Order COLUMBIFORMES:
Family COLUMBIDAE: Pigeons and doves occur
on all continents and many islands.
The extinct Raphidae occurred on the Mascarene
Islands in the Indian Ocean: the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) on Mauritius
and the Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria) on Rodriguez.
Another species may have inhabited Réunion.
*Family RAPHIDAE:
Dodos and Solitaires Extinct.
*Raphus cucullatus DODO. Mauritius.
Forest floor. Extinct by 1700; formerly on in the w Mascarene I.
of Mauritius.
*Raphus solitarius REUNION SOLITAIRE.
Observed by explorers between 1613 and 1708, probably extinct by 1710-15.
Formerly on the Mascarene I. of Réunion.
*
Known only from historical reports. Mourer-Chauviré,
et al. (1995. Nature 373:568) recently found abundant remains of an extinct
ibis (Borbonibis latipes) that was closely related to Threskiornis, but
with a shorter, less curved bill. An old account reported that the
bill of the Reunion Solitaire was "like that of a Woodcock, but larger"
-- leading to the suggestion that the Reunion Solitaire might have been
an ibis, although it was thought to have been flightless -- and the fossil
ibis bones do not indicate flightlessness. However, the authors propose
to designate the fossil as Threskiornis solitarius, with Borbonicus
latipes as a junior synonym.
Thus, the Reunion Solitaire may now be called
the Reunion Ibis and transferred to the Threskiornithidae.
*
*Pezophaps solitaria RODRIGUEZ SOLITAIRE.
Forest floor. Extinct; believed to have survived until as late as
1761; formerly on Rodrigues I. in the e Mascarene Is.
Family COLUMBIDAE: Pigeons and Doves.
Columba livia ROCK PIGEON or ROCK DOVE. Cliffs, caves, ledges, eaves. Cosmopolitan commensal of man. Original distribution uncertain but considered to be a native of Eurasia in Faroes, Ireland, Scotland (and adjacent is.), Canary Is., and from s Europe and Mediterranean region e through Balkans, Turkey and c Russia to sw Siberia (Altai), w China (w Sinkiang) and s Tibet, and s to n Africa in the Cape Verde Is., Mauritania, Senegambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Niger, Ghana, Togo, Chad and Sudan; introduced in Djibouti. Mediterranean region, Egypt, Arabia, Near and Middle East, Pakistan, India s of Himalayas, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, and Laccadive Is.
This species is the source of the numerous "breeds" of domestic pigeons -- tumblers, ruffs, homing pigeons, kings, etc., etc.
Columba rupestris HILL PIGEON.
Cliffs, caves, ledges, eaves. Mts. generally above 1500 m of ec,s
Asia from e Kazakhstan, Turkestan and s Siberia (from Altai, L. Baikal
region and Transbaicalia e to Amurland and Ussuriland) s to n India (from
Kashmir e to Sikkim, not recorded Nepal), s Tibet, n China (from Sinkiang
e to Heilungkiang, and s to Szechwan, nw Yunnan and Shantung) and Korea.
Columba leuconota SNOW PIGEON.
Caves, cliff crevices, rocky slopes, snow fields. Mts., 2500-5000
m, of s Asia from Turkestan and ne Afghanistan e through Himalayas of s
Tibet and n India (from Kashmir e to n Arunachal Pradesh) to c China (Tsinghai,
s Kansu, w,n Szechwan) and extreme n Burma. Winters down to 1500
m.
Columba guinea SPECKLED PIGEON.
Open country, farms, open woodland. Africa in two disjunct populations:
1. W,nc,e Africa in s Mauritania, Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, s
Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria,
Cameroon, s Chad, n C.African Rep. and c,s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Djibouti, Somalia, ne,ce,se Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, s Tanzania
and n Zambia. 2. S,se Africa from sw Angola, Namibia, s,e Botswana,
Zimbabwe and sw Mozambique s to S. Africa.
Columba albitorques WHITE-COLLARED
PIGEON. Cliffs, rocks, buildings. Highlands, 1800-4100 m, of
w,c Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Columba oenas STOCK PIGEON or STOCK
DOVE. Farmlands, towns, open woodland. Palearctic from British
Isles and s Scandinavia e across c Russia to sw Siberia (upper Ob R.),
and s to n Mediterranean region (incl. Balearic Is., Sardinia and Sicily),
Morocco, Turkey, n Iran, Transcaucasus, Turkestan, n Kirghiz steppes, n
Afghanistan (perhaps only a vagrant) and extreme w China (sw Sinkiang).
Winters from British Isles and w,s Europe s to Mediterranean region (incl.
nw Africa and ne Africa on Sinai Pen.), n Arabia and s Iran.
Columba oliviae SOMALI PIGEON.
Rocky ravines, caves. Coastal hills of n Somalia.
Columba eversmanni PALE-BACKED PIGEON. Farms, barrens. Sc Asia in ne Iran, Transcaspia; from Aral Sea and s L. Balkhash s through Turkestan to w Tadzhikistan and extreme w China (w Sinkiang). Winters s to s Afghanistan, Pakistan and nw India.
Columba palumbus COMMON WOOD-PIGEON.
Woodland, suburbs, towns. Palearctic from British Isles and c Scandinavia
e to c Russia and wc Siberia (w of Ob R. drainage), and s to e Atlantic
is. (Azores, Madeira Is.), n Mediterranean region (incl. most is.), nw
Africa (from Morocco to Tunisia), Turkey and Transcaucasus, and from Near
and Middle East and ne Arabia e to extreme n Pakistan, extreme nw India
(Kashmir) and extreme w China (w Sinkiang). Winters from British
Isles and cont. Europe s to nw Africa, and e through se breeding range
to s Afghanistan, n India and Nepal.
*
Wood-Pigeons in northern Italy (and possibly
elsewhere) often nest near the nest of a Hobby (Falco subbuteo); the Hobby
attacks and drives away all medium to large birds near its nest, including
Hooded Crows which take the eggs and chicks of other birds, including Wood-Pigeons.
Although the Hobby may prey on Wood-Pigeons,
the association results in a net benefit to the pigeons (Bogliani,
et al. 1994. XXI Intl. Orn. Congr.).
*
Columba trocaz TROCAZ PIGEON.
Laurel forest. Madeira Is.
Columba bollii BOLLE'S PIGEON.
Laurel forest. Highlands of w,c Canary Is. on Tenerife, Las Palmas
and Gomera. May be conspecific with C. trocaz.
Columba junoniae LAUREL PIGEON.
Brushy slopes, mixed pine-laurel, laurel forest. Canary Is. on La
Palma, Gomera and Tenerife; much reduced in numbers on La Palma, and possibly
extirpated on Gomera.
Columba unicincta AFEP PIGEON.
Humid forest. W,c Africa in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory
Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, sw C. African
Rep., n,ne Zaire, extreme se Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, nw Zambia,
n Angola and cs,ce Zaire.
Columba sjostedti CAMEROON OLIVE-PIGEON.
Forest. Highlands above 1800 m of wc Africa in extreme se Nigeria
and sw Cameroon (incl. Fernando Po).
Columba thomensis SAO TOME OLIVE-PIGEON.
Forest. São Tomé (formerly I. de Rolas).
Columba arquatrix AFRICAN OLIVE-PIGEON.
Forest. Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea Is., Cameroon, se Sudan, Ethiopia,
nw Somalia, ne,ce,se Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, ne
Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, e Zimbabwe, w Angola and S. Africa in Transvaal,
Natal, s Cape Prov.
Columba pollenii COMORO OLIVE-PIGEON.
Evergreen forest. Comoro Islands.
Columba hodgsonii SPECKLED Wood-Pigeon.
Forest. Mts., 1000-4000 m, of s Asia in n,e India (Himalayas from
Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland),
Tibet, c,sw China (from e Tsinghai, se Kansu and s Shensi s to Szechwan
and sw,se Yunnan) and w,ne,c,e Burma.
Columba albinucha WHITE-NAPED PIGEON.
Forest. Wc,e Africa in sw Cameroon; ne,ce Zaire, w Sudan and w Uganda.
Columba pulchricollis ASHY WOOD-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts., usually 1200-3000 m, of s Asia in ne,e India (from
wc Nepal e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Manipur and Nagaland), s Tibet,
sw China (Yunnan), w,ne,e Burma, nw Thailand and Taiwan. Winters
(and may breed) to lower elevations.
Columba elphinstonii NILGIRI WOOD-PIGEON.
Forest. Sw India (W. Ghats froms Maharashtra s to Kerala and w Tamil
Nadu.
Columba torringtoni CEYLON WOOD-PIGEON.
Forest Hills above 1000 m of Sri Lanka.
Columba punicea PALE-CAPPED PIGEON.
Forest. Locally in lowlands and foothills of s Asia in e India (w
to Bihar, e Madhya Pradesh and n Andhra Pradesh), s Tibet, Burma (except
ne), Thailand, s Laos, c,s Vietnam (Annam, Cochinchina) and Hainan.
Columba argentina SILVERY WOOD-PIGEON.
Woodland, mangroves, coconut groves. Lowlands and hills of w Indonesia
in Sumatra (incl. Simeulue, Mentawai Is., and Riau and Lingga arch.) and
is. off w,n Borneo (Anambas, N. Natuna, Karimata).
Columba palumboides ANDAMAN WOOD-PIGEON.
Forest. Andaman and Nicobar is.
Columba janthina JAPANESE WOOD-PIGEON.
Dense evergreen forest. Is. in w Pacific Ocean (Ryukyu, Bonin, Volcano).
Columba vitiensis METALLIC PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands, locally to 2750 m, of Malay Arch., New Guinea region
and sw Oceania from Lesser Sunda Is. (w to Lombok), islands of e Borneo,
Banggai and Sula is. (off e Sulawesi) and Philippines e through Moluccas,
Kai Is., New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is., Vanuatu, New Caledonia
(incl. I. of Pines), Loyalty Is., Fiji and Samoa.
Columba leucomela WHITE-HEADED PIGEON.
Forest. Coasts and forested is. of e Australia in Queensland (n to
Cooktown) and New S. Wales (s to Narooma).
*Columba versicolor BONIN WOOD-PIGEON.
Presumably forest. Extinct, last reported in 1889. Formerly
in the Bonin Is. on the Parry Is. and on Nakonda Shima and Peel islands.
Columba jouyi RYUKYU PIGEON.
Presumably forest. C Ryukyu and Daito islands. Probably extirpated
on Okinawa, perhaps elsewhere. Last reported in 1936.
Columba pallidiceps YELLOW-LEGGED PIGEON.
Forest. Bismarck Arch. (New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Is.)
and Solomon Is.
Columba leucocephala WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON.
Woodland. Coasts and is. of W. Indies in s Florida (Florida Keys),
Bahamas, Antilles (s to Barbuda and Antigua), Cayman Is. and is. of w Caribbean
Sea (Cozumel I. off Quintana Roo, cays off Belize, Bay and Hog is. off
Honduras, Providencia and Corn is. off Nicaragua, and is. off northwestern
Panama in Bocas del Toro and Veraguas).
Columba speciosa SCALED PIGEON. Forest
edge, open woodland. Lowlands and foothills of Neotropics on Gulf-Caribbean
slope from Veracruz and Oaxaca s to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica
(except dry nw) and Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and
Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador, e
Peru, n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz) and Brazil (s to Santa
Catarina) to Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones, Santa Fe).
Columba squamosa SCALY-NAPED PIGEON.
