Junco hyemalis  DARK-EYED JUNCO.  Forest, edge, bogs, open woodland, brushy areas.  From Alaska, c,s Yukon, c int. British Columbia, nw,c Mackenzie, s Keewatin, n,sc Saskatchewan and n Manitoba e across c,s Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland and s to n,ec Minnesota, se Wisconsin, c Michigan, ne Ohio, se New York and se New England and in Appalachians to n Georgia and nw S. Carolina; from sc,se Alaska, coastal and c British Columbia, wc,s Alberta and sw Saskatchewan s to n Baja Calif., w Nevada, n Utah, s Idaho and nw Wyoming; se Montana and w S. Dakota s to ne Wyoming and nw Nebraska; mts. from s Idaho, n Utah and s Wyoming s to e Calif., c Arizona, s New Mexico and w Texas.

This species formerly was divided into Slate-colored, Oregon (including Pink-sided), White-winged and Gray-headed juncos, but these forms intergrade freely, sometimes forming wide areas where intergrades occur, except where suitable nesting habitat is restricted.  Rarely hybridizes with Zonotrichia albicollis -- see above under that species.

Junco insularis  GUADALUPE JUNCO.  Pine, oak, and cypress forest, woodland.  Guadalupe I., off s Baja Calif.  Often included in J. hyemalis, but differs in morphology and vocalizations.
Junco phaeonotus  YELLOW-EYED JUNCO.  Open, coniferous forest, pine-oak, scrub, fields.  Mts. from ne Sonora, s Arizona, sw New Mexico, Chihuahua, ne Coahuila, Nuevo León and sw Tamaulipas s to Oaxaca and w Veracruz; mts. of Baja Calif.; mts. of int. Chiapas; mts. of se Chiapas and w Guatamala.  The isolated populations in s Baja California, Chiapas and Guatemals have been treated as species.
Passerculus sandwichensis  SAVANNAH SPARROW.  Grasslands, tundra, meadows, bogs, farmlands, marshes; salt marshes.

Several subspecies groups are morphologically, genetically and perhaps vocally distinct and could be treated as species, although all but sanctorum either hybridize to varying degrees or are connected by intermediate populations.  Following from Rising (1993. Birds of N. Amer. 45:2-3).
 P. s. sandwichensis.  From w,n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie, n Keewatin, n Ontario, islands in James Bay, n Quebec, n Labrador and Newfoundland s to sw,s Alaska, w to Amukta in the Aleutians and Nunivak I., in coastal regions s to Monterey Bay in wc Calif., in interior to c Calif., s Nevada, s Utah, ec Arizona, n New Mexico, c Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri, Kentucky, e Tennessee, w N. Carolina, w Virginia, w Maryland, se Pennsylvania and n New Jersey and locally in interior highlands of Mexico s to Guerrero and Puebla; highlands of sw Guatemala.
 P. s. princeps.  Nova Scotia, Sable I. and adj. mainland.

P. s. beldingi.  Salt marshes of coastal s Calif, n to Morro Bay region and incl. Channel Is. and Baja Calif.  Geographically variable; many subspecies.
 P. s. sanctorum.  Islas de San Benito off w Baja California.

Passerculus rostratus  LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.  Salt marshes.  Nw Mexico from ne Baja Calif. s along coast of Sonora to n Sinaloa and San Benito I.  Winters in coastal salt marshes from s Calif, formerly incl. Salton Sea, s around both coasts of Baja Calif to Sonora and n Sinaloa.
 Studies of mtDNA variation between P. sandwichensis and P. rostratus suggest specific status, although birds from s Baja California are morphologically intermediate between rostratus and the beldingi group of the Savannah Sparrow.  Nearly every population in Baja California has a distinct mtDNA profile, and so has princeps.  Perhaps rostratus should be merged with sandwichensis.

Ammodramus maritimus  SEASIDE SPARROW.  Salt marshes, esp. Spartina, rushes, tidal reedbeds; marsh prairie.  Atlantic-Gulf coasts, from s New Hampshire and Massachusetts s to ne Florida and from w Florida w to se Texas; formerly along coast of ce Florida where the nigrescens subspecies (Dusky Seaside Sparrow), has recently become extinct; marsh prairie of s Florida.

Avise and Nelson (1989. Science 243:646-648) found that Atlantic Coast and Gulf Coast populations differ in mtDNA profiles, but the two groups are not in contact and behavioral differences are unknown.

Ammodramus nelsoni  NORTHERN SHARP-TAILED SPARROW.  Marshes, wet meadows.

A. n. nelsoni.  From ec British Columbia, s Mackenzie, n,sc Alberta, c,s Saskatchewan and c,s Manitoba, s to w,se N. Dakota, se S. Dakota and nw Minnesota.
 A. n. alterus.  Coastal marshes around James Bay and sw Hudson Bay in n Ontario (Baillie, 1960. Ont. Field Biol. 14:14-23).  Occurs in early summer as far north as Churchill, Manitoba and may breed (Jehl and Smith. 1970. Birds of the Churchill region, Manitoba. Publ. #1, Manitoba Mus. Man & Nature); J. D. Rising, J. S. Greenlaw (pers. comm.).
 A. n. subvirgatus.  Se Quebec along s shore of St. Lawrence River (from Montmagny to Point-au-Père), locally on n shore of lower St. Lawrence estuary and along Atlantic coast from e Quebec, incl. Magdalen Is., Prince Edward I. and Nova Scotia s to Popham Marsh and Scarborough Marsh in sw Maine where there is limited contact with A. caudacutus with some interbreeding.  See  A. caudacutus.  See Greenlaw (1993. Auk 110:286-303) for evidence for this arrangement.

Ammodramus caudacutus  SOUTHERN SHARP-TAILED SPARROW  Coastal marshes.  From sw Maine at Popham Marsh and Scarborough Marsh s to sc New Jersey.  If the race  A. c. diversus is recognized it breeds from s New Jersey s at least to Chincoteague on the Delmarva Peninsula, e Virginia.  Old records from Pea I. and Roanoke I. in N. Carolina were migrants (J. S. Greenlaw, pers. comm.).  See A. nelsoni.
Ammodramus leconteii  LE CONTE'S SPARROW.  Moist grass and sedge meadows, shrubby tangles on edges of marshes and bogs.  From ec British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, c,s Manitoba, nc,s Ontario and wc Quebec s to nc Montana, n N. Dakota, se S. Dakota, nw,e Minnesota, ne Wisconsin, ne Illinois and n Michigan.

Ammodramus henslowii  HENSLOW'S SPARROW.  Open fields of grass and weeds, meadows, shrubby vegetation, esp. in damp areas.  From e S. Dakota, c Minnesota, c Wisconsin, c Michigan, s Ontario, n New York and c New England s to c Kansas, ne Oklahoma, sw,c Missouri, s Illinois, c Kentucky, c W. Virginia, e Virginia, w S. Carolina and w,c N. Carolina; e Texas.
Ammodramus bairdii  BAIRD'S SPARROW.  Short-grass prairie, scattered bushes, matted vegetation.  From se Alberta, s Saskatchewan and s Manitoba s to c,e Montana, s S. Dakota, se N. Dakota and wc Minnesota.
Ammodramus savannarum  GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.  Prairie, old fields, grasslands, farmlands, savanna. From e Washington, s int. British Columbia and s Alberta e across s Canada to sw Quebec and n New England and s to s Calif., c Nevada, n Utah, c Colorado, ne New Mexico, n,sc Texas, c portions of Gulf states, c N. Carolina and se Virginia; c pen. Florida; se Arizona and n Sonora; locally in México, Veracruz, Chiapas, Guatemala in Péten and Caribbean lowlands, Belize, Honduras in int. highlands and pine savanna, ne Nicaragua in pine savanna, nw Costa Rica and Panama;  Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico; Curaçao and Bonaire is.; in Andes, 2700-3050 m of w Colombia, in Cauca V., and w Ecuador.

