín, w Bolivia, Chile and w Argentina s to Curicó and Chubut.
Peltohyas australis  INLAND DOTTEREL.  Bare or stony plains, plowed land.  Arid interior Australia and coastal areas in c,se W. Australia and S. Australia.  Placed in Charadrius by Christian, et al. 1992, cited above).  This species sometimes has been classified as a glareolid, but biochemical evidence shows that it is a plover.

Elseyornis melanops  BLACK-FRONTED DOTTEREL.  Rivers, lakes, mudflats, swamps, marshes, seashores.  Australia incl. Tasmania; New Zealand, mostly North I. since 1954, recently S. Island.
Vanellus vanellus  NORTHERN LAPWING.  Open fields, pastures, wet meadows, bogs, lakes.  From Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles and n Scandinavia se across nw,c Russia to Mongolia, n China and s Siberia to Transbaicalia, L. Baikal and s Ussuriland, s to nw Africa in n Morocco, n Mediterranean region, Turkey, Transcaucasus, n Caspian and Aral sea areas, and nw Iran.
Vanellus crassirostris  LONG-TOED LAPWING.  Lakes, ponds and marshes with floating vegetation.  Lake Chad area and from ce,se Angola, ne,ec,ce,se Zaire, s Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and se Kenya s to ne Namibia, n Botswana, n Zimbabwe, Malawi, s Mozambique and ne S. Africa in Natal.

Vanellus malabaricus  YELLOW-WATTLED LAPWING.  Open dry areas, near marshes, farms.  Lowlands of Pakistan in Sind, India and Sri Lanka.
Vanellus macropterus  JAVANESE LAPWING.  Marshes, short grassland.  Endemic to nw, se Java (possibly extinct), doubtfully recorded from Sumatra.  Last observed in 1940.
Vanellus tricolor  BANDED LAPWING.  Pastures, plains, stony ground, beaches, short grassland.  C,s Australia n to c W. Australia at the Ashburton R., s N. Territory at Alice Springs, and sw,c Queensland at Mt. Isa, Atherton Tableland, Cairns.  Nomadic.
Vanellus miles  MASKED LAPWING.  Swamp edges, marshes, beaches, airfields, orchards, towns.

V. m. novaehollandiae is sometimes considered a separate species, but it intergrades with V. m. miles in c Queensland.  Both range widely to other parts of Australia and to the Moluccas and Aru Is.
 V. m. miles.  S New Guinea from Merauke to Ramu R. and Sepik R.; n Australia from n W. Australia w to Dampier e through n Australia to Queensland, s at least to Cairns.
 V. m. novaehollandiae.  Se Australia from se Queensland n to Mackay, s to Victoria and w to S. Australia and Tasmania; New Zealand since the 1940's.

Vanellus armatus  BLACKSMITH LAPWING.  Lakes, marshes, flooded fields.  In Angola, se Zaire, Tanzania, w,s Kenya, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe s to s S. Africa.
Vanellus spinosus  SPUR-WINGED LAPWING.  Lakes, marshes, flooded fields, sandy beaches.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, ne Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., Chad, ne Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and s Arabia, ne,ce Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya and n,e Tanzania.
Vanellus duvaucelii  RIVER LAPWING.  Sandbars and shingle banks in rivers.  N,c,e India, sw China, Indochina (exc. sw Thailand and Malay Pen.); Hong Kong.  Sometimes treated as a race of V. spinosus.

Vanellus tectus  BLACK-HEADED LAPWING.  Thorn bush, arid scrub.  Lowlands to 1200 m in Mauritania, Mali, Senegambia, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, n Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, n Nigeria, ne Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia and s Somalia, ne Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.
Vanellus melanocephalus  SPOT-BREASTED LAPWING.  Grassland.  Mts. above 3000 m of Ethiopia.
Vanellus cinereus  GREY-HEADED LAPWING.  Open plains, marshy areas.  Ne China and Japan on Honshu.
Vanellus indicus  RED-WATTLED LAPWING.  Marshes, rivers, rice stubble, farms, open forest.  From se Turkey, Iraq, s,e Iran, ne Arabia in Oman and s Turkmenia e through Afghanistan, Pakistan and India to sw China and Indochina s to n Malaya.

Vanellus albiceps  WHITE-HEADED LAPWING.  Seasonal rivers,  sandy beaches.  Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, se Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, sw Sudan, nw,cn Zaire, and s to nw Angola, sw,sc,se,ce Zaire, e,s Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, ne Namibia, n Botswana, Zimbabwe, c,s Mozambique and ne S. Africa in e Transvaal.
Vanellus senegallus  WATTLED LAPWING.  Swamps, marshes, lakes, farms.  Sw Mauritania, s Mali, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Niger, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad, s Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, w Kenya and w Tanzania, s (exc. w,c forests) to Angola, n Namibia, n,e Botswana and e S. Africa in Transvaal, n Orange Free State, Natal.
Vanellus lugubris  SENEGAL LAPWING.  Savanna woodland.  Guinea, Sierra Leone, s Mali, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Gabon, Congo Rep., Zaire, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, c,se Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, s to c Angola, e Zimbabwe, Mozambique and e S. Africa in e Transvaal and n Natal.

Vanellus melanopterus  BLACK-WINGED LAPWING.  Grassland.  Mts. of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya and nc Tanzania; S. Africa in e Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal, Orange Free State and e,s Cape Province.
Vanellus coronatus  CROWNED LAPWING.  Steppe, dry pastures, arid brush, desert.  C Angola, cs,se,ce,ne Zaire, Uganda, se Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, (exc. se), Zambia, Malawi,  Mozambique (exc. ne), Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to S. Africa.

Vanellus superciliosus  BROWN-CHESTED LAPWING.  Savanna woodland, grassy lake shores.  Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, C. Afr. Rep., n Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania; verified breeding only in Nigeria.

Vanellus gregarius  SOCIABLE LAPWING.  Dry steppe with Stipa grass or Artemisia.
Cs Russia w to e Ukraine and lower Volga R., s and e to Kirghiz steppes, c Kazakhstan and
L. Balkhash.

Vanellus leucurus  WHITE-TAILED LAPWING.  Marshes, flooded fields, lakes, rivers.
Cs Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, s Kazakhstan, Transcaspia, Turkestan and probably w Afghanistan.

Vanellus cayanus  PIED LAPWING.  Sandy river banks, sandbars, savanna ponds.
Lowlands to 500 m e of the Andes from e Colombia, Venezuela and the Guianas s to e Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, and s Brazil s to Mato Grosso and Paraná.

Vanellus chilensis  SOUTHERN LAPWING.  Open country, savanna, fields, marshes.

V. c. cayennensis.  From Colombia, locally to 3100 m, (absent from Nariño), Venezuela and the Guianas s (mostly in lowlands and Andean foothills, but absent from most of w Amazonia), e of the Andes through e Ecuador and c,e Brazil to n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina probably s to Buenos Aires.
 V. c. chilensis.  Chile from Atacama s, and Argentina from Mendoza and Río Negro s to Tierra del Fuego.

Vanellus resplendens  ANDEAN LAPWING.  Grassy fields, open country, puna.  Andes, 2500-4000 m from s Colombia s through Ecuador, Peru and c,s Bolivia to n Chile s to Antofagasta, and nw Argentina in Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán and Catamarca.
Usually occurs at higher elevations than V. chilensis.
 

Sibley's Sequence - 19