Forest, woodland. W. Indies in Greater and Lesser Antilles (except
Anguilla, St. Barthelemy and Desirade), and is. off n coast of Venezuela
(Curaçao, Bonaire, Los Testigos, Los Frailes, and formerly Aruba).
Columba corensis BARE-EYED PIGEON.
Thorn scrub, acacia thickets, mangroves, farms. Arid coastal lowlands
to 400 m of nw S. America in ne Colombia (w to Atlantico) and n Venezuela
(e to Monagas, include. is. of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and Margarita).
Columba picazuro PICAZURO PIGEON.
Woodland, farmlands. Ce S. America in n,e,se Bolivia (Beni, Santa
Cruz, Tarija), s,e Brazil (from Piauí and Pernambuco s to Rio Grande
do Sul, and w to Mato Grasso), and c Argentina (s to La Pampa and n Buenos
Aires, rarely Río Negro).
Columba maculosa SPOT-WINGED PIGEON.
Woodland, forms. Andes and lowlands of s S. America from c Peru (n
to Lima), Bolivia, Paraguay and s Brazil s to sc Argentina (to Chubut).
Columba fasciata BAND-TAILED PIGEON.
Forest, oak woodland. The following two groups are sometimes treated
as separate species.
C. f. fasciata W N. and Middle America from
sw British Columbia (incl. Vancouver I.) s through mts. (and locally coastal
lowlands) of Washington, Oregon, California and extreme w Nevada to s Baja
Calif., and from s Nevada, Arizona, c Utah, nc Colorado, New Mexico and
w Texas s through mts. of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to
nc Nicaragua.
C. f. albilinea Mts., 500-3600 m,
of s C. and S. America in Costa Rica, w Panama (e to e Veraguas), and from
Colombia (Andes; Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá), n,s Venezuela
(from Zulia s to Tachirá and e to Sucre and Monagas; tepuis of Bolívar
and Amazonas), Trinidad and adjacent nw Brazil (Roraima) s through Andes
of Ecuador, Peru and c Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) to nw
Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, Tucumán).
Columba araucana CHILEAN PIGEON. Woodland,
particularly associated with the tree Araucaria araucana. S S. America
in c Chile (from Atacama to Aisén) and s Argentina (Neuquén,
Río Negro and Chubut); brought to verge of extinction in 1954 by
an outbreak of Newcastle disease.
Columba caribaea RING-TAILED PIGEON.
Woodland. Forested mts. and hills of Jamaica.
Columba cayennensis PALE-VENTED PIGEON.
Savanna, riverine forest, open woodland, forest edge, mangroves.
Lowlands to 2100 m of Neotropics from Veracruz, Tabasco, Yucatán
Pen. and e Chiapas s on Gulf-Caribbean slope of C. America to Nicaragua,
both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and from Colombia Venezuela, Trinidad,
Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes to sw Ecuador and e of Andes to n Argentian
( from Jujuy and Tucumán e to Misiones and Corrientes, s rarely
to La Rioja), Uruguay and s Brazil.
Columba flavirostris RED-BILLED PIGEON.
Dry woodland, riparian forest, tall brush. Lowlands to 1300 m from
Middle America in c Sonora, s Chihuahua, n Nuevo León and s Texas
(middle and lower R.Grande V.) s (incl. Tres Marías Is., but absent
or rare on most of Caribbean slope from Guatemala s) to c Costa Rica.
Columba oenops PERUVIAN PIGEON.
Woodland. Andes of n Peru (from upper Marañón V. s
to La Libertad).
Columba inornata PLAIN PIGEON.
Woodland, farms. Greater Antilles (incl. I. Tortue off Hispaniola,
now rare everywhere except on Hispaniola).
Columba plumbea PLUMBEOUS PIGEON.
Humid forest, edge, second growth. Lowlands to 2100 m of S. America
from Colombia, w,s Venezuela (w Zulia, w,c Mérida, s Amazonas, s
Bolívar) and Guianas s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and e of Andes through
e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni, La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa
Cruz), Amazonian, e,s Brazil (from s Goiás and s Bahia s to Rio
Grande do Sul), n Paraguay and (possibly) ne Argentina (Misiones).
Columba subvinacea RUDDY PIGEON. Humid forest, edge, second growth.
The race berlepschi is sometimes treated as a
separate species.
C. s. subvinacea Lowlands and mts.
to 2800 m of s C. and n,wc S. America in Costa Rica, w Panama (e to Veraguas),
and from Colombia (except w,se) and n Venezuela (n of Orinoco e to Sucre)
s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia (Beni, La Paz,
Cochabamba, Santa Cruz) and Amazonian Brazil (to Amazonas, Rondônia,
n Mato Grasso, e Pará and Maranhão).
C. s. berlepschi Lowlands to 1200
m of s C. and nw S. America in e Panama (e Darién), w Colombia (Pacific
lowlands n to R.San Juan) and w Ecuador.
C. s. purpureotincta Ne S. America
in se Colombia (Vaupés, Orinoco region), s Venezuela (Amazonas,
Bolívar, Delta Amacuro), Guyana and French Guiana.
Columba nigrirostris SHORT-BILLED
PIGEON. Humid forest, second growth. Lowlands to 1500 m of
Middle and nw S. America from s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, e Chiapas and Quintana
Roo s on Gulf-Caribbean slope of C. America to Costa Rica (incl. sw part
on Pacific coast), Panama (both slopes) and nw Colombia (n Chocó).
Includes C. chiriquensis known only from the type.
Columba goodsoni DUSKY PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands to 1000 m of nw S. America in w Colombia (n to middle
Atrato V. and Serranía de Baudó) and w Ecuador (s to Pinchincha).
Columba iriditorques WESTERN BRONZE-NAPED
PIGEON. Forest. W,c Africa from Sierra Leone and Liberia e
to Cameroon, s C. African Rep. n,ne Zaire, sw Uganda and Rwanda, and s
to nw Angola, cs,ce Zaire and nw Zambia.
Columba malherbii SAO TOME BRONZE-NAPED
PIGEON. Forest. Is. in Gulf of Guinea (Príncipe, São
Tomé, Annobón).
Columba delegorguei EASTERN BRONZE-NAPED
PIGEON. Forest. Locally (mainly in mts.) in Guinea, Sierra
Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea
Is., Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, se Sudan, e Uganda
and w,s Kenya s through ne,c Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
and Angola to e S. Africa in Natal and extreme e Cape Prov.
Aplopelia larvata LEMON DOVE or CINNAMON
DOVE. Forest, woodland. Often placed in Columba.
The South African and East African List Committees
place this species in the genus Aplopelia (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).
Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) agree.
Wc Africa in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia,
Nigeria, Cameroon, Fernando Po, São Tomé, Príncipe
and Annobón is., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and sw Zaire; e Sudan,
w,c Ethiopia, Eritrea s through ne,ce,se,cs Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda,
Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, e Zimbabwe and Mozambique to e,s S.
Africa in e Transvaal, Natal, Swaziland, s,e Cape Prov..
Nesoenas mayeri PINK PIGEON.
Forest. W Mascarene Is. on Mauritius, apparently restricted to sw
plateau. Often placed in Columba.
Streptopelia picturata MADAGASCAR
TURTLE-DOVE. Has been placed in Columba. Evergreen forest,
second growth, scrub. Lowlands to 2000 m of Madagascar region in
Madagascar, Comoro, Aldabra, Amirante and Seychelles islands. Intro.
Mauritius, Réunion, Chagos Arch. on Diego Garcia I.
Streptopelia turtur EUROPEAN TURTLE-DOVE.
Open woodland, scrub, plains, gardens. C,sw Palearctic from British
Isles and cont. Europe e across c,s Russia, n to upper Irgiz R.in Kazakhstan
to nw China (from w Sinkiang e to ne Kansu and s Tsinghai), and s to Canary
Is., n Africa from Morocco e to Egypt and s to c Niger and n Chad; Turkey,
n,ne Arabia, n Iran and n Afghanistan. Vagrant record in Florida
probably of natural origin. Vagrant in Alaska, possibly captive escape
from British Colombia.
Streptopelia hypopyrrha ADAMAWA TURTLE-DOVE.
Wooded slopes, ravines, riparian streams. Locally in highlands of
cw Africa, known only from c Nigeria, cw,ne Cameroon and sw Chad.
Streptopelia lugens DUSKY TURTLE-DOVE.
Forest, towns, farmlands. Highlands of ne,e African region from extreme
se Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, nw Somalia and sw Arabia s to ce,se Zaire,
e Zambia, n Malawi, s Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Kenya.
Streptopelia orientalis ORIENTAL
TURTLE-DOVE. Broken forest, savanna. Lowlands and mts. to 4000
m of c,sc Asia from c Russia w to e foothills of s Ural Mts., c,s Siberia
e to Sea of Okhotsk, Ussuriland and Sakhalin, Kuril Is. and Japan s to
e Kazakhstan, Kirghiz steppes, Tadzhikistan, nc,e Afghanistan, n Pakistan,
India (except sw), Burma, nw,ne Thailand, Indochina, s China, Hainan I.,
Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands.
Streptopelia senegalensis LAUGHING DOVE. Thorn scrub, oases, towns. Africa, except for driest parts of Sahara; recorded in all subSaharan African countries except Equatorial Guinea and Congo; breeds in most. Lowlands to 1600 m of sc,s Eurasia from w,s Turkey, Near and Middle East, and Arabia e to Transcaucasus, from Transcaspia to e Kazakhstan, and s to Pakistan and India (e to Bihar, W. Bengal and Bangladesh, but absent from Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan). Intro. w Australia, probably Malta.
Streptopelia chinensis SPOTTED DOVE.
Woodland, farmlands, towns. Lowlands and mts. to 2400 m (ranges to
5000 m) of s Asia and Malay Arch. from e Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka,
Burma, Indochina and se China (Hainan) s to Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl.
Bangka, Belitung, and Riau and Lingga arch.), Borneo, Lesser Sunda Is.
(e to Babar) and Philippines. Intro. Mauritius, Sulawesi, Moluccas,
New Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaiian is., s Calif.
The suratensis group of India is distinctive but apparently intergrades
with the chinensis group in Burma.
Streptopelia decipiens MOURNING COLLARED-DOVE.
Thorn scrub, trees beside waterholes. Africa in s Mauritania, Senegambia,
s Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, C.
Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, s Somalia, Zaire (except
for forested w,c), Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi,
s Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, n,e Botswana,Zimbabwe and ne S. Africa in
ne Transvaal. Includes S. fulvopectoralis which is known from a single
immature specimen.
Streptopelia vinacea VINACEOUS DOVE.
Dry savanna, thorn scrub, farmlands. W,nc,ne Africa in s Mauritania,
Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone,
Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, C.
Afr. Rep., s Chad and c,s Sudan to w Ethiopia, Eritrea, ne Zaire and n,c
Uganda. Often treated as conspecific with S. capicola, but the ranges
show overlap and the two species breed sympatrically in at least one locality
in Ethiopia.
Streptopelia capicola RING-NECKED
DOVE. Savanna, open country, farmlands. E,s Africa in sw Congo
Rep., Cabinda, c,s,e Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi,
Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, Botswana,
Zimbabwe and to s S. Africa; Comoro Is. (probably intro.).
Streptopelia tranquebarica RED COLLARED-DOVE.
Forest, woodland, farmlands. Lowlands below 800 m of s Asia and Malay
Arch. from Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab), India (n to Uttar Pradesh,
Nepal and Assam) and c,e,s China (n to Szechwan, se Tsinghai, Kansu, ne
Inner Mongolia, s Hopeh and Shantung) s through se Asia to Andaman Is.,
Malay Pen., Taiwan and n Philippines (Calayan, Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro).