Ammodramus humeralis  GRASSLAND SPARROW.  Savanna, open bushy areas, forest edge.  Lowlands and foothills to 1750 m of Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s through n,c,e,s Brazil, extreme se Peru, n,e,se Bolivia and Paraguay to Uruguay and n Argentina.
Ammodramus aurifrons  YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW.  Savanna, riverine scrub, open fields with scattered bushes, second growth, farmlands, often near water.  Lowlands, e of Andes, to 1100 m of e Colombia and s Venezuela s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and w Amazonian Brazil  Sometimes considered conspecific with A. humeralis, but the overlap in range precludes this treatment.
Xenospiza baileyi  SIERRA MADRE SPARROW.  Bunchgrass areas, usually in pine regions.  Highlands of c Mexico in Durango, Jalisco, Morelos and México.

Spizella arborea  AMERICAN TREE SPARROW. Open willow, low shrubbery, scrub conifers, bogs.  From n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie, Banks I., c int. Keewatin, ne Quebec and Labrador s to s Alaska and w to Bristol Bay and Alaska Pen., nw British Columbia, se Yukon, wc,s Mackenzie, n Saskatchewan, n Manitoba, n Ontario, James Bay and c Quebec.  Molecular data suggest that this species is not closely related to the other Spizella species, but an alternate genus has not been suggested.
Spizella passerina  CHIPPING SPARROW.  Open forest, edge, oak woodland, pine-oak, thickets, shrubs, towns.  From ec,se Alaska, c Yukon, c Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to sw Newfoundland and s to n Baja Calif., sw,ec Calif., s Nevada, c,se Arizona, through highlands to nc Nicaragua and to c,e Texas, Gulf Coast and nw Florida; lowland pine savanna from Belize to ne Nicaragua.

Spizella pallida  CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.  Shrubby areas, thickets, shrubbery in meadows, dry pastures, dry scrub.  From wc,s Mackenzie, e British Columbia, nw,c Saskatchewan, n Manitoba and c Ontario s to e Washington, c Montana, se Wyoming, e Colorado, w Kansas, s Nebraska, n Iowa, n Illinois, c,se Michigan, s, ne Ontario, sw Quebec and w New York.
Spizella taverneri  TIMBERLINE SPARROW.  Montane scrub, dwarf birch.  Locally in mts. from sw Yukon, nw, int. British Columbia and wc Alberta s to mts. of se British Columbia and sw Alberta.  Formerly considered conspecific with S. breweri, but differs in vocalizations, morphology and ecology.
Spizella breweri  BREWER'S SPARROW.  Brushland, especially sagebrush; alpine in e Calif.  From cs British Columbia, s Alberta, sw Saskatchewan and sw N. Dakota s, generally e of Cascades and coast ranges, to e,s Calif., s Nevada, c Arizona, nw New Mexico, c Colorado, sw Kansas, nw Nebraska and sw S. Dakota.

Spizella pusilla  FIELD SPARROW.  Old fields, brushy hillsides, pastures, thorn scrub, forest edge, fencerows.  From nw,se Montana, s Manitoba, n N. Dakota, c Minnesota, nc Wisconsin, nc Michigan, s Ontario, sw Quebec, New England and s New Brunswick s, e of Rockies, to e Colorado, w Kansas, w Oklahoma, c,s Texas, Gulf Coast, n Florida and s Georgia.
Spizella wortheni  WORTHEN'S SPARROW.  Arid brush, thorn scrub.  Ne Mexico in w Zacatecas and sw Tamaulipas.  Recorded elsewhere in Mexico, possibly migrants.  Sometimes considered conspecific with S. pusilla.
Spizella atrogularis  BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.  Chaparral, sagebrush, arid scrub, brushy hillsides.  From cs Oregon, c Calif., s Nevada, sw Utah, c Arizona, c New Mexico, w Texas, c Nuevo León and sw Tamaulipas s to n Baja Calif., sw Calif., se Arizona and in Mexican highlands to Guerrero, Puebla and nw Oaxaca.

Pooecetes gramineus  VESPER SPARROW.  Plains, prairie, dry shrublands, savanna, weedy pastures, fields, sagebrush, arid scrub, open woodland.  From ec,s British Columbia, s Mackenzie, n Alberta and c Saskatchewan e across s Canada to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and s to w Oregon, e,s Calif., c Nevada, sw Utah, n,ec Arizona, c New Mexico and c U.S. from Colorado e to Tennessee and N. Carolina.
Chondestes grammacus  LARK SPARROW.  Open situations with scattered trees and bushes, prairie, forest edge, farmlands orchards, savanna.  W Oregon, e Washington, s int. British Columbia, se Alberta, s Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, nw,c Minnesota, nw Wisconsin, s Michigan, s Ontario and c Pennsylvania s to s Calif., mostly w of Sierra Nevada, c Nevada, s Arizona, n Mexico from ne Sonora to n Tamaulipas, s,e Texas, Gulf states e to Alabama, sc N. Carolina and w Virginia; very local e of Mississippi V.

Amphispiza bilineata  BLACK-THROATED SPARROW.  Desert scrub, thorn brush, mesquite, juniper.  From e Washington, sc,se Oregon, sw Idaho, w,s Colorado, nw Oklahoma and nc Texas s, mostly e of Calif. deserts, to s Baja Calif, incl. many is., n Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas and c,s Texas.  Differences in allozymes and mtDNA between small samples of eastern and western subspecies have been reported, but their significance is unclear -- they may be separate species.
Amphispiza belli  SAGE SPARROW.  Sagebrush, saltbush brushland, chaparral.

The nevadensis and belli subspecies groups differ in morphology, ecology and genetics and generally behave as reproductively isolated species in areas where both are found (Johnson and Marten 1992. Condor 94:1-19) and Johnson and Cicero (1991. Proc. 20th. Intl. Orn. Congr.:600-610).  Review by Paul DeBenedictis (Birding 1995. 27:134-137).
 A. b. nevadensis.  SAGEBRUSH SPARROW.  From c int. Washington, e Oregon, s Idaho, sw Wyoming and nw Colorado s to s Nevada, sw Utah, ne Arizona and nw New Mexico.
 A. b. belli.  BELL'S SPARROW.  Chaparral.  W,sw Calif., incl. San Clemente I., and n,c Baja Calif. (absent from nw Calif.).  The race canescens is not known to intergrade with belli and differs in nesting habitat and phenology, but has similar allozymes and mtDNA.

A. b. canescens.  SALTBUSH SPARROW.  (Atriplex) semi-desert and desert.  S San Joaquin Valley of California, n Mohave Desert and s Owen's Valley in sc Calif.  Occurs within ca. 50 miles of nevadensis in the Owens Valley without evidence of intergradation between them.  They may be separate species.

Aimophila quinquestriata  FIVE-STRIPED SPARROW.  Dense, bushy vegetation, grassy hillsides, mesquite, riparian thickets.  From extreme se Arizona s through e Sonora and w Chihuahua to c Sinaloa, w Durango and n Jalisco.

The transfer of quinquestriata from Aimophila to Amphispiza by the A.O.U. Checklist Committee in 1983 lacked a strong foundation; most recent workers suggest it is better retained in Aimophila.

Aimophila mystacalis  BRIDLED SPARROW.  Arid scrub, thorn forest, cactus.  Highlands of c Mexico in México, s Puebla, wc Veracruz to Oaxaca, w of Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Aimophila humeralis  BLACK-CHESTED SPARROW.  Arid scrub.  W Mexico from s Jalisco s through Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Morelos and s Puebla to extreme w Oaxaca.
Aimophila ruficauda  STRIPE-HEADED SPARROW.  Arid scrub, brushy savanna, thickets bordering on fields.  Pacific slope of Mexico from s Durango and Nayarit s to nw Costa Rica and e to int. in Morelos, s Puebla and c Guatemala.
Aimophila sumichrasti  CINNAMON-TAILED SPARROW.  Arid scrub.  Pacific slope of sw Mexico in Oaxaca and extreme sw Chiapas.