Intro. Sulawesi (probably).
Streptopelia semitorquata RED-EYED
DOVE. Broken forest, savanna, reedbeds, riparian forest, towns.
African region in s Mauritania, Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger,
Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo,
Benin, Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea Is., Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s,e Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea,
n Somalia and sw Arabia, s in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania,
s to n Namibia, n,e Botswana s to Mozambique and s,e S. Africa in Transvaal,
Natal, Lesotho, n,s,e Cape Prov. Recorded in all subSaharan countries
except Djibouti and the Cape Verde Islands. Breeds in most African
countries and Yemen.
Streptopelia decaocto EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE.
Open woodland, scrub, brushy areas, desert, and around human habitation.
Lowlands and mts. below 3000 m of w,c Palearctic and s Asia from British
Isles, s Scandinavia and wc Russia (e to Moscow area) s to s France, Italy,
Balkans and Greece, thence e through Turkey, ne Egypt, n,e Arabia, Near
and Middle East, and e Transcaspia, e Kazakhstan to China, Korea, Pakistan,
India, Sri Lanka and w,c,ne Burma. Introduced in Japan, n Bahama
Is., c,s Florida and has spread north at least to South Carolina, probably
breeds in Georgia and is expanding rapidly in the U.S.; populations from
Iran westward and in Europe may be of introduced origin.
Streptopelia roseogrisea AFRICAN COLLARED-DOVE.
Thorn scrub, acacia savannas. Subsaharan African region in sw Mauritania,
n Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, n Nigeria, n Cameroon, c,s
Chad and c Sudan to se Egypt, n,c Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, n Somalia
and sw Arabia. Small but often persistent wild colonies (of "risoria")
have become established in N. America in s California (Los Angeles area),
c Florida (St. Petersburg region) and e Texas (Houston), and probably elsewhere
in North America, but these are dependent upon man for continued existence.
Often treated as a subspecies of S. decaocto.
*
The domesticated form "S. risoria" (Linnaeus)
1758, is now known to be a derivative of S. roseogrisea.
Because of the confusion surrounding the use
of risoria (the senior name), the latter is better suppressed for any wild
population in favor of other established names.
*
Streptopelia reichenowi WHITE-WINGED
COLLARED-DOVE. Riparian Borassus palms. River valleys of ne
Africa in se Ethiopia, extreme ne Kenya (Daua R.) and s Somalia (Juba R.,
Seebeli R.).
Streptopelia bitorquata ISLAND COLLARED-DOVE.
Open country, fields, around human habitation. Malay Arch. in n Borneo,
Java, Lesser Sunda Is. (e to Solor and Timor) and Philippines (incl. Palawan
and Sulu Arch.). Introduced in the Mariana Is. from Saipan s to Guam.
Macropygia unchall BARRED CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest, gardens. Mts., 450-2750 m, of s Asia from n India (from Kashmir
e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Bangladesh, Manipur and Nagaland) and
sw,se China (from w Szechwan to sw Yunnan, and Fukien to Kwangtung and
Hainan) s to Burma (except Tenasserim), nw,ne,se Thailand and Indochina;
mts., 1000-2800 m, of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java and Lombok.
Macropygia rufipennis ANDAMAN CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest, clearings, gardens. Andaman, Nicobar is.
Macropygia tenuirostris PHILIPPINE
CUCKOO-DOVE. Forest Taiwan, including Lan Ÿu Is. and Philippines
incl. Palawan and Sulu Arch. Sometimes treated as a subspecies of
M. emiliana or M. phasianella
Macropygia emiliana RUDDY CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands to 1000 m of w Indonesia in Sumatra incl. Simeulue,
Nias, Enggano, and Mentawai Is., n Borneo, Java incl. Kangean Is. and Lesser
Sunda Is. e to Flores. Sometimes treated as a subspecies of M. phasianella.
Macropygia amboinensis SLENDER-BILLED
CUCKOO-DOVE. Forest, tree-lined streams, woodland. Wallacea
and New Guinea region from Sulawesi (incl. Sangihe, Talaud, Peleng, Banggai
and Sula is.) e through Moluccas, Aru Is. and New Guinea (mts. to 2300
m, incl. most is. from w Papuan is. e to D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade
arch.) to Bismarck Arch. (incl. Lihir Is.).
Macropygia magna DUSKY CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest, edge. Wallacea on is. off Sulawesi (Salayar, Tanahjampea, Kalaotoa)
and Lesser Sunda Is. (Timor, Alor, Wetar, Roma, Kisar, Leti, Moa, incl.
Tanimbar is.).
Macropygia phasianella BROWN CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest. Coasts and is. of e Australia in e Queensland n to Pascoe
R.and inland to Atherton Tableland and e New S. Wales s to Sydney area.
May be conspecific with M. amboinensis.
Macropygia ruficeps LITTLE CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest. Mts. and hills to 1800 m of se Asia in sw China (s Yunnan),
Burma (s,e, incl. Tenasserim), nw Thailand, n Laos, n Vietnam (Tonkin),
Malaya, Sumatra (incl. Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai Is., and Enggano), Borneo,
Java and Lesser Sunda Is. of Bali, Sumbawa, Flores, Pantar, Timor.
Macropygia nigrirostris BLACK-BILLED
CUCKOO-DOVE. Forest, second growth. Lowlands to 2600 m of New
Guinea (incl. Yapen and Karkar is.), D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Goodenough
and Fergusson is. and Bismarck Arch. (larger is. and Lihir is.).
Macropygia mackinlayi MACKINLAY'S
CUCKOO-DOVE. Open forest, second growth, towns. Lowlands to
1000 m of New Guinea region and sw Oceania on Karkar I. (off n New Guinea),
Bismarck Arch. (incl. St. Matthias, Admiralty, Vuatom and Witu is.), Solomon,
Santa Cruz and Banks is., and Vanuatu.
Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi GREAT CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands and mts. to 3350 m of e Indonesia in Moluccas, w
Papuan is., New Guinea (incl. is. off n coast e to Karkar and Manam) and
Goodenough and Fergusson is. in the D'Entrecasteaux Arch.
Reinwardtoena browni PIED CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest Cs Bismarck Arch. on New Britain, Duke of York I. and the
Lihir Is.
Reinwardtoena crassirostris CRESTED
CUCKOO-DOVE. Forest. Hills of Solomon Is.
Turacoena manadensis WHITE-FACED
CUCKOO-DOVE. Forest, wooded gorges. Sulawesi (incl. Togian,
Peleng, Sula and Butung is.).
Turacoena modesta BLACK CUCKOO-DOVE.
Forest. Ec Lesser Sunda Is. on Timor and Wetar.
Turtur abyssinicus BLACK-BILLED WOOD-DOVE.
Arid scrub, dry woodland, usually near water. Subsaharan Africa in
Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea,
Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, s Niger, Nigeria, L. Chad area
and c,s Sudan to n Ethiopia, Eritrea and nw Uganda. May be conspecific
with T. chalcospilos.
Turtur chalcospilos EMERALD-SPOTTED
WOOD-DOVE. Dry veldt, thorn scrub, dry open woodland, often near
water. S,e Africa in Gabon, sw Congo Rep., w,s,e Angola, cs,se,ce
Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania,
Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, n Namibia, n,e Botswana and e S.
Africa (Transvaal, n Orange Free State, Natal, e,s Cape Prov.).
Turtur afer BLUE-SPOTTED WOOD-DOVE.
Woodland, riparian scrub, clearings. Africa from Senegambia e through
s Mali, sw Niger, c Nigeria, Cameroon, sw Chad, C. African Rep. and c,s
Sudan to Ethiopia and s to Angola, Zambia, e Zimbabwe and e S. Africa in
extreme e Transvaal. Recorded in all subSaharan countries except
Djibouti, Somalia, Namibia and Botswana. Breeds in most countries.
Turtur tympanistria TAMBOURINE DOVE.
Riparian forest in n, dense bush in s African region in Guinea, Sierra
Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Gulf of Guinea
Is. on Bioko and Fernando Po, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo,
C. African Rep., s Sudan, sw,cs Ethiopia, s Somalia, Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi,
Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, s to cw,n Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique
and e,s S. Africa in e Transvaal, Natal, e Cape Prov.; Comoro Is.
Turtur brehmeri BLUE-HEADED WOOD-DOVE.
Dense forest floor. W,c Africa in se Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia,
Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, s Cameroon, sw C. African Rep., Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Cabinda and sw,sc,ce Zaire.
Oena capensis NAMAQUA DOVE. Dry open
country, farms, villages. From Mauritania, s Algeria, Mali, c Niger,
c Chad, se Egypt, c,s Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Arabia s to s S. Africa;
lowlands to 1500 m in Madagascar. An intra-African migrant recorded
in all subSaharan African countries except Sierra Leone, Liberia and Equatorial
Guinea.
Chalcophaps indica EMERALD DOVE.
Forest, woodland. There may be more than one species in this widely-distributed
complex.
C. i. indica Lowlands to 1450 m of s Asia
and Malay Arch. from India n to Himalayan foothills from Kashmir e to Arunachal
Pradesh, Sri Lanka, s China (se Szechwan, Yunnan, Kwangsi and Hainan),
Taiwan (incl. Lan Ÿu Is.) and s Ryukyu Is., s through se Asia and Philippines
to Andaman and Nicobar is., Christmas I. (in Indian O.), Greater Sunda
Is., Lesser Sunda Is. (e to Alor and Sumba), Moluccas and w Papuan is.
(Gebe and Kofiau).
C. i. chrysochlora Lowlands to 1200
m in e Indonesia and Australasian region in Lesser Sunda Is. (w to Wetar
and Timor), Kai and Aru is., e New Guinea (w to Sepik R.and Oriomo R.,
incl. Numfor, Meos Num, Biak and Manam is., D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade
arch., and Trobriand and Woodlark is.), Vanuatu, Santa Cruz and Banks is.,
and New Caledonia to Lord Howe (intro.?) and Norfolk is., and coasts and
is. of n,e Australia from ne W. Australia (Kimberleys) e to Queensland,
and s to New S. Wales (to Shoalhaven R.). Ranges to sw,se Australia.
Chalcophaps stephani STEPHAN'S DOVE.
Forest. Wallacea and New Guinea region in Sulawesi, Aru, Kai and
w Papuan is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool), New Guinea (locally lowlands
to 1050 m, incl. is. from Yapen to Manam), D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson
and Goodenough is., Admiralty Is., Bismarck Arch. (incl. Lihir Is.) and
Solomon Is.
Henicophaps albifrons NEW GUINEA
BRONZEWING. Forest. Lowlands to 2000 m in New Guinea region
in Aru and w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Salawati, Misool, and New Guinea (incl.
Yapen I.).
Henicophaps foersteri NEW BRITAIN
BRONZEWING. Forest. Sc Bismarck Arch. on Umboi and New Britain.
Phaps chalcoptera COMMON BRONZEWING.
Dry open woodland, scrub, open country. Australia, Tasmania.
Phaps elegans BRUSH BRONZEWING.
Scrub, forest undergrowth. Lowlands in sw,e,se W. Australia (from
Houtman Abrolhos Is. and Geraldton area se to Esperance Bay); e,se Australia
from s Queensland (n to Fraser Is.) s to Victoria, Tasmania, and w to s
S. Australia (Eyre Pen., Kangaroo I.).
Phaps histrionica FLOCK BRONZEWING.
Arid plains. Int. cn Australia from ne W. Australia (Kimberleys)
e to nw Queensland (to Townsville). Ranges s to c W. Australia, n
S. Australia and New S. Wales.
Geophaps lophotes CRESTED PIGEON.
Arid plains, sparse dry woodland, ranches, generally near water.
Int. Australia; coastal areas of sw W. Australia, s S. Australia, w Victoria
and se New S. Wales. Intro. Kangaroo I.
Geophaps plumifera SPINIFEX PIGEON.
Dry rocky hills, usually associated with spinifex grass Int.,n Australia
from n W. Australia (Kimberleys) e through N. Terr. to n,c Queensland from
int. Cape York Pen. s to Longreach, and s to extreme n S. Australia and
extreme nw New S. Wales; cw W. Australia from Eighy Mile Beach s to Gascoyne
R.and upper Murchison R.
Geophaps smithii PARTRIDGE PIGEON.
Sparsely-wooded savanna. Cn Australia in extreme ne W. Australia
(Kimberleys), n N. Territory and (possibly) extreme nw Queensland.
Geophaps scripta SQUATTER PIGEON.
Grassy plains, eucalyptus woodland, well-wooded savannas. N,c Queensland
n to n Cape York Pen. and s to Burdekin-Lynd Divide; ce Australia in e
Queensland, and extreme cn New S. Wales near Inverel.
Petrophassa albipennis WHITE-QUILLED
ROCK-PIGEON. Sandstone cliffs, rocks near water. Nw Australia
in nw W. Australia (s to Derby area) and nw N. Territory (lower Victoria
R.).
Petrophassa rufipennis CHESTNUT-QUILLED
ROCK-PIGEON. Rugged tree-dotted sandstone gorges. Extreme cn
Australia in Arnhem Land.
Geopelia cuneata DIAMOND DOVE.
Savanna waterholes, open woodland, mulga scrub, gum creeks. Northern
and interior Australia. Absent from sw W. Australia from Murchison
R.s, and from coastal e Queensland s to Victoria and w to s S. Australia.
Geopelia striata ZEBRA DOVE.
Open forest, edge, towns, farmlands, savannas. Lowlands to se Asia
in Malay Pen., Sumatra (incl. Bangka and Belitung), Borneo, Java and (intro.?)
Java, Bali and Philippines. Introduced in Sulawesi, Moluccas (Ambon),
Philippines, Society (Tahiti), Hawaiian is., St. Helena, Madagascar, Seychelles
and other is. in Indian Ocean.
Geopelia maugeus BARRED DOVE. Open
forest, edge, towns, farmlands, savannas. Wallacea in Lesser Sundas
w to Sumbawa, Tanimbar and Kai is. Sometimes treated as a race of
G. striata.
Geopelia placida PEACEFUL DOVE.
Towns, farmlands, savannas. Lowlands of Australian region in coastal
s New Guinea from Merauke e to Port Moresby and Australia (absent from
int. W. Australia s of Murchison R., from sc N. Terr., and from S. Australia
w of Murray R.and Adelaide). Sometimes treated as a race of G. striata.
Geopelia humeralis BAR-SHOULDERED
DOVE. Gallery forest, riparian scrub, mangroves, around human habitation.
Lowlands of Australian region in coastal s New Guinea (w to Digul R.),
islands in Torres Strait, and n,e Australia in nw W. Australia (w toOnslow),
n N. Terr., Queensland (except sw), and c,e New S. Wales s to Nyngan and
Sydney areas.
Leucosarcia melanoleuca WONGA PIGEON.
Humid forest. Coasts and highlands to 1200 m of se Australia in se
Queensland n to Shoalwater Bay, e New South Wales and se Victoria (Gippsland
region).
*Ectopistes migratorius PASSENGER
PIGEON. Extinct, last recorded in wild in 1899 (last individual died
in captivity in 1914); formerly in e N. America from c Montana, ec Saskatchewan,
s Manitoba, Minnesota, Michigan, Ontario, s Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia s to e Kansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi and Georgia. Wintered
in se U.S.
Zenaida macroura MOURNING DOVE.
Open forest, farmlands, deserts, towns. N. and Middle America and
W. Indies from se Alaska (possibly), s British Columbia, c Alberta, sc
Saskatchewan and s Manitoba e across s Canada to Prince Edward I. and Nova
Scotia, and s to s Baja Calif., Sonora (Pacific lowlands), int. mts. and
C. Plateau of Mexico to Oaxaca and Puebla, and ne Tamaulipas, Texas, Gulf
coast and s Florida; Bahamas and Greater Antilles (e to Puerto Rico, Culebra
and Vieques is.); Revillagigedo (Clarion, Socorro) and Tres Marías
is.; Costa Rica, Panama (e to w Panama Prov.), probably elsewhere in C.
America. Intro. e Hawaiian Is. on Hawaii.
Zenaida graysoni SOCORRO DOVE.
Open woodland, scrub. Extinct in wild (still exists in captivity);
formerly se Revillagigedo Is. on Socorro I. Often included in macroura.
Zenaida auriculata EARED DOVE.
Open country, forest edge, llanos, farmlands. Lowlands of s Lesser
Antilles (St. Vincent, Grenada, Grenadines); lowlands and mts. to 3400
m of S. America from Colombia (except nw), Venezuela (incl. is. from Netherlands
Antilles e to Margarita, Tobago and Trinidad) and Guianas s (except forested
parts of Amazonia) to n Tierra del Fuego (incl. Fernando de Noronha).
Zenaida aurita ZENAIDA DOVE.
Open woodland, farms, scrub, mangroves. W. Indies from Bahamas and
Antilles s to Grenada, Cayman Is.; coast of se Mexico (Yucatán Pen.,
incl. Holbox, Mujeres and Cozumel is.).
Zenaida asiatica WHITE-WINGED DOVE.
Scrub, woodland, farmlands, mangroves. The two subspecies are geographically
disjunct and vocally distinct and probably are separate species.
Z. a. asiatica Sw U.S. and Middle America
from se Calif., s Nevada, c Arizona, c New Mexico, n Chihuahua, sw Texas,
locally s Louisiana, s on I. Tiburón off Sonora and Cozumel and
Cancun is. off Quintana Roo, to s Baja Calif., Honduras; locally Pacific
lowlands to w Panama (Herrera, sw Coclé); n W. Indies in s Bahamas
on Great Inagua, Caicos and Turks is., Greater Antilles e to Puerto Rico,
Mona and Vieques is. and on is. of Providencia and San Andrés.
Z. a. meloda Coast of cw S. America
from sw Ecuador s to n Chile to Tarapacá.
Zenaida galapagoensis GALAPAGOS DOVE.
Dry rocky lowland scrub. Galapagos Is.
Columbina inca INCA DOVE. Open
country, scrub, arid brush, farmlands, towns. Lowlands of sw U.S.
and Middle America from extreme se Calif., s Nevada, c Arizona, s New Mexico,
c Texas and sw Louisiana (probably) s through Mexico (except Yucatán
Pen.), Guatemala (rare Caribbean lowlands), Honduras (Pacific lowlands
and arid int. v.) and Nicaragua (highlands and Pacific lowlands) to nw
Costa Rica (Guanacaste, San José). Sometimes treated as a
subspecies of S. squammata.
Columbina squammata SCALED DOVE.
Arid scrub, savanna, second growth, farmlands, towns. Lowlands to
100 m of n,e S. America, in two disjunct areas: n,ce Colombia (from
Magdalena e to Guajira; e of Andes from Arauca to Meta and Vichada), n
Venezuela (s to Orinoco V., and incl. Margarita I.), Trinidad and French
Guiana; c Brazil (se Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceara
and Bahia s through c Goiás, w Minas Gerais and São Paulo
to Mato Grosso and Parana), Paraguay and extreme ne Argentina in Misiones.
Columbina passerina COMMON GROUND-DOVE. Farmlands, open country, arid brush. Americas from s California, c Arizona, s New Mexico, c Texas, Gulf coast, S. Carolina and Bermuda s through W. Indies, Mexico (incl. Socorro I. in Revillagigedos, Tres Marías and Tres Marietas is. off w Mexico, and is. off Yucatán Pen.) and C. America (incl. Bay Is. off Honduras) to c Costa Rica (Guanacaste, c highlands) and w Panama (Azuero Pen.), and is. off n coast of Venezuela from Netherlands Antilles e to Trinidad and lowlands to 2200 m from n,c,e Colombia (w to n Cordoba, and Dagua, Patia, Cauca and Magdalena valleys), Venezuela and Guianas s to Ecuador (Andes) and n,ne Brazil from upper R.Negro and R.Madeira e to Amapá, e Pará, Maranhão, Piauí and Pernambuco, and s to Bahia.
Columbina minuta PLAIN-BREASTED GROUND-DOVE. Savanna, second growth, farmlands. Lowlands to 1400 m of Neotropics on Gulf-Caribbean slope (locally) in Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Belize, Guatemala, ne Honduras and extreme ne Costa Rica; Pacific coast from sw Oaxaca to Costa Rica and c Panama (to Canal Zone, but not recorded in Honduras or Nicaragua); n,c,e Colombia from Cordoba e to Atlantico, Cesar and Norte de Santander, and s to upper Cauca V., Putumayo and Vaupés, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas, Peru, e,c Brazil from e Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceara, Pernambuco and Goiás s to São Paulo and Mato Grosso, n,e Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Santa Cruz), n Paraguay and ne Argentina in Misiones.
Columbina talpacoti RUDDY GROUND-DOVE.
Dry open country, second growth, farmlands, savanna, towns. Lowlands
to 2400 m of Neotropics from n Sinaloa, e San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas
s (incl. Cozumel and Cancun is. off Quintana Roo) to Panama (incl. Coiba
and Pearl is.), and to 2400 m from Colombia, Venezuela (incl. Margarita
I.), Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru,
Bolivia and Brazil to Uruguay and n Argentina s to Tucumán and Buenos
Aires. Ranges n to sw U.S. and s Texas. Winters north to s
Calif., s Arizona and s Texas; no breeding records in the sw U.S. but this
species may be spreading northward.
Columbina buckleyi ECUADORIAN GROUND-DOVE.
Desert. Coastal lowlands of cw S. America in Ecuador and extreme
nw Peru (Tumbes). Sometimes treated as a subspecies of C. talpacoti.
Columbina picui PICUI GROUND-DOVE.
Savanna, farmlands, towns. Sc S. America from Bolivia, Paraguay,
Uruguay, and e Brazil (from Maranhão, Ceara, Piauí, Bahia
and São Paulo w to Mato Grosso and s to Rio Grande do Sul) s to
c Chile and c Argentina s to Mendoza and Buenos Aires. Winters n
to e Peru.
Columbina cruziana CROAKING GROUND-DOVE.
Desert scrub, farmlands, towns. Cw S. America from w Ecuador s to
n Chile, and e in n Peru to Marañón V.
Columbina cyanopis BLUE-EYED GROUND-DOVE.
Cerrado. Sc Brazil in s Mato Grosso, s Goiás and extreme w
São Paulo.
Claravis pretiosa BLUE GROUND-DOVE.
Forest edge, open woodland, second growth. Lowlands and foothills
to 2100 m of Neotropics from e San Luis Potosí, s Tamaulipas and
Chiapas s on both slopes to Panama, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad
and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru (to Piura) and e of Andes through
e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Brazil s to Santa Catarina, to Paraguay
and n Argentina in Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán and Misiones.