Aimophila strigiceps  STRIPE-CAPPED SPARROW.  Grassland.  Lowlands to 1000 m of se Bolivia, n Argentina and sw Paraguay.
Aimophila stolzmanni  TUMBES SPARROW.  Arid scrub and woodland.  Pacific lowlands to 1400 m of sw Ecuador and nw Peru, from Tumbes s to sw Cajamarca and n La Libertad.
Aimophila aestivalis  BACHMAN'S SPARROW.  Open pine woodland, brushy hillsides, fields with thickets and brambles.  From sc Missouri, c,ne Illinois, c Indiana, c Ohio, sw Pennsylvania, and c Maryland s to e Oklahoma, e Texas, Gulf coast and sc Florida; presently rare, absent or decreasing in n half of breeding range.

Aimophila botterii  BOTTERI'S SPARROW.  Grassland, savanna, scattered shrubs, coastal prairie.  From se Arizona, sw New Mexico, n Mexico, w to e Sonora, and extreme s Texas s to Chiapas and Tabasco; locally in Yucatán, Guatemala, Belize, e Honduras, nw,ne Nicaragua and nw Costa Rica.
Aimophila cassinii  CASSIN'S SPARROW.  Open grassland and short-grass plains with scattered bushes, sagebrush, mesquite, yucca.  From se Arizona, New Mexico, c,ne Colorado, s Wyoming, sw Nebraska, wc Kansas and w Oklahoma s to n Chihuahua, s Coahuila, n Tamaulipas and c,s Texas.
Aimophila carpalis  RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.  Open flat grassy areas with scattered thorn bush, mixed bunchgrass, mesquite or cholla cactus.  Sc Arizona, c,se Sonora and n,c Sinaloa.

Aimophila ruficeps  RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.  Arid rocky and  hilly areas with brush, scattered shrubs, grassy patches, arid scrub, pine-oak, coastal sage scrub, pinyon-juniper.  From c Calif., incl. Channel Is., sw Utah, nw,c Arizona, c,ne New Mexico, se Colorado, nw,c Oklahoma, wc Arkansas and nc Texas s to s Baja Calif. and s to Oaxaca, s Puebla, wc Veracruz and s Tamaulipas.
Aimophila notosticta  OAXACA SPARROW.  Arid scrub, brushy hillsides, oak scrub.  Sc Mexico in nw,c Oaxaca and probably sw Puebla.
Aimophila rufescens  RUSTY SPARROW.  Brush areas, scrub, pine-oak, oak woodland, forest edge, second growth.  Mexico from nc,e Sonora, w Chihuahua, Sinaloa, nw Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, e SanLuis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s, exc. Yucatán Pen., to nc Nicaragua and nw Costa Rica.

Torreornis inexpectata  ZAPATA SPARROW  Dense brush and sawgrass in swampy regions, coastal scrub.  Locally in sw,se Cuba in Zapata swamp; e Oriente Prov; Cayo Coco, off n Camagüey Prov.
Oriturus superciliosus  STRIPED SPARROW  Open grassy and shrubby areas near humid forest or pine-oak.  Highlands of Mexico from e Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, w Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí s to c Oaxaca, Puebla and Vera Cruz.
 Pipilo:  This genus is based on Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus 1758).  The interspecific hybrids described below show that erythrophthalmus, ocai and chlorurus are closely related.  However, the Brown Towhee group (aberti, crissalis, fuscus, albicollis) may not be congeneric with Pipilo, but may be closer to Melozone (Sibley, pers. opinion based on field observations of behavior).

Pipilo chlorurus  GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.  Thickets, chaparral, shrublands, riparian scrub.  Mts. from sw,c Oregon, se Washington, s Idaho, sw Montana, nw,se Wyoming and nc Colorado s to s Calif, primarily int., s Nevada, c Arizona, s New Mexico and w Texas.
 See below under Hybridization.
Pipilo ocai  COLLARED TOWHEE.  Thickets, shrubby slopes, humid forest edge, pine-oak or pine-fir woodland.  Mts. of c Mexico from w Jalisco and ne Colima se through nc Michoacán, Guerrero and e Puebla to wc Veracruz and c Oaxaca; occurs at higher elevations than erythrophthalmus where both occur.
 Hybridization:  The extensive and complex pattern of hybridization between the morphologically distinct species, P. ocai and P. erythrophthalmus, was studied by Sibley (1950. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 50:109-194) and (1954. Evolution 8:252-290); Sibley and West (1958. Auk 76:326-338) and Sibley and Sibley (Auk 81:479-504).  Pure ocai is found alone in Guerrero.  In Oaxaca, where elevational overlap occurs between the two species, there is no hybridization.  In eastern Puebla occasional hybridization occurs on Mt. Orizaba and the incidence of hybridization increases n to w Veracruz.  From Hidalgo s to México and w to Michoacán, there is a hybrid cline from erythrophthalmus-like birds in the east to ocai-like birds in the west.  The approximate midpoint is near Morelia.  Isolated mountain-top hybrid populations range from nearly pure ocai in Colima to nearly pure erythrophthalmus in n Jalisco.  On Cerro Viejo, a mountain on the n shore of Lake Chapala, only hybrids occur and similar populations are present on other isolated mountains in this region.  Pure erythrophthalmus populations are found n of the s Sierra Madre Occidental and in Chiapas and Guatemala where ocai does not occur.

The Green-tailed Towhee (P. chlorurus) has hybridized with the Rufous-sided Towhee as indicated by a photograph in Birding, vol. 26:174, 1994.  The Green-tailed is the northern representative of the Collared Towhee and it is not surprising that hybrids between Rufous-sided and Green-tailed should occur.  The photograph of the hybrid shows the white throat and rufous cap of the Green-tailed, characters shared with the Collared Towhee (P. ocai), with other plumage areas like the Rufous-sided.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus  RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE.  Undergrowth of open woodland, forest edge, second growth, brushy areas, chaparral, riparian thickets.  From s British Columbia e across sw Canada to s Saskatchewan and s to s Calif., incl. Channel Is., nw,s Baja Calif, s Nevada, wc,s Arizona through Mexican highlands to Chiapas and c Guatemala and e to c Dakotas, nc,w Nebraska, ne,c Colorado, e New Mexico and extreme w Texas; from s Manitoba e across s Canada to sw Quebec, n New York and c New England and s to ne Texas, ne,sc Louisiana, Gulf coast, w to Mississippi and s Florida; Revillagigedo Is. on Socorro I.; highlands of c Mexico in e Michoacán, México, Distrito Federal, Morelos, s Tlaxcala, w Puebla and n,c Oaxaca.  See Hybridization under P. ocai, above.

Eastern plain-winged (erythrophthalmus) and western spotted-winged (maculatus) races formerly were treated as species.  They differ vocally and a preliminary report suggests that they have distinct mtDNA profiles, but they hybridize in suitable habitat across the Great Plains producing a wide variety of plumage patterns.  Eastern populations often have small white spots on the scapulars, even on Long Island, New York.

Pipilo aberti  ABERT'S TOWHEE.  Desert scrub, esp. near water, riparian thickets.  From se Calif., se Nevada, sw Utah, c,se Arizona and sw Mexico se to ne Baja Calif. and nw Sonora.
Pipilo crissalis  CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.  Brushlands, arid scrub, chaparral, mesquite, riparian thickets, around human habitation.  Pacific lowlands from sw Oregon s through Calif, w of Sierra Nevada and sw desert region to s Baja Calif.
Pipilo fuscus  CANYON TOWHEE.  Brushlands, arid scrub, mesquite, riparian thickets, around human habitation.  From sc Arizona, n New Mexico, se Colorado, nw Oklahoma and w,c Texas s to Sonora, incl. I. Tiburón, n Sinaloa, and Mexican highlands to nw Oaxaca, wc Veracruz, Puebla and sw Tamaulipas.