Claravis mondetoura MAROON-CHESTED
GROUND-DOVE. Dense humid forest undergrowth, bamboo. Locally
in mts., 900-3000 m, of Middle America in Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica and w Panama (Chiriqui); mts., 1300-2600
m, of w,n S. America from Colombia (W. Andes in Cauca; C. Andes in Caldas;
E. Andes from Norte de Santander to Huila) and w,n Venezuela (w Zulia;
sw Tachirá, nw Mérida; w Aragua, Distrito Federal) s along
e slope of Andes in Ecuador and Peru to wc Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba).
Sometimes included in C. godefrida.
Claravis godefrida PURPLE-WINGED GROUND-DOVE.
Woodland. Se S. America in se Brazil from s Bahia, s Minas Gerais
and Rio de Janeiro s to Santa Catarina, ne Paraguay and ne Argentina (Misiones).
Metriopelia ceciliae BARE-FACED GROUND-DOVE.
Puna, arid stunted alpine forest, scrub, towns. High Andes of sw
S. America of Peru, Bolivia, n Chile (Tarapacá) and nw Argentina
(Salta, Jujuy).
Metriopelia morenoi BARE-EYED GROUND-DOVE.
Farmlands, open country. Andes of nw Argentina in Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán,
Catamarca and La Rioja.
Metriopelia melanoptera BLACK-WINGED
GROUND-DOVE. Puna, stunted forest, scrub. High Andes above
3000 m of w S. America from sw Colombia (Nariño) s through Ecuador,
Peru and c,s Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, (Chuquisaca)
to c Chile (to Colchagua) and w Argentina (from Jujuy to Santa Cruz).
Metriopelia aymara GOLDEN-SPOTTED
GROUND-DOVE. Puna, pastures, towns. High Andes of sw S. America
from s Peru and c,s Bolivia (La Paz, Cocabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Chuquisaca)
s to c Chile (to Coquimbo) and cw Argentina from Salta and Jujuy to Mendoza.
Uropelia campestris LONG-TAILED GROUND-DOVE.
Grassland, savanna, campos. C S. America in n Bolivia (Beni, Santa
Cruz), and c,ne Brazil from Amapá, I. Marajó, Maranhão,
Piauí, and Ceara s to n,c Mato Grosso, s Pará, Goiás,
and w Minas Gerais.
Leptotila verreauxi WHITE-TIPPED
DOVE. Dry open woodland, forest edge, second growth, farmlands.
The reported differences in orbital color (blue in brasiliensis, red in
verreauxi) are not consistent and treatment of brasiliensis as a species
is not warranted.
L. v. verreauxi Lowlands and foothills to
3000 m of Middle and w,n S. America from c Sonora, sw Chihuahua, w Durango,
Nayarit (incl. Tres Marías Is.), Jalisco San Luis Potosí,
Nuevo León and extreme s Texas (lower Rio Grande V.) s to Panama
(incl. Pearl Is., and many other small is. off Panama), and from Colombia
(locally Pacific slope s to Nariño; Cauca and Magdalena V.; Norte
de Santander; Vichada) and n,c Venezuela s to n Amazonas and e Bolívar,
incl. is. from Netherlands Antilles e to Tobago and Trinidad; s,w of Andes
through w,c Ecuador to n Peru in the Marañón Valley.
L. v. brasiliensis C,sc S. America
e of Andes from e Peru, e Bolivia and Brazil s to Paraguay, Uruguay and
n Argentina (Mendoza, San Luis, La Pampa, n Buenos Aires).
Leptotila megalura WHITE-FACED DOVE.
Forest. Andes of sw S. America in n,e,se Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba,
Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija) and nw Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca,
Tucumán).
Leptotila plumbeiceps GREY-HEADED
DOVE. Humid forest, edge, second growth, swamps, woodland.
Lowlands and foothills of Middle and nw S. America from s Tamaulipas, e
San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Mexico, Puebla and n Oaxaca s on Gulf-Caribbean
slope (except Yucatán) to Nicaragua (incl. Pacific sw), both slopes
of
Costa Rica and nw Panama (Bocas del Toro), and w Colombia (Cauca V.; w
slope of W. Andes s to Valle). L. plumbeiceps and L. wellsi may be
conspecific with L. rufaxilla.
Leptotila battyi BROWN-BACKED DOVE.
Forest, swamps. Pacific slope of w Panama (s Veraguas and w Herrera,
incl. Cebaco and Coiba is.). Sometimes treated as conspecific with
L. rufaxilla.
Leptotila wellsi GRENADA DOVE.
Arid scrub. Hills of Grenada; formerly on adjacent small islands.
Formerly treated as a race of L. rufaxilla, but it is vocally distinct
(Bechstein and Hardy, 1989. Auk 106:339-340).
Leptotila rufaxilla GREY-FRONTED
DOVE. Forest, mostly riverine. Lowlands to 1500 m of S. America
e of Andes from e Colombia (n to Norte de Santander), w,s Venezuela (Zulia;
Tachirá, Mérida, Barinas, Apure; s Distrito Federal, s,e
Sucre; s of Orinoco), Trinidad and Guianas s through e Ecuador, e Peru,
n,e Bolivia and Brazil (to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay and extreme
ne Argentina (Misiones). See L. plumbeiceps and L. jamaicensis.
Leptotila jamaicensis CARIBBEAN DOVE.
Forest undergrowth, open scrub, arid woodland. W Caribbean region
in Jamaica, Grand Cayman I., is. off Yucatán Pen. (Holbox, Mujeres,
Cancun, Cozumel) and Honduras (Roatán and Barbareta in Bay Is.,
and Little Hog I.), and I. San Andres. Intro. nw Bahamas (New Providence).
May be part of a large superspecies including the L. rufaxilla complex.
Leptotila pallida PALLID DOVE.
Forest. Pacific lowlands to 800 m of nw S. America in w Colombia
(n to R.San Juan) and w Ecuador (s to Loja).
Leptotila cassini GREY-CHESTED DOVE.
Humid forest, edge, second growth, thickets, towns. Lowlands and
foothills to 1000 m of c,s Middle and nw S. America from extreme se Mexico
(Tabasco, n Chiapas) s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of
Costa Rica and Panama, and nw Colombia from Chocó s to Serranía
de Baudó, and e to lower Magdalena V. in e Antioquia. The
correct original spelling is cassini, not cassinii.
Leptotila ochraceiventris OCHRE-BELLIED
DOVE. Forest. Andes and lowlands of cw S. America in sw Ecuador
and nw Peru (Piura).
Leptotila conoveri TOLIMA DOVE.
Humid forest. Andes, 1800-2500 m, of c Colombia on the e slopes of
C. Andes from Tolima to Huila.
Geotrygon lawrencii PURPLISH-BACKED
QUAIL-DOVE. Humid forest.
Two disjunct populations in mts., 1000-2600 m.
Differ in size and are probably separate species.
G. l. carrikeri Mexico in se Veracruz
in the Sierra de Tuxtla.
G. l. lawrencii Costa Rica and Panama
e to Darién.
Geotrygon costaricensis BUFF-FRONTED
QUAIL-DOVE. Humid forest. Mts., 1000-3000 m, of s C. America
in Costa Rica and w Panama e to Veraguas.
Geotrygon saphirina SAPPHIRE QUAIL-DOVE.
Humid forest undergrowth. The two races may be separate species.
G. s. purpurata Lowlands and foothills to
1100 m of nw S. America w of Andes from nw Colombia (n to upper Atrato
V.) s to nw Ecuador.
G. s. saphirina W S. America e of
Andes from e Ecuador s to se Peru (Cuzco), probably se Colombia in Putumayo
and Amazonas.
Geotrygon caniceps GREY-HEADED QUAIL-DOVE.
Forest. Cuba (lowlands, approaching extinction?) and Hispaniola in
the highlands of the Dominican Republic.
Geotrygon versicolor CRESTED QUAIL-DOVE.
Forest undergrowth. Mts. of Jamaica.
Geotrygon veraguensis OLIVE-BACKED
QUAIL-DOVE. Humid forest undergrowth, second-growth woodland.
Lowlands to 1500 m of s C. and nw S. America in Costa Rica (Caribbean slope)
and Panama (Caribbean slope; Pacific slope in e Panama Prov.), w Colombia
e to Antioquia and lower Cauca V. and nw Ecuador in Esmeraldas.
Geotrygon albifacies WHITE-FACED QUAIL-DOVE.
Humid forest undergrowth. Locally in mts. of Middle America in San
Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras and nc Nicaragua. G. albifacies, G. chiriquensis
and G. goldmani may be conspecific with G. linearis.
Geotrygon chiriquensis RUFOUS-BREASTED
QUAIL-DOVE. Humid forest undergrowth. Mts. of s C. America
in Costa Rica and w Panama (Chiriqui, Veraguas). See G. albifacies.
Geotrygon goldmani RUSSET-CROWNED
QUAIL-DOVE. Humid forest undergrowth. Mts., 900-1600 m, of
e Panama (e Panama Prov., Darién) and extreme nw Colombia (Cerro
Tacarcuna, R. Jurado). Ranges to lowlands. See G. albifacies.
Geotrygon linearis LINED QUAIL-DOVE.
Humid forest undergrowth, tall second growth. Foothills and mts.,
300-2500 m, of n S. America in n,e Colombia (middle Cauca and middle Magdalena
V.; Caldas; Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; e of Andes from
Norte de Santander s to Meta and Caquetá), w,n Venezuela from Zulia
and Falcon s to Mérida, Tachirá and Lara, and e to Miranda;
Sucre, Monagas; Trinidad and Tobago. See G. albifacies.
Geotrygon frenata WHITE-THROATED
QUAIL-DOVE. Humid forest undergrowth. Andes, 900-2500 m, of
nw S. America in Colombia (Pacific slope n to R. San Juan, C. Andes n to
Quindío, both slopes of Nariño) and e,w Ecuador; nw,e,s Peru,
c Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, w Santa Cruz) and nw Argentina in Jujuy
The name "G. erythropareia" represents a dark morph of this species.
Geotrygon chrysia KEY WEST QUAIL-DOVE.
Dry forest undergrowth, scrub. Bahamas s to San Salvador and N. Caicos,
Cuba and I. of Pines, Hispaniola (incl. Gonâve, Tortue and Catalina
is.) and sw Puerto Rico (incl. Culebra I., possibly Mona I.). Formerly
in the Florida Keys, now only a vagrant in s Florida.
Geotrygon mystacea BRIDLED QUAIL-DOVE.
Dry forest undergrowth, woodland. C,se W. Indies in Virgin Is. (except
Anegada and most small cays) and Lesser Antilles from Saba and Barbuda
s to St. Lucia. Erroneously recorded from Puerto Rico, Vieques and
Culebra is.
Geotrygon violacea VIOLACEOUS QUAIL-DOVE.
Humid forest. Locally in lowlands and foothills to 1650 m of Neotropics
in e Nicaragua (Caribbean lowlands), Costa Rica (Caribbean lowlands; Guanacaste
Prov. in Pacific nw), Panama (from Colón e), n,e Colombia (Antioquia;
Santa Marta Mts.; Sierra de Perijá; Meta), w,n,sc Venezuela (w Zulia,
s Tachirá, Mérida, Lara, Sucre, ne Bolívar), Surinam,
e Brazil s of Amazon from e Pará, Alagoas and Bahia s through Espírito
Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais to São Paulo and Parana),
Paraguay, extreme ne Argentina (Misiones) and n,e Bolivia (Pando, Beni,
La Paz, Santa Cruz).
Geotrygon montana RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE.