Allozymes, mtDNA profiles and morphometric studies indicate that P. fuscus is closer to P. albicollis than to P. crissalis, thus recognition of fuscus and crissalis as species is warranted.  Furthermore, mtDNA studies demonstrated that P. aberti and P. crissalis are sister taxa, with the relationship of P. fuscus and P. albicollis less strongly supported.

Pipilo albicollis  WHITE-THROATED TOWHEE.  Arid scrub, undergrowth of pine-oak.  Mts. of c Mexico in e Guerrero, s Puebla and Oaxaca, w of Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Melozone kieneri  RUSTY-CROWNED GROUND-SPARROW.  Arid scrub, brush, thickets, undergrowth of open forest.  Mexico from se Sonora s through Sinaloa, w Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Colima, Michoacán, México, Morelos and Guerrero to sw Puebla and c Oaxaca.

Sometimes considered conspecific with M. biarcuatum and the combined taxon then called Melozone kieneri, but the name biarcuatum has priority.

Melozone biarcuatum  PREVOST'S GROUND-SPARROW.  Brush, scrub, dense undergrowth, meadows, farmlands.  Locally in highlands of s Mexico in Chiapas s to Guatemala, El Salvador, w Honduras and c Costa Rica.
Melozone leucotis  WHITE-EARED GROUND-SPARROW.  Dense forest understory, forest edge, scrub, brush.  Highlands of Mexico in se Chiapas s to Guatemala, El Salvador, nc Nicaragua and c Costa Rica.
Arremon aurantiirostris  ORANGE-BILLED SPARROW  Humid forest, edge, dense second growth.  Lowlands to 1800 m of  Mexico on the Gulf-Caribbean slope from s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas s to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from w,c,se Colombia s, w of Andes to w Ecuador and nw Peru and e of Andes through e Ecuador to ne Peru.

Arremon schlegeli  GOLDEN-WINGED SPARROW.  Deciduous forest, edge, arid woodland, scrub, thickets.  Lowlands to 1400 m of nc,ne Colombia and n Venezuela.
Arremon taciturnus  PECTORAL SPARROW.  Humid forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 1200 m, e of Andes in e Colombia and w Venezuela; lowlands to 1500 m of s Venezuela and Guianas s through Amazonian e Brazil, from R. Negro and R. Madeira, Piauí and Pernambuco s to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul, to n,e Bolivia and se Peru.
Arremon abeillei  BLACK-CAPPED SPARROW.  Arid scrub.  Lowlands to 700 m of sw Ecuador and nw Peru on Pacific slope, from Tumbes and Piura s to Cajamarca; nc Peru in upper Marañón V. of e Cajamarca.

Arremon flavirostris  SAFFRON-BILLED SPARROW.  Dense forest undergrowth.  Lowlands to 1400 m of c,se Bolivia, Paraguay, int. e,s Brazil and n Argentina.
Arremonops rufivirgatus  OLIVE SPARROW.  Deciduous forest undergrowth, thickets, thorn scrub, dense second growth, mesquite, riparian brush.  Pacific slope of Mexico from Sinaloa s to Oaxaca; nw Costa Rica; Gulf-Caribbean lowlands from s Texas, Coahuila, and Nuevo León s to se Mexico, incl. Yucatán Pen., int. Chiapas and Guatamala in Petén and Belize.
Arremonops tocuyensis  TOCUYO SPARROW.  Arid scrub, open woodland, bushes.  Lowlands to 1100 m of ne Columbia in Guajira Pen., and nw Venezuela.
Arremonops chloronotus  GREEN-BACKED SPARROW.  Undergrowth of open woodland, humid forest edge, second growth, brush, scrub.  Gulf-Caribbean lowlands of Mexico in Tabasco, n Chiapas, Yucatán Pen., s to n Guatemala, Belize and n Honduras.

Arremonops conirostris  BLACK-STRIPED SPARROW.  Scrub, dense undergrowth, forest edge, open woodland, towns.  Lowlands to 1600 m  of Caribbean slope of Honduras and Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, incl. Coiba and Pearl is., Colombia, w Ecuador, Venezuela, s to Orinoco and n Bolívar and extreme n Brazil.
Atlapetes albinucha  WHITE-NAPED BRUSH-FINCH.  Thickets, brush, humid forest undergrowth.  Gulf  slope of mts. of Mexico in e San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Puebla, n Oaxaca and n Chiapas.
Atlapetes gutturalis  YELLOW-THROATED BRUSH-FINCH. Brushy areas, humid forest edge, undergrowth of  pine-oak, dense second growth, scrub, thickets.  Highlands, 800-2600 m of Mexico, in s Chiapas, to nc Nicaragua, Costa Rica, w Panama and Colombia.

Sometimes considered conspecific with A. albinucha.

Atlapetes pallidinucha  PALE-NAPED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest edge, second growth, scrub.  Andes, 2400-3600 m of Colombia, extreme sw Venezuela, w,e Ecuador and nw Peru.
Atlapetes rufinucha  RUFOUS-NAPED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest edge, second growth.  Mts., 1100-3700 m of Colombia, nw Venezuela, w,e Ecuador, Peru, on w slope of Andes s to sw Cajamarca and e slope throughout, and c Bolivia.
Atlapetes leucopis  WHITE-RIMMED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest  Local on Andean slopes, 2100-3000 m, of Colombia and e,se Ecuador.
Atlapetes pileatus  RUFOUS-CAPPED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest undergrowth, pine-oak, dense brush.  Highlands of Mexico from w Chihuahua, Sinaloa, w Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, c Nuevo León and sw Tamaulipas s to Oaxaca, Puebla and w Veracruz.

Atlapetes melanocephalus  SANTA MARTA BRUSH-FINCH.  Shrubby, humid forest edge, scrub. Santa Marta Mts., 600-3200 m, of ne Colombia.
Atlapetes flaviceps  OLIVE-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest.  E. slope of c Andes, 1300-2200 m, of c Colombia.
Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus  DUSKY-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest, scrub.  Upper Magdalena V., 1600-2400 m of se Colombia.
Atlapetes tricolor  TRICOLORED BRUSH-FINCH.  Mossy forest.  Andean slopes, 300-2000 m of Colombia on Pacific slope, w Ecuador and c Peru.

Atlapetes albofrenatus  MOUSTACHED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest.  Andes, 100-2500 m, of Colombia, E. Andes from Norte de Santander s to Cundinamarca, and nw Venezuela.
Atlapetes schistaceus  SLATY BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest edge, undergrowth.  Mts., 1900-3800 m of Colombia, sw Venezuela s locally in Andes of nw,e Ecuador; Andes of c Peru.
Atlapetes seebohmi  BAY-CROWNED BRUSH-FINCH.  Forest.  Andes, 2100 m of s Ecuador; Pacific slope of Andes, 1200-2500 m of nw Peru.

Often considered conspecific with A. nationi, but they are not known to intergrade.

Atlapetes nationi  RUSTY-BELLIED BRUSH-FINCH.  Arid woodland, scrub.  W slope of W. Andes, 2000-4000 m, of Peru.
Atlapetes leucopterus  WHITE-WINGED BRUSH-FINCH.  Forest, woodland.

The two subspecies groups may be a separate species.
 A. l. leucopterus.  W. Andes of Ecuador, from Pichincha s to Chimborazo; Andes, 1000-2500 m of sw Ecuador in El Oro and Loja, and nw Peru in Tumbes, c,se Piura, Lambayeque.
 A. l. paynteri.  Andes, 1700-2200 m of cn Peru in ne Piura and Cajamarca.