Humid forest undergrowth, second growth, woodland. Greater Antilles
e to Virgin Is. s to Grenada, and lowlands to 2600 from s Sinaloa, Puebla
and Veracruz s along both slopes of Middle America (incl. Yucatán
Pen.) to Panama (incl. I. Coiba, and I. San José in Pearl Is.),
and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, through
e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to n Paraguay and extreme nc
Argentina (Misiones); Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe and Dominica s to
St. Vincent. Vagrant in s Florida.
Starnoenas cyanocephala BLUE-HEADED
QUAIL-DOVE. Forest undergrowth. Cuba and I. of Pines; recorded
s Florida and Jamaica (possibly intro.).
Caloenas nicobarica NICOBAR PIGEON.
Bushes, thick forest, mangroves. Primarily confined to small, offshore
islands. Lowlands of se Asia, Malay Arch. and New Guinea region from
Andaman and Nicobar is., Peninsular Thailand and Malaya, incl. Mergui Arch.,
Cambodia and Con Son Is. (off s Vietnam), e,se through E. Indies, Philippines,
islands off w,n New Guinea, Trobriand Is., and D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade
arch. to Palau, Bismarck Arch. and Solomon Is.
Gallicolumba luzonica LUZON BLEEDING-HEART.
Forest. N Philippines on Luzon, Polillo Is., Catanduanes. This
and the following four species are sometimes considered conspecific; differences
suggest that treatment as allospecies is more appropriate.
Gallicolumba platenae MINDORO BLEEDING-HEART.
Forest. C Philippines on Mindoro. See G. luzonica.
Gallicolumba keayi NEGROS BLEEDING-HEART.
Forest. C Philippines on Negros. See G. luzonica.
Gallicolumba criniger MINDANAO BLEEDING-HEART.
Forest. Se Philippines on Samar, Leyte, Dinagat, Mindanao and Basilan.
See G. luzonica.
Gallicolumba menagei SULU BLEEDING-HEART.
Forest. Extreme sw Philippines on Tawitawi. See G. luzonica.
Gallicolumba rufigula CINNAMON GROUND-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands to 1600 m of New Guinea region in Aru Is., w Papuan
is. of Waigeo, Salawati and Misool); New Guinea incl. Yapen I.
Gallicolumba tristigmata SULAWESI
GROUND-DOVE. Dense humid forest. Lowlands and mts. of Sulawesi.
Gallicolumba jobiensis WHITE-BIBBED
GROUND-DOVE. Forest. Lowlands and mts. to 2400 m of New Guinea,
except Vogelkop, but incl. Yapen, Manam and Karkar is.; D'Entrecasteaux
Arch. on Fergusson and Goodenough is.; Bismarck Arch. and Solomon Is. on
Vella Lavellaand Guadalcanal.
Gallicolumba kubaryi CAROLINE ISLANDS
GROUND-DOVE. Woodland, towns. Ec Caroline Is. on Truk and Pohnpei.
Gallicolumba erythroptera POLYNESIAN
GROUND-DOVE. Forest. Se Polynesia in Society Is. on Moorea
and Tahiti, at least formerly, now apparently extirpated; and Tuamotu.
Gallicolumba xanthonura WHITE-THROATED
GROUND-DOVE. Forest. Mariana Is. from Saipan s to Guam and
Yap I. in the w Caroline Is.
Gallicolumba stairi FRIENDLY GROUND-DOVE.
Forest. Cs Polynesia in Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Samoa and Tonga.
The correct original spelling is stairi, not "stairii".
Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis SANTA
CRUZ GROUND-DOVE. Forest. E Melanesia in Santa Cruz Is. on
Tinakula and Utupua, and Vanuatu on Espíritu Santo.
*Gallicolumba ferruginea TANNA GROUND-DOVE.
Presumably forest. Extinct; formerly in s Vanuatu on Tanna I.
Gallicolumba salamonis THICK-BILLED
GROUND-DOVE. Woodland. Solomon Is. on Ramos and San Cristobal.
Gallicolumba rubescens MARQUESAN GROUND-DOVE.
Forest, brush. Marquesas, restricted to Hatutu and Fatu Huku, possibly
Nuka Hiva.
Gallicolumba beccarii BRONZE GROUND-DOVE.
Forest. Mts., 1400-2800 m, of New Guinea (incl. lowlands of Karkar
I.), Bismarck Arch. (incl. Admiralty, Mussau in the St. Matthias Is., and
Green Is.) and Solomon Is., incl. Rennell I.
Gallicolumba canifrons PALAU GROUND-DOVE.
Rocky ridge forests. Palau.
Gallicolumba hoedtii WETAR GROUND-DOVE.
Forest. Ec Lesser Sunda Is. on Wetar I.
Trugon terrestris THICK-BILLED GROUND-PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands to 600 m in w Papuan is. on Salawati and New Guinea
(absent from n lowlands e of Humboldt Bay).
*Microgoura meeki CHOISEUL PIGEON.
Extinct, not recorded since 1904. Formerly nw Solomon Is. on Choiseul
I.
Otidiphaps nobilis PHEASANT PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands to 1200 m of Aru and w Papuan is. on Waigeo and
Batanta), New Guinea incl. Yapen I., and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson
I.
Phapitreron leucotis WHITE-EARED
BROWN-DOVE. Dense forest, open woodland, field edges. Philippines
incl. Sulu Arch., but absent from Palawan and Calamian Is.
Phapitreron amethystina AMETHYST
BROWN-DOVE. Humid forest, dense second-growth. Mts., 1000-2500
m, of Philippines. See P. cinereiceps.
Phapitreron cinereiceps DARK-EARED
BROWN-DOVE. Humid forest, dense second-growth. Mts. of s Philippines
on Mindanao (Mt. McKinley, Mt. Malindang), Basilan and Tawitawi.
May be conspecific with P. amethystina, but they occur in close proximity
on Mindanao.
Treron fulvicollis CINNAMON-HEADED
GREEN-PIGEON. Mangroves, coastal and riverine forest, swamps, open
scrub. Lowlands of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra including Nias,
Mentawai Is., Riau and Lingga arch., Bangka and Belitung, and Borneo incl.
Natuna and other small is. off n coast.
Treron olax LITTLE GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest, second growth, towns. Lowlands to 1200 m of se Asia in peninsular
Thailand and Malaya; Sumatra (incl. Riau Arch. and Bangka), Borneo and
Java, incl. Natuna Is.
Treron vernans PINK-NECKED GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest, second growth, gardens. Lowlands of se Asia and Malay Arch.
in Thailand (except ne,c), Cambodia, s Vietnam (s Annam, Cochinchina),
s Burma (s Tenasserim), Malaya, Sumatra incl. most surrounding is., Borneo
incl. Anambas and Natuna is., Java, Sulawesi and Philippines.
Treron bicincta ORANGE-BREASTED GREEN-PIGEON.
Woodland. Lowlands to 1500 m of s Asia in c,e India n to Himalayan
foothills from Uttar Pradesh e to Assam and w to W. Ghats; Sri Lanka; Burma;
Thailand (except c), s Laos, c,s Vietnam (Annam, Cochinchina), n Malaya,
Hainan I. and Java.
Treron pompadora POMPADOUR GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. The following four groups are sometimes treated as separate
species.
T. p. pompadora Locally in lowlands to 1500
m of s Asia in c,e India n to Himalayan foothills from Uttar Pradesh e
to Assam, and w to W. Ghats; Sri Lanka; Burma; sw China (s Yunnan); Thailand
(except c), Laos and s Vietnam (Cochinchina).
T. p. chloropeta Andaman and Nicobar
islands.
T. p. axillaris Philippines (incl.
Sulu Arch., but absent from Calamian Is. and Palawan.
T. p. aromatica Sc Wallacea on is.
in Flores Sea (Tanahjampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa) and Buru I. in the s Moluccas.
Treron curvirostra THICK-BILLED GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands to 1200 m of s Asia and Malay Arch. from n,e India
from Nepal e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Bangladesh, Mizoram, Manipur
and Nagaland; s China in w Yunnan and on Hainan I., s through se Asia to
Sumatra incl. most surrounding is.; Borneo; w Philippines on Mindoro, Palawan
and Balabac. This and the following four species sometimes considered
to be conspecific.
Treron griseicauda GREY-CHEEKED GREEN-PIGEON.
Farmlands, open woodland. Indonesia in s Sumatra (possibly a vagrant),
Java, Bali, is. in Flores Sea (Kangean, Tanahjampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, Madu)
and Sulawesi incl. Sangihe, Peleng, Banggai and Tukangbesi is. T.
curvirostra.
Treron floris FLORES GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. W,c Lesser Sunda Is. of Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Solor, Lomblen,
Pantar and Alor. See T. curvirostra.
Treron teysmannii SUMBA GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. Sumba I. in the c Lesser Sunda Is. See T. curvirostra.
Treron psittacea TIMOR GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. Semau and Timor in the c Lesser Sunda Is. See T. curvirostra.
Treron capellei LARGE GREEN-PIGEON.
Open forest. Lowlands to 1200 m of se Asia in Malay Pen., Sumatra
incl. Lingga Arch., Java and Borneo.
Treron phoenicoptera YELLOW-FOOTED
GREEN-PIGEON. Forest, scrub, towns. Lowlands to 1300 m of s
Asia from e Pakistan (Punjab), India n to Himalayan foothills, and w to
Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, and extreme sw China (s Yunnan) s
to Burma, n,sw Thailand, Cambodia, c,s Laos and s Vietnam in s Annam and
Cochinchina.
Treron waalia BRUCE'S GREEN-PIGEON.
Open woodland, forested valleys, savanna. Subsaharan African region
in Senegambia, s Mauritania, s Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, n Ivory Coast,
Burkino-Faso, n Ghana, s Niger, n Togo, n Benin, n,c Nigeria, n,c Cameroon,
sw Chad, nw C. African Rep., c,s Sudan, extreme ne Zaire and n Uganda,
n Kenya to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia incl. Socotra I. and sw
Arabia in Yemen.
Treron calva AFRICAN GREEN-PIGEON. Open woodland, savanna, gallery forest
W,c,ne Africa in Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, s Niger, Cameroon, Fernando Po and Príncipe islands, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, s C. African Rep., Chad, and s Sudan to sw,wc Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, c,s Kenya, s to n Namibia, n,e Botswana, w,c Zimbabwe, w,c Zambia and w,c Tanzania. Se Africa in lowlands from e Tanzania s through e Zambia, Malawi, e Zimbabwe and Mozambique to e,s S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal and e Cape Prov. Absent only from Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Socotra I. See comments under T. australis.
Treron sanctithomae SAO TOME GREEN-PIGEON.
Tall forest. São Tomé (formerly I. das Rolas).
Sometimes treated as conspecific with T. calva or of T. australis.
Treron pembaensis PEMBA GREEN-PIGEON.
Open woodland. Lowlands of Pemba I. off Tanzania. Differs morphologically
and vocally from T. australis and considered a separate species by the
East African List Committee (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.). Sometimes
treated as a subspecies of T. calva or of T. australis.
Treron australis MADAGASCAR GREEN-PIGEON.
Open woodland, savanna on Madagascar; evergreen forest on Mohéli
I. Lowlands of Madagascar and Mohéli I. in the Comoro Is.
Probably formerly on Grand Comoro and Anjouan.
Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993) treat T. calva, T. sanctithomae and T. pembaensis as subspecies of T. australis. They provide an extensive discussion, noting that vocalizations are similar and that morphological differences are no greater than among the numerous mainland subspecies of the calva group. It is clear that these populations are not in contact and cannot interbreed, thus treating them as allospecies is reasonable.