Atlapetes albiceps  WHITE-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.  Arid scrub, woodland.  Pacific slope, 400-1300 m, of se Ecuador and nw Peru, s to sw Cajamarca.
Atlapetes pallidiceps  PALE-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.  Arid scrub.  Andes, 1900-2100 m of sw Ecuador.
Atlapetes rufigenis  RUFOUS-EARED BRUSH-FINCH.  Forest edge, second growth.  Andes, 3000-4000 m, of nw Peru in Cajamarca, Libertad, Ancash, Huánuco; Andes, 2750-4000 m, of s Peru in Apurimac and Cuzco.
Atlapetes semirufus  OCHRE-BREASTED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest edge, second growth, scrub, thickets.  Mts., 600-3500 m of Colombia and Venezuela.

Atlapetes personatus  TEPUI BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest, woodland, shrubs, bushes.  Pantepui, 1000-2500m of s Venezuela and extreme n Brazil.
Atlapetes fulviceps  FULVOUS-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.  Dense humid forest undergrowth.  Andes, 1500-3000 m of c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.
Atlapetes citrinellus  YELLOW-STRIPED BRUSH-FINCH.  Dense scrub.  Andes, 700-2000 m, of nw Argentina; w Paraguay.
Atlapetes brunneinucha  CHESTNUT-CAPPED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest undergrowth, pine-oak, dense second growth, woodland.  Mexico in s Veracruz; locally in mts., 800-3100 m, of Mexico, from e San Luis Potosí and n Veracruz s to Guerrero, c Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, c Guatemala, n El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, n Venezuela, Ecuador and se Peru.

Atlapetes virenticeps  GREEN-STRIPED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest undergrowth, pine-oak.  Mts. of Mexico from s Sinaloa and w Durango s through Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima and Michoacán to México, Distrito Federal, Morelos and w Puebla.  Sometimes considered conspecific with  A. torquatus.
Atlapetes atricapillus  BLACK-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest edge, dense second growth, thickets.  Locally in highlands, 500-1500 m of Costa Rica, Panama and n Colombia.

Sometimes considered conspecific with torquatus, but not known to intergrade.

Atlapetes torquatus  STRIPE-HEADED BRUSH-FINCH.  Humid forest edge, second growth, thickets.  Mts., 900-3600 m, of Colombia, locally in Andes, Sierra de Perijá and Santa Marta Mts., and w Venezuela; mts., 1000-3000 m of n Venezuela; Andes of w,e Ecuador, Peru, w slope s to sw Cajamarca and e slope throughout, c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.
Pezopetes capitalis  LARGE-FOOTED FINCH.  Brushy undergrowth of humid forest edge, páramo, bamboo thickets, dense second growth.  Mts. of c Costa Rica to w Panama.
Pselliophorus tibialis  YELLOW-THIGHED FINCH.  Humid forest growth, bamboo thickets, brush, dense second growth.  Mts. of nc Costa Rica to w Panama.
Pselliophorus luteoviridis  YELLOW-GREEN FINCH.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, brushy areas, usually near water.  Mts. of w Panama.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. tibialis.

Lysurus crassirostris  SOOTY-FACED FINCH.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge.  Locally in mts., 800-3100 m of c,e Costa Rica, Panama and extreme nw Colombia.  Sometimes included in L. castaneiceps.
Lysurus castaneiceps  OLIVE FINCH.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge.  Locally in Andes, 700-2200 m, of Colombia, w slope of W. Andes from Antioquia to Cauca and e slope of E. Andes in se Nariño, nw,e Ecuador  and n,e Peru.
 Gubernatrix and Paroaria often are placed in the Cardinalini, e.g., Ridgely and Tudor (1989).  The distinctions among the cardinalines, emberizines and thraupines are uncertain.

Gubernatrix cristata  YELLOW CARDINAL.  Shrubbery.  Lowlands to 500 m of s Brazil, Uruguay and ne Argentina.
Paroaria coronata  RED-CRESTED CARDINAL.  Wet scrub, shrubbery.  Lowlands to 500 m of n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Paroaria dominicana  RED-COWLED CARDINAL.  Open forest, edge, second growth.  Lowlands to 1200 m of e Brazil.
Paroaria gularis  RED-CAPPED CARDINAL.  Open forest, edge, second growth, scrub, esp. near water.  Lowlands to 300 m of Venezuela and Trinidad; e of Andes from e Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s to e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and n, Amazonian Brazil. 

Paroaria baeri  CRIMSON-FRONTED CARDINAL.  Second growth, open woodland, edge.  Lowlands to 400 m of c Brazil.  Perhaps conspecific with P. gularis.
Paroaria capitata  YELLOW-BILLED CARDINAL.  Shrubbery in humid areas, forest edge, woodland.  Lowlands to 500 m of se Bolivia, sw Brazil, Paraguay and n Argentina.  Intro. Hawaiian Is. on Kona coast of w Hawaii.

Tribe PARULINI:  Wood Warblers.
 Gill (1994. J. für Orn. 135:359) summarized the well-known hybridization between V. pinus and V. chrysoptera in eastern North America.  The situation is relatively recent and involves range expansion, hybridization and replacement of one species by a close relative.  Southern V. pinus has been expanding northward and hybridizing with northern chrysoptera where they come into contact.  Local populations include phenotypically "pure" individuals of both species and birds that are mixtures of the characters of both parental types.  The composition of populations changes as the hybrid zone moves northward.  Comparisons of mtDNA's suggest that pinus mtDNA introgresses rapidly into chrysoptera phenotypes without comparable reverse introgression of chrysoptera mtDNA into pinus.  Field identifications at the species level in or near the hybrid zone should be considered uncertain.

Vermivora bachmanii  BACHMAN'S WARBLER.  Deciduous woodland, swamps, probably restricted to bamboo for breeding.  Se U.S. in ne Arkansas, se Missouri, sc Kentucky, c Alabama and se S. Carolina.  Winters in Cuba and Isle of Pines.  Possibly extinct; last confirmed sighting in 1962, but there are recent sight records from Cuba and Louisiana.
Vermivora pinus  BLUE-WINGED WARBLER.  Brushy hillsides, second growth, bogs.  Se U.S. from e Nebraska, c Iowa, se Minnesota, s Wisconsin, s Michigan, n Ohio, s Ontario, c New York and New England s to nw Arkansas, ec Missouri, c Tennessee, n Alabama, n Georgia, w S. Carolina, w N. Carolina, n Virginia, c Maryland and Virginia.  Hybridizes with V. chrysoptera; see above.

Vermivora chrysoptera  GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.  Deciduous woodland, second growth, bogs.  From ne N. Dakota, s Manitoba, c Minnesota, n Wisconsin, n Michigan, s Ontario, sw Quebec, n New York, s Vermont and e Massachusetts s to se Iowa, n Illinois, n Indiana, s Ohio, se Pennsylvania and s Connecticut and s in Appalachians to n Georgia and nw S. Carolina.  Hybridizes with V. pinus and being replaced by pinus in the southern part of its range.
Vermivora peregrina  TENNESSEE WARBLER.  Coniferous and deciduous woodland, thickets.  From se Alaska, s Yukon, and nw,s Mackenzie e across c Canada to s Labrador and w Newfoundland and s to s Canada, w to sc British Columbia, nw Montana, n Minnesota, n Wisconsin, n Minnesota, ne New York and n New England.

Vermivora celata  ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.  Deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous woodland, chaparral, riparian thickets.  From w,c Alaska, c Yukon, nw,s Mackenzie and n Alberta e across c Canada to s Labrador and s to s Alaska, Alaska Pen. and Kodiak I., sw,c Calif., incl. Channel Is., Los Coronados and Todos Santos is., off nw Baja Calif., sc Nevada, c Utah, se Arizona, s New Mexico, and w Texas and e of Rockies to s Canada, e to sc Quebec.
Vermivora ruficapilla  NASHVILLE WARBLER.  Open deciduous and coniferous woodland, second growth, bogs, brushy pine-oak forest.  From sc British Columbia, s Alberta and nw Montana s to nw,c Calif. and wc Nevada and from c Saskatchewan e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and s to n,ec Minnesota, s Wisconsin, ne Illinois, s Michigan, ne Ohio, ne W. Virginia, w Maryland, se Pennsylvania, n New Jersey, se New York and s New England.