Treron apicauda PIN-TAILED GREEN-PIGEON.
Humid forest. Lowlands to 1800 m of s Asia in Himalayan foothills
of n,e India from Kumaon e to Arunachal Pradesh, and s to Bangladesh, Mizoram,
Manipur and Nagaland; sw China in s Szechwan, nw,s Yunnan; Burma (incl.
Tenasserim), nw Thailand and c,s Vietnam in Annam and Cochinchina.
Treron oxyura SUMATRAN GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts., 350-1800 m, of w Indonesia in Sumatra and w Java.
Treron seimundi YELLOW-VENTED GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts. (rarely lowlands) of se Asia in Malaya, nw,c Thailand
and c,s Vietnam in Annam and Cochinchina).
Treron sphenura WEDGE-TAILED GREEN-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts., 900-3000 m, of s Asia from Himalayas of n India (from
Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh, n Assam and Nagaland) and s China (sw Szechwan,
w,s Yunnan, w Kwangsi) s through Burma, nw,ne Thailand, Laos and n,c Vietnam
(Tonkin, Annam) to Malaya; w Indonesia in mts. of Sumatra, Java and Lombok.
Treron sieboldii WHITE-BELLIED GREEN-PIGEON.
Heavy mixed forest. Lowlands and foothills to 1600 m of s,e Asia
in nw Thailand, n Vietnam (Tonkin, n Annam), China (s Shensi, ne Hopeh,
e Szechwan, Kweichow, Kwangsi, Fukien, Hainan), Japan (from Hokkaido and
Honshu to Shikoku and Kyushu) and Taiwan incl. Lan Ÿu Is.
Treron formosae WHISTLING GREEN-PIGEON.
Tall dense forest. E Asia in Ryukyu Is., Taiwan and n Philippines
on Batan Is., Calayan and Camiguin Norte.
Ptilinopus porphyreus PINK-HEADED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. Mts., 1400-2200 m, of w Indonesia in Sumatra,
Java and Bali.
Ptilinopus cinctus BLACK-BACKED FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, casuarina scrub. Lesser Sunda Is. from Bali e to Teun and
from Flores e to Babar. See P. alligator.
Ptilinopus dohertyi RED-NAPED FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. C Lesser Sunda Is. on Sumba.
Ptilinopus alligator BLACK-BANDED
FRUIT-DOVE. Scrub in sandstone gullies, eucalypt forest edge
Extreme cn Australia (Arnhem Land). Often considered conspecific
with P. cinctus.
Ptilinopus marchei FLAME-BREASTED
FRUIT-DOVE. Stunted trees. Mts. of n Philippines on Luzon.
Ptilinopus merrilli CREAM-BELLIED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. Lowlands to 1000 m of n Philippines on
Luzon, Polillo Is. and Catanduanes.
Ptilinopus occipitalis YELLOW-BREASTED
FRUIT-DOVE. Dense second growth, forest. Philippines (except
Palawan).
Ptilinopus fischeri RED-EARED FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Mts., between 1000-3000 m, of Sulawesi.
Ptilinopus jambu JAMBU FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, second growth, mangroves. Lowlands to 1500 m in se Asia in
Malay Pen. (s pen. Thailand, Malaya), Sumatra incl. Nias, Riau Arch., Bangka
and Belitung and Borneo.
Ptilinopus leclancheri BLACK-CHINNED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. Se China on the Lan Ÿu Is.; and the Philippines.
Ptilinopus subgularis MAROON-CHINNED
FRUIT-DOVE. Dense second growth, forest. Wallacea in Sulawesi
incl. Peleng and Banggai is. and cw Moluccas on Mangole I.
Ptilinopus bernsteinii SCARLET-BREASTED
FRUIT-DOVE. Bamboo thickets. N Moluccas on Ternate, Bacan and
Obi.
Ptilinopus magnificus WOMPOO FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands to 1450 m of the w Papuan is. of Waigeo, Batanta,
Salawati and Misool); New Guinea incl. Yapen, Manam and Karkar is., and
e Australia in e Queensland from Cape York s, and ne New S. Wales s to
Hunter R., formerly to Illawarra Dist.
Ptilinopus perlatus PINK-SPOTTED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest, woodland, towns. Lowlands to 1200 m of
New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan is. of Waigeo and Salawati; New Guinea
incl. Yapen I. and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson, Goodenough and Normanby
is.
Ptilinopus ornatus ORNATE FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands to 2400 m of New Guinea.
Ptilinopus tannensis TANNA FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, wooded patches in grasslands. Vanuatu and Banks Islands.
Ptilinopus aurantiifrons ORANGE-FRONTED
FRUIT-DOVE. Savanna, riparian forest, mangroves. Lowlands to
300 m of Aru and w Papuan is. on Batanta and Salawati; New Guinea incl.
Yapen I., but absent from n coast between Sepik R.and Collingwood Bay,
and D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Fergusson I.
Ptilinopus wallacii WALLACE'S FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands near sea level of e Indonesia on Babar in the e
Lesser Sunda Is.; s Moluccas (incl. Banda Is.), Tanimbar, Watubela, Kai
and Aru is., and s coast of w New Guinea from Mimika R. to Noord River.
Ptilinopus superbus SUPERB FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, tree-dotted farmland, lantana thickets. Lowlands to 1800
m of Malay Arch. and Australian region in sw Philippines in the Sulu Arch.,
at least formerly, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Aru and w Papuan is., New Guinea
incl. most is.; D'Entrecasteaux, Louisiade and Bismarck arch., Admiralty
Is., is. in Torres Strait and ne Queensland s to Mackay area. Ranges
to se Australia and Tasmania.
Ptilinopus perousii MANY-COLORED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest, grassland copses, towns. S Polynesia in
Fiji, Tonga on Tongatapu, Niue and Samoa.
Ptilinopus monacha BLUE-CAPPED FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. N Moluccas on Halmahera, Ternate, and Bacan islands.
Ptilinopus coronulatus CORONETED FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, woodland edge, savanna. Lowlands to 1200 m of New Guinea
region in Aru and w Papuan is. on Salawati, and New Guinea incl. Yapen,
Kurudu and Manam is.
Ptilinopus pulchellus BEAUTIFUL FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands to 1300 m of New Guinea region in w Papuan is. of
Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati and Misool), and New Guinea.
Ptilinopus regina ROSE-CROWNED FRUIT-DOVE.
Humid forest, mangroves. S. Indonesia and n,e Australia in Lesser
Sunda Is. w to Sawa and Flores, Banda Is. in s Moluccas, Kai Is., Daru
I. off s New Guinea, and coasts and is. of n,e Australia from ne W. Australia
(Kimberleys) e to Queensland, and s to ne New S. Wales s to Hunter River.
Ranges to se Australia and Tasmania.
Ptilinopus roseicapilla MARIANA FRUIT-DOVE.
Woodland. S Mariana Is. from Saipan s to Guam.
Ptilinopus greyii RED-BELLIED FRUIT-DOVE.
Woodland. Cn Solomons on Dai I.; Santa Cruz and Banks is., Vanuatu,
Loyalty Is. and New Caledonia incl. I. of Pines.
Ptilinopus richardsii SILVER-CAPPED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. E Solomon Is. on Rennell, Ugi and Santa
Ana.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus CRIMSON-CROWNED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. Wc Oceania in Caroline Is. on Pohnpei,
Kosrae, Truk, and sw Marshall Is. on Ebon; cs Polynesia in Fiji, Wallis
and Futuna, Samoa, Tonga and Niue.
Ptilinopus pelewensis PALAU FRUIT-DOVE.
Woodland, thickets. Palau.
Ptilinopus rarotongensis COOK ISLANDS
FRUIT-DOVE. Woodland. S Cook Is. on Rarotonga, Atiu.
Ptilinopus huttoni RAPA FRUIT-DOVE.
Woodland. Se Tubuai Is. on Rapa I.
Ptilinopus purpuratus GREY-GREEN
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest, woods. Lowlands to 1000 m in Society Is.
Ptilinopus coralensis ATOLL FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, woodland. Tuamotu (absent from Makatea).
Ptilinopus chalcurus MAKATEA FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, woodland. W Tuamotu on Makatea.
Ptilinopus insularis HENDERSON ISLAND
FRUIT-DOVE. Woodland. Henderson I.
Ptilinopus mercierii RED-MOUSTACHED
FRUIT-DOVE. Woodland. Marquesas on Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa, possibly
Tahuatu and Fatu Hiva; possibly extinct; last seen in 1922.
Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii WHITE-CAPPED
FRUIT-DOVE. Woodland. Marquesas from Nuka Hiva and Ua Huka
s to Fatu Hiva.
Ptilinopus rivoli WHITE-BIBBED FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest, woodland. Lowlands and mts. to 3400 m of e Indonesia and
the Moluccas, Watubela, Kai and w Papuan is.; New Guinea incl. most coastal
is., D'Entrecasteaux, Louisiade and Bismarck arch., and Woodlark and Trobriand
is.
Ptilinopus solomonensis YELLOW-BIBBED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. Lowlands to 750 m of New Guinea region
on is. in Geelvink Bay (Numfor, Biak, Traitor's and Marai is.), Bismarck
Arch. incl. Umboi, Witu, Watom, and from Wuvulu e to Tench I., St. Matthias,
Emira (= Squally) and Solomon Is. from Green Is. se.
Ptilinopus viridis CLARET-BREASTED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest.
P. v. viridis S Moluccas on Buru, Ambon,
Saparua and Seram.
P. v. pectoralis Lowlands to 1000
m in w Papuan is. of Kofiau, Gag, Gebe, Waigeo and Misool; w New Guinea
e to Triton Bay, Cyclops Mts., and n coastal ranges, incl. Yapen I.; Trobriand
Is., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. in the Lihir Is., and Solomon Is. s to Guadalcanal
and Malaita. See P. eugeniae.
P. v. geelvinkiana Nw New Guinea
incl. is. in Geelvink Bay, except Yapen..
Ptilinopus eugeniae WHITE-HEADED FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Se Solomon Is. on Ugi and San Cristobal. May be conspecific
with P. viridis.
Ptilinopus hyogastra GREY-HEADED
FRUIT-DOVE. Woodland. N Moluccas on Halmahera and Bacan.
Ptilinopus granulifrons CARUNCULATED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. C Moluccas. on Obi I.
Ptilinopus iozonus ORANGE-BELLIED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest. Lowlands to 800 m of New Guinea region
in Aru and w Papuan is. on Waigeo and Salawati; New Guinea incl. Yapen,
Kurudu, Karkar and Manam is. See P. naina.
Ptilinopus insolitus KNOB-BILLED FRUIT-DOVE.
Woodland. Bismarck Arch. on the St. Matthias and Lihir is., New Ireland,
Duke of York I., New Britain.
Ptilinopus naina DWARF FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Lowlands to 750m of w Papuan is. on Waigeo, Salawati, probably
Misool; and New Guinea. P. naina is sympatric with P. iozonus in
the western Papuan islands. The correct original spelling for this
species is naina, not "nanus".
Ptilinopus melanospila BLACK-NAPED
FRUIT-DOVE. Forest edge, copses, scrub. Malay Arch. on is.
off s Sumatra, n Borneo (Balambangan, Banggi), s Philippines (Palawan,
Cagayan Sulu, Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu Arch.), Sulawesi (include. Sangihe,
Talaud, Togian, Peleng and Banggai is.), c Moluccas (Sula Is., Seram),
Java, is. in Java and Flores seas (Kangean, Matasiri, Kalao, Kalaotoa,
Madu, Salayar), and Lesser Sunda Is. from Bali to Alor, incl. Sumba.