Vermivora virginiae  VIRGINIA'S WARBLER.  Montane woodland, oak, pinyon-juniper, chaparral.  Sw U.S. from ec Calif., c Nevada, se Idaho, s Wyoming and nc Colorado s to sc Calif., s Nevada, c,se Arizona, s New Mexico and w Texas.  Sometimes considered conspecific with V. ruficapilla, but vocally distinct and they are not known to intergrade.
Vermivora crissalis  COLIMA WARBLER.  Montane thickets, scrubby woodland, juniper scrub.  Cs U.S. and ne Mexico in w Texas in Chisos Mts., Coahuila, w,c Nuevo León, ne Zacatecas, n San Luis Potosí and sw Tamaulipas.  Sometimes considered conspecific with V. ruficapilla, but they are vocally distinct and not known to intergrade.
Vermivora luciae  LUCY'S WARBLER.  Mesquite thickets, scrubby woodland.  Sw U.S. from se Calif., s Nevada, Utah and sw Colorado s to n Mexico in ne Baja Calif. and n Sonora, s Arizona, s New Mexico and w Texas.

Parula americana  NORTHERN PARULA.  Deciduous forest, woodland, swamp, generally near water.  From s Canada, se Manitoba e to Nova Scotia, s to sc,s Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida; local and sporadic breeding in New Mexico and coastal Calif.

Dendroica potomac is now regarded as a hybrid P. americana x Dendroica dominica.

Parula pitiayumi  TROPICAL PARULA.  Humid forest, edge, woodland, scrub.  Lowlands and foothills to 2600 m from s Texas, in lower Rio Grande V., and Mexico s to Panama, incl. I. Coiba, and from Colombia, Venezuela incl. Margarita I., Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes to nw Peru and e of Andes, exc. Amazonia, to e Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, s Brazil and n Argentina.  Revillagigedo Is., on Socorro I.
Parula superciliosa  CRESCENT-CHESTED WARBLER.  Humid forest, pine-oak, deciduous woodland.  Highlands of Mexico from Sonora, s Chihuahua, e Sinaloa, w Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, San Luis Potosí, c Nuevo León and w Tamaulipas s to nc Nicaragua.
Parula gutturalis  FLAME-THROATED WARBLER.  Humid forest, woodland, scrub.  Highlands of c,s Costa Rica and w Panama.

Dendroica petechia  YELLOW WARBLER.  Scrub, second growth, riparian forest, thickets, towns, esp. near water; mangroves, scrub, thickets.  See note under D. caerulescens re hybridization.

Three well-defined subspecies groups sometimes treated as species.  D. p. petechia and D. p. erithachorides are mangrove specialists.
 D. p. aestiva.  From Alaska, n Yukon, nw,s Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland s to n Baja Calif., c Mexico, to n Guerrero, Puebla and se San Luis Potosí, locally in c,ne Texas, Arkansas, e Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and c S. Carolina.
 D. p. petechia.  Cw,s Florida and Bahamas s to Barbados, islands off Venezuela and Cozumel Island.
 D. p. erithachorides.  Coasts from s Baja Calif and s Sonora s along Pacific coast, incl. Cocos I. off Costa Rica, Escudo, Coiba and Pearl islands off Panama, and Galapagos Islands, to nw Peru; Gulf-Caribbean-Atlantic coast from s Tamaulipas, incl. Bay Islands off Honduras, to n Colombia and nw Venezuela.

Dendroica pensylvanica  CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.  Open deciduous woodland, edge, second growth, brushy areas.  From ec Alberta e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and s to e Colorado, nc N. Dakota, e Nebraska, Iowa, n Illinois, n Indiana, c Ohio, e Pennsylvania, c New Jersey and Delaware and s in Appalachians to c Georgia and nw S. Carolina.
Dendroica magnolia  MAGNOLIA WARBLER.  Open coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland, edge, second growth.  From ne British Columbia, wc,s Mackenzie and nw Saskatchewan e across s Canada to s Newfoundland and s to s Canada,w to sc British Columbia, ne Minnesota, c Wisconsin, c Michigan, nc,ne Ohio, ne Pennsylvania, nw New Jersey and Connecticut and in Appalachians to w Virginia.
Dendroica tigrina  CAPE MAY WARBLER.  Open boreal coniferous forest, edge, woodland.  Se Yukon, ne British Columbia, sw,sc Mackenzie and n Alberta e to Nova Scotia and s to c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, nw N. Dakota, ne Minnesota, n Wisconsin, s Ontario, ne New York and n New England.

Dendroica caerulescens  BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.  Deciduous upland woodland, second growth.  From w,c,s Ontario e to Nova Scotia and s to ne Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c Michigan, nc,ne Ohio, ne Pennsylvania, n New Jersey, s New York and s New England and in Appalachians to ne Georgia and nw S. Carolina.  Hybridization with the Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia) reported by Ducharme and Lamontagne (1992. Québec Oiseaux 4:6).
Dendroica coronata  YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER.  Coniferous and deciduous forest, woodland.

D. c. coronata  MYRTLE WARBLER, and D. c. auduboni  AUDUBON'S WARBLER, were formerly viewed as separate species, but they intergrade along the eastern slope of the Canadian Rockies.
 D. c. coronata.  From w,c,s Alaska, c Yukon, nw,c Mackenzie and n Manitoba e across c Canada to nc Labrador and Newfoundland and s to n British Columbia, c,sw Alberta, c,se Saskatchewan, n Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c Michigan, e Pennsylvania and Massachusetts and s in Appalachians to W. Virginia and nw Virginia.
 D. c. auduboni.  From c British Columbia, s Alberta, sw Saskatchewan, c,se Montana and w S. Dakota s to n Baja Calif., s Arizona, w Chihuahua, w New Mexico and w Texas; mts. of Mexico from Durango s to Chiapas and w Guatemala.

Dendroica nigrescens  BLACK-THROATED GREY WARBLER.  Woodland, pinyon-juniper, oak scrub.  From sw British Columbia, w Washington, sw Idaho, n Utah, s Wyoming and nw,c Colorado s in mts. to n Baja Calif., c,se Arizona, ne Sonora, se New Mexico and w Texas.
Dendroica townsendi  TOWNSEND'S WARBLER.  Coniferous forest.  From ec,sc,se Alaska, s Yukon, n British Columbia, sw Alberta and sw Saskatchewan s to nw,c,se Washington, c,ne Oregon, n Idaho, nw,sc Montana and nw Wyoming.  Hybridizes with D. occidentalis in w Washington.
Dendroica occidentalis  HERMIT WARBLER.  Coniferous forest.  Mts. of w U.S., mostly in Cascades, coast ranges and Sierra Nevada, from w Washington s to s Calif. and wc Nevada.  See townsendi.

Dendroica virens  BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.  Open coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forest, second growth.  From n,c Alberta e across s Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland and s to n,ec Minnesota, c Wisconsin, n Indiana, sc,e Ohio, e Pennsylvania, c New Jersey and s New York and s in Appalachians to c Alabama, n Georgia and w S. Carolina; coastal plain from se Virginia to e S. Carolina.
Dendroica chrysoparia  GOLDEN-CHEEKED WARBLER.  Oak-cedar woodland, scrub, thickets.  C Texas, from Dallas Co. s to Edwards Plateau.
Dendroica fusca  BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.  Coniferous forest, woodland, second growth.  From c Saskatchewan e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and s to c Minnesota, c Wisconsin, c Michigan, ne Ohio, Pennsylvania, se New York and Massachusetts and s in Appalachians to nc Georgia and nw S. Carolina.

Dendroica dominica  YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER.  Pine forest, sycamore-bald cypress swamp, riparian woodland.  From ne N. Dakota, se Iowa, s Wisconsin, c Indiana, c Ohio, c Pennsylvania, c New Jersey and Connecticut s to sc,e Texas, Gulf Coast, c Florida and n Bahama Is.
Dendroica graciae  GRACE'S WARBLER.  Pine forest, pine-oak, pine savanna.  From s Nevada, s Utah, sw Colorado, n New Mexico and w Texas s in mts. to Nicaragua; lowland pine savanna  from Belize to ne Nicaragua.
Dendroica adelaidae  ADELAIDE'S WARBLER.  Lowland thickets, deciduous woodland, forest.  C W. Indies on Puerto Rico and n Lesser Antilles on Barbuda and St. Lucia.

Dendroica pityophila  OLIVE-CAPPED WARBLER  Pine barrens. N W. Indies on Cuba and n Bahama Islands.
Dendroica pinus  PINE WARBLER.  Pine forest, woodland.  From s Manitoba, w,ec Ontario, sw Quebec, c Maine and New Brunswick s to e Texas, Gulf coast, s Florida, n Bahama Is. and Hispaniola.
Dendroica kirtlandii  KIRTLAND'S WARBLER.  Scrubby jack-pine.  C Michigan and probably wc Wisconsin and s Ontario.  Numbers greatly reduced.
Dendroica discolor  PRAIRIE WARBLER.  Brushy second growth, scrub, mangroves.  From e Nebraska, e Kansas, c Missouri, n Illinois, c Wisconsin, n Michigan, s Ontario, s Pennsylvania, se New York and s New England s to e Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida.

Dendroica vitellina  VITELLINE WARBLER.  Scrubby thickets.  Cayman and Swan is.  Sometimes considered conspecific with D. discolor.
Dendroica palmarum  PALM WARBLER.  Bogs, open coniferous forest, undergrowth near water.  From wc,s Mackenzie, ne British Columbia and n,c Alberta e across c,s Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland and s to ne Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c Michgan, n New York and Maine.
Dendroica castanea  BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.  Boreal coniferous forest.  From sw Mackenzie, ne British Columbia and n,c Alberta, e across c,s Canada to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and s to ne Minnesota, n Wisconsin, n Michigan, ne New York and c New England, with isolated breeding in Colorado and W. Virginia.
Dendroica striata  BLACKPOLL WARBLER.  Boreal, coniferous forest, woodland, alder thickets.  From Alaska e across n,c Canada, n to tree line, to Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and s to sc British Columbia e to nc Ontario and se to e New York, c New England.

Dendroica cerulea  CERULEAN WARBLER.  Deciduous forest.  From  se S. Dakota, se Nebraska, n Iowa, c,se Minnesota, s Wisconsin, s Michigan, s Ontario, sw Quebec, w,se New York and c New England s to nc Texas, c portion of Gulf states and c N. Carolina.
Dendroica plumbea  PLUMBEOUS WARBLER.  Forest, lowland arid scrub.  C Lesser Antilles on Dominica, Marie Galante, Guadeloupe and Terre-de-Haut is.
Dendroica pharetra  ARROWHEAD WARBLER.  Montane forest, undergrowth.  Jamaica.
Dendroica angelae  ELFIN-WOODS WARBLER.  Montane woodland, humid elfin forest.  Highlands of e Puerto Rico.

Catharopeza bishopi  WHISTLING WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth  Mts. of sc Lesser Antilles on St. Vincent I.  Sometimes placed in Dendroica.
Mniotilta varia  BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.  Deciduous forest, woodland.  Wc,sw Mackenzie, ne British Columbia and n,c Alberta e across c,s Canada to Newfoundland and s to e Montana, sw S. Dakota, c Nebraska, c Kansas, sc,e Texas, c portions of Gulf states, and c S. Carolina; c Arizona.
Setophaga ruticilla  AMERICAN REDSTART.  Open woodland, deciduous forest, second growth.  From se Alaska, s Yukon, wc,s Mackenzie and Saskatchewan e across c Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland and s to nw Calilf., ec Arizona, e Oklahoma, e Texas, c portions of Gulf states and s S. Carolina.

Protonotaria citrea  PROTHONOTARY WARBLER.  Swamps, wet lowland forest.  From ec,se Minnesota, sc Wisconsin, s Michigan, s Ontario, c New York and n New Jersey s to sc,e Texas, Gulf coast and c Florida.
Helmitheros vermivorus  WORM-EATING WARBLER.  Deciduous forest undergrowth.  From ne Kansas, se Nebraska, n Missouri, se Iowa, c Illinois, c Indiana, s,ec Ohio, c Pennsylvania, c,se New York and s New England s to ne Texas, c portions of Gulf states, nw Florida, nw S. Carolina and ne N. Carolina.
Limnothlypis swainsonii  SWAINSON'S WARBLER.  Moist forest undergrowth, canebrakes, swamps.  Lowlands and Appalachian highlands of se U.S. from ne Oklahoma, s Missouri, s Illinois, sw Indiana, sw,e Kentucky, s Ohio, w W. Virginia, w,s Virginia and s Delaware s to ec Texas, Gulf coast and n Florida.

Seiurus aurocapillus  OVENBIRD.  Deciduous forest, woodland, undergrowth.  Ne British Columbia, s Mackenzie, Alberta and c,s Saskatchewan e across s Canada to Newfoundland and s to s Montana, c,se Colorado, e Kansas, se Oklahoma, n Arkansas, n portions of Gulf states, w S. Carolina and c,ne N. Carolina.
Seiurus noveboracensis  NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH.  Thickets near water, swamps, bogs.  From Alaska, c Yukon, nw,s Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to c Labrador and Newfoundland and s to nw Washington, n Idaho, w Montana, s Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, n N. Dakota, ne Minnesota, c Wisconsin, c Michigan, ne Ohio, se W. Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts; locally nc N. Carolina.
Seiurus motacilla  LOUISIANA WATERTHRUSH.  Humid forest and woodland along streams.  From e Nebraska, nc Iowa, ec,se Minnesota, c Wisconsin, s Michigan, s Ontario, c New York and c New England s to e Texas, s portions of Gulf states and c S. Carolina.

Oporornis formosus  KENTUCKY WARBLER.  Humid deciduous forest, swampy woodland.  From se Nebraska, c Iowa, sw Wisconsin, ne Illinois, c Indiana, nc Ohio, s Pennsylvania, n New Jersey, se New York, and sw Connecticut s to sc,e Texas, Gulf coast, nw Florida, c Georgia and S. Carolina.
Oporornis agilis  CONNECTICUT WARBLER.  Spruce and tamarack bogs, poplar woodland.  From ec British Columbia e across c Canada to wc Quebec and s to s Manitoba, n Minnesota, n Wisconsin, c Michigan and sc Ontario.
Oporornis philadelphia  MOURNING WARBLER.  Deciduous woodland undergrowth, second growth, bogs, marsh edges.  From ne,c Alberta e across s Canada to Newfoundland and s to ne N. Dakota, c Minnesota, c Wisconsin, ne Illinois, s Michigan, n Ohio, ne Pennsylvania, se New York and c New England and s in Appalachians to w N. Carolina.

Oporornis tolmiei  MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER.  Coniferous forest undergrowth, riparian thickets, chaparral.  From se Alaska, sw Yukon, n British Columbia, s Alberta, nw Saskatchewan, e Montana and sw S. Dakota s in mts. to s Calif., c Arizona, s New Mexico and n Nuevo León.

Sometimes considered conspecific with O. philadelphia; they hybridize occasionally in a contact zone where both are rare, but some reputed intermediates are within the range of variation in populations far from the contact zone.