Ptilinopus arcanus NEGROS FRUIT-DOVE.
Forest. Known only from type specimen, taken ca. 1200 m in c Philippines
on nc Negros I. on the slopes of Mt. Canlaon.
Ptilinopus victor ORANGE DOVE.
Forest. Cn Fiji on Vanua Levu, Rabi, Koia, Taveuni, Qamea, Kioa and
Laucala.
Ptilinopus luteovirens GOLDEN DOVE.
Forest, dense second growth. W Fiji on Waya, Viti Levu, Beqa, Ovalau
and Gau.
Ptilinopus layardi WHISTLING DOVE.
Woodland. Sw Fiji on Kadavu and Ono.
Drepanoptila holosericea CLOVEN-FEATHERED
DOVE. Forest. New Caledonia incl. I. of Pines.
Alectroenas madagascariensis MADAGASCAR
BLUE-PIGEON. Humid forest. Lowlands to 1800 m of n,e Madagascar.
Alectroenas sganzini COMORO BLUE-PIGEON.
Humid forest. Aldabra and Comoro is.
*Alectroenas nitidissima MAURITIUS
BLUE-PIGEON. Extinct ca. 1826; formerly w Mascarene Is. on Mauritius.
Alectroenas pulcherrima SEYCHELLES
BLUE-PIGEON. Forest. Seychelles; possibly nearing extinction.
Ducula poliocephala PINK-BELLIED
IMPERIAL-PIGEON. Forest. Highlands, 600-1500 m, of Philippines
on Luzon, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Panay,
Negros, Cebu, Dinagat, Mindanao, Basilan and Tawitawi.
Ducula forsteni WHITE-BELLIED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, dense second growth, copses. Mts., 300-1500 m, of Sulawesi.
D. mindorensis.
Ducula mindorensis MINDORO IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Woodland. Mts. above 1000 m of c Philippines on Mindoro. May
be conspecific with D. forsteni or with D. radiata.
Ducula radiata GREY-HEADED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts. of Sulawesi. See D. mindorensis.
Ducula carola SPOTTED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands to 2000 m of Philippines on Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan,
Negros, Siquijor and Mindanao.
Ducula aenea GREEN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Evergreen forest, copses, mangroves. Lowlands to 1000 m of s Asia
and Malay Arch. from c,e India w to Uttar Pradesh and W. Ghats; Sri Lanka;
and s China (sw Yunnan, Kwangatung, Hainan) s through se Asia to Andaman
and Nicobar is., Sumatra incl. most surrounding islands; Borneo incl. Tambelan
and Anambas, Natuna and Banggai is., Java incl. Penida; Sulawesi incl.
Togian, Talaud and Sula is.; Lesser Sunda Is. of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa,
Sumba, Flores, Pantar and Alor; and Philippines; Enggano off sw Sumatra.
Ducula perspicillata WHITE-EYED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Moluccas on Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Buru, Seram,
Ambon, Saparua and Boano.
Ducula concinna ELEGANT IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, woodland. Islets of Wallacea and New Guinea region in Talaud
and Sangihe is.), is. in Flores Sea (Tanahjampea, Kalaotoa), e Lesser Sunda
Is. (Teun, Nila, Sermata), s Moluccas (Banda, Seram Laut and Watubela is.),
Kai and Aru is., and is. off coast of nw New Guinea off Bomberai Pen.
Ducula pacifica PACIFIC IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, woodland. From is. off n,se coasts of New Guinea e through
Bismarck Arch., Louisiade Arch., s Solomon Is. (Rennell), Santa Cruz Is.
and Vanuatu to Ellice, Phoenix and Cook is., Samoa, Tonga and Niue.
Ducula oceanica MICRONESIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, wooded ridges. Cw Oceania in Caroline (w to Palau) and Marshall
is., formerly Kiribati.
Ducula aurorae POLYNESIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Woodland. Sc Polynesia in Society Is. on Tahiti and Tuamotu on Makatea.
Ducula galeata MARQUESAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Woodland. Nc Marquesas on Nuku Hiva.
Ducula rubricera RED-KNOBBED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, woodland. Bismarck Arch. w to New Hanover and Umboi; and
the Solomon Is.
Ducula myristicivora SPICE IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Woodland. E Indonesia on is. off sw Halmahera (Widi Is.), w Papuan
is., and New Guinea in Geelvink Bay on Meos Num, Numfor and Biak.
Ducula pistrinaria ISLAND IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forested islets. New Guinea region on small is. off se New Guinea
from Manam and Karkar to D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade arch.; Bismarck
Arch., from Admiralty Is., New Hanover and Lihir Is. s to Feni and Nissan
is., and Solomon Is.
Ducula whartoni CHRISTMAS ISLAND
IMPERIAL-PIGEON. Forest, woodland. Christmas I. in the e Indian
Ocean. May be a race of D. rosacea.
Ducula rosacea PINK-HEADED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, woodland. Wallacea on islets in Java Sea from Seribu Is.
e to Satengar; Lesser Sunda Is. from Flores to Babar; Tukangbesi Is. off
se Sulawesi, and Tanimbar, Watubela and Kai is. See S. whartoni.
Ducula pickeringii GREY IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Woodland. Ne Malay Arch. on islets off n,ne coast of Borneo and in
Sulu Sea, on Talaud Is., and in s Philippines on islets from Balabac to
Cagayan Sulu and Cagayan Is., Sulu Arch., and off Basilan.
Ducula basilica CINNAMON-BELLIED
IMPERIAL-PIGEON. Dense forest. Mts. of n Moluccas on Morotai,
Halmahera, Ternate, Bacan, Obi. Sometimes treated as a subspecies
of D. rufigaster.
Ducula rufigaster PURPLE-TAILED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, edge. Lowlands to 1200 m of in w Papuan is. on Waigeo, Batanta,
Salawati, Misool, and New Guinea from Vogelkop e to Fly R.and Huon Gulf,
include. Yapen I. See D. basilica and D. finschii.
Ducula finschii FINSCH'S IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Bismarck Arch. May be conspecific with D. rufigaster.
Ducula chalconota SHINING IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts., 1400-2500 m, of New Guinea from the Volgelkop to Huon
Pen. and Wandammen Mts.
Ducula latrans PEALE'S IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Tall second growth, forest edge. Fiji on the large is., and smaller
is. s,e to Matuku, Moala and Nayau.
Ducula brenchleyi CHESTNUT-BELLIED
IMPERIAL-PIGEON. Forest, woodland. Solomon Is.
Ducula bakeri BAKER'S IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts. of n Vanuatu from Banks Is. s to Ambrym.
Ducula goliath NEW CALEDONIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts. of New Caledonia incl. I. of Pines.
Ducula pinon PINON IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest, well-wooded savanna. Lowlands to 750 m in Aru and w Papuan
is. (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool), New Guinea incl. Yapen, Karkar
and Manam is., and D'Entrecasteaux (Fergusson, Goodenough is.) and Louisiade
arch.
Ducula melanochroa BISMARCK IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Bismarck Arch. on Umboi, New Britain, New Ireland and Duke
of York Is.
Ducula mullerii COLLARED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Bottomland forest, lakeshore woodland. Coastal lowlands in Aru Is.
and New Guinea (except se).
Ducula zoeae BANDED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands to 1400 m of New Guinea region in Aru and w Papuan
is. (Salawati), New Guinea incl. Yapen I., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Goodenough
and Fergusson is. and Louisiade Arch. on Misima I.
Ducula badia MOUNTAIN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Hills and mts. to 2300 m of s Asia in n,sw India (Himalayan
foothills from w Nepal e to Assam, Nagaland and Manipur, and W. Ghats in
Goa, w Mysore and Kerala), s China (sw Yunnan, Hainan), se Asia (except
c Thailand), Sumatra, Borneo and w Java.
Ducula lacernulata DARK-BACKED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Hills and mts. of sw Indonesia in Java and w Lesser Sunda
Is. of Bali, Lombok and Flores.
Ducula cineracea TIMOR IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts. of c Lesser Sunda Is. of Timor and Wetar.
Ducula bicolor PIED IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Woodland, mangroves, coconut groves. Widely distributed in coastal
regions of se Asia, Malay Arch. and Indonesia, mostly on small is. and
islets (but absent from is. where other members of superspecies occur),
from Andaman and Nicobar is., coasts of se Asia, and Philippines s,e through
E. Indies (except Aru Is.) to w Papuan is. (Salawati, Misool) and coastal
nw New Guinea (Vogelkop). Includes D. melanura of the Moluccas, which
may be a color morph of D. bicolor. D. bicolor, D. spilorrhoa, D.
constans and D. subflavescens are closely-related.
Ducula spilorrhoa TORRESIAN IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Woodland, mangroves, coconut groves. Aru Is., New Guinea (incl. is.
along n coast from Geelvink Bay to D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade arch.,
but absent from far w), islands in Torres Strait, Lord Howe I., and n Australia
from extreme ne W. Australia e to ne Queensland and s to Mackay area.
Ducula constans KIMBERLEY IMPERIAL-PIGEON.
Vine forest, mangroves, thickets near water. Ne W. Australia in the
Kimberleys.
Ducula subflavescens YELLOW-TINTED
IMPERIAL-PIGEON. Woodland, mangroves. Bismarck Arch.,incl.
Admiralty is.
Lopholaimus antarcticus TOPKNOT PIGEON.
Humid forest, eucalyptus woodland. Coasts and is. of e Australia
in e Queensland n to Cape York and e New S. Wales s to Illawarra District
Ranges s to se Australia and Tasmania.
Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae NEW ZEALAND
PIGEON. Forest, woodland, towns. New Zealand on North, South,
Stewart and various small is.; and Chatham Is. Formerly Norfolk I.,
now extinct there.
Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa SOMBRE PIGEON.
Humid forest. Mts. of n,se Sulawesi.
Gymnophaps albertisii PAPUAN MOUNTAIN-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts., usually 2000-3000 m, in n Moluccas on Bacan I., New
Guinea incl. Yapen I., D'Entrecasteaux Arch. on Goodenough I., and Bismarck
Arch. on New Britain and New Ireland.
Gymnophaps mada LONG-TAILED MOUNTAIN-PIGEON.
Forest. Mts. of s Moluccas on Buru and Seram.
Gymnophaps solomonensis PALE MOUNTAIN-PIGEON.
Forest. Hills of Solomon Is.
Goura cristata WESTERN CROWNED-PIGEON.
Forest, swamp. Lowlands to 150 m in w Papuan Is. (Waigeo, Batanta,
Salawati, Misool) and nw New Guinea e to Etna Bay and Siriwo R.).
Hybridizes with G. victoria in northwestern New Guinea along the Siriwo
river.
Goura victoria VICTORIA CROWNED-PIGEON.
Forest. Lowlands near sea level along n coast of New Guinea from
Siriwo R. e to Astrolabe Bay and Collingwood Bay area; Biak and Yapen is.
(possibly intro.). See G. cristata.
Goura scheepmakeri SOUTHERN CROWNED-PIGEON.
Dry and flooded forest. Lowlands to 500 m of s,se New Guinea from
Mimika R.e to Fly R. and from Hall Sound e to Orangerie Bay.
Didunculus strigirostris TOOTH-BILLED
PIGEON. Woodland. Mts. of w Samoan Is. on Savaii and Upolu.