Geothlypis trichas  COMMON YELLOWTHROAT.  Marshes, thickets near water, brushy pastures, old fields.  From se Alaska, s Yukon, n British Columbia, n Alberta and c Saskatchewan e across s Canada to Newfoundland and s to n Baja Calif., n,c Mexico s to Veracruz and possibly Oaxaca, s Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida; Jalisco, around L. Chapala.

A substantial difference in mtDNA profiles has been reported between eastern and western North American races, but variation in this species is poorly understood.  This, and some or all of the following species of Geothlypis, are sometimes considered to be conspecific.  Most of these species are allopatric.

Geothlypis beldingi  BELDING'S YELLOWTHROAT.  Marshes.  S Baja Calif., n to lat 28° N.
Geothlypis flavovelata  ALTAMIRA YELLOWTHROAT.  Marshes.  Ne Mexico in s Tamaulipas, e San Luis Potosí and n Veracruz.
Geothlypis rostrata  BAHAMA YELLOWTHROAT.  Brush, scrub, thickets.  N Bahama Is., s to Cat, Long and Little is.
Geothlypis semiflava  OLIVE-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT  Tall grass, bamboo thickets, low bushes, forest edge, woodland, grassy pastures, usually near water.  Lowlands to 1800 m from ne Honduras s, mostly on Caribbean slope to w Panama; w Colombia and w Ecuador.

Geothlypis speciosa  BLACK-POLLED YELLOWTHROAT.  Marshes, wetlands.  Highlands of c Mexico in e Michoacán, s Guanajuato, México and Distrito Federal.
Geothlypis nelsoni  HOODED YELLOWTHROAT.  Pine-oak undergrowth, moist brushy areas.  From se Coahuila and c Nuevo León s to Distrito Federal, Puebla, c Veracruz and w,c Oaxaca.
Geothlypis aequinoctialis  MASKED YELLOWTHROAT.  Damp meadows, marshes, savanna.

The subspecies groups are as distinct as are other Geothlypis species and may be separate species.
 G. a. costaricensis.  Lowlands of sw Costa Rica and w Panama.
 G. a. auricularis.  Pacific slope from w Ecuador to c Peru.
 G. a. aequinoctialis.  Lowlands to 1500 m of n,c,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas and n Brazil; e Peru, Bolivia, c,s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.

Geothlypis poliocephala  GREY-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT. Grassy areas, brushy fields, thickets.  Lowlands of both slopes of Middle America from n Sinaloa and Tamaulipas s to w Panama.
Microligea palustris  GREEN-TAILED GROUND WARBLER.  Dense thickets.  Humid mts. and semi-arid lowlands of Hispaniola, incl. Beata I.
Teretistris fernandinae  YELLOW-HEADED WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth, thickets.  W Cuba, incl. Isle of Pines and Cayo Cantiles.
Teretistris fornsi  ORIENTE WARBLER.  Undergrowth, brushy areas.  Humid mts. and semi-arid coasts of e Cuba, incl. Arch. Camagüey.

Leucopeza semperi  SEMPER'S WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Mts. of c Lesser Antilles on St. Lucia; possibly extinct.
Wilsonia citrina  HOODED WARBLER.  Deciduous forest.  From se Nebraska, c,ne Iowa, se Minnesota, c Illinois, s Michigan, s Ontario, nw Pennsylvania, c, se New York and s New England s to e Texas, Gulf coast and n Florida.
Wilsonia pusilla  WILSON'S WARBLER.  Bogs, thickets, brushy areas near water, often in boreal or montane regions.  From Alaska, n Yukon, nw,e Mackenzie and nw,c Saskatchewan e across c,s Canada to c Labrador and Newfoundland and s mostly in mts. to s Calif., wc,ne Nevada, sc Utah, sw Colorado and nc New Mexico and s in e to New York, n New England and Nova Scotia.
Wilsonia canadensis  CANADA WARBLER.  Woodland undergrowth, bogs, shrubbery along streams.  From n,c Alberta and c Saskatchewan e across s Canada to Nova Scotia and s to n Minnesota, s Wisconsin, n Illinois, c Michigan, c Ohio, ec Pennsylvania, n New Jersey, se New York and s New England and s in Appalachians to nw Georgia.

Cardellina rubrifrons  RED-FACED WARBLER.  Fir or pine forest, pine-oak woodland.  Mts. from c Arizona, c New Mexico and w Chihuahua s to w Durango.
Ergaticus ruber  RED WARBLER.  Pine forest, pine-oak.  Mts. of Mexico in Chihuahua and Durango; from Jalisco s to Guerrero and e to Hidalgo, e Puebla, c Veracruz and c Oaxaca.
Ergaticus versicolor  PINK-HEADED WARBLER.  Humid forest, pine-oak woodland, second growth.  Mts. of s Mexico in c,e Chiapas and w Guatemala.  Sometimes considered conspecific with E. ruber.
Myioborus pictus  PAINTED REDSTART.  Oak, pine forest, pinyon-juniper woodland, often near water.  Mts. of se Calif., nw. c Arizona, sw New Mexico, w Texas and c Nuevo León s to nc Nicaragua.

Myioborus miniatus  SLATE-THROATED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge, open woodland, pine-oak, second growth.  Mts. of Mexico from s Sonora, s Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí s to Honduras; mts., 500-3000 m of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, w Guyana and extreme nw Brazil s in Andes of Ecuador and nw,e Peru, s on w slope to Cajamarca, to n,e,se Bolivia.
Myioborus castaneocapillus  TEPUI REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge.  Pantepui, 1200-2200 m of s,e Venezuela, w Guyana and extreme n Brazil.  Often considered conspecific with M. brunniceps, but vocalizations are quite different.
Myioborus pariae  YELLOW-FACED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge.  Mts., 800-1200 m of ne Venezuela.  May be conspecific with M. castaneocapillus; vocalizations unknown.

Myioborus brunniceps  BROWN-CAPPED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge.  Mts. of c, se Bolivia and nw Argentina.
Myioborus albifacies  WHITE-FACED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge.  Pantepui, 900-2250 m, of s Venezuela.  M. albifacies and M. cardonai may be conspecific and both may be races of M. castaneocapillus.
Myioborus cardonai  SAFFRON-BREASTED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge.  Mts., 1200-1600 m, of s Venezuela.
Myioborus torquatus  COLLARED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge, second growth, thickets.  Mts. of Costa Rica and w Panama.

Myioborus melanocephalus  SPECTACLED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge, scrub, woodland.  Andes, 2000-3300 m of sw Colombia, w Ecuador, and nw Peru, s to Cajamarca; e of Andes in Peru and c Bolivia.  May be conspecific with M. ornatus.
Myioborus ornatus  GOLDEN-FRONTED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge.  Andes, 1800-3400 m of w,c Colombia; ne Colombia and sw Venezuela.
Myioborus albifrons  WHITE-FRONTED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge.  Andes, 2200-3200 m of w Venezuela.  May be conspecific with M. ornatus.
Myioborus flavivertex  YELLOW-CROWNED REDSTART.  Humid forest, edge, woodland.  Santa Marta Mts., 1500-3000 m, of n Colombia.  May be conspecific with M. ornatus.

Euthlypis lachrymosa  FAN-TAILED WARBLER.  Tropical deciduous forest, riparian woodland, second growth, scrub.  Mexico from s Sonora, e San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s on Gulf slope to Veracruz and n Oaxaca and on Pacific slope to c Nicaragua.  May belong in Basileuterus.
Basileuterus fraseri  GREY-AND-GOLD WARBLER.  Forest, woodland.  Lowlands to 1900 m of w,c Ecuador and nw Peru.
Basileuterus bivittatus  TWO-BANDED WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth. Pantepui, 900-1800 m, of s Venezuela, Guyana and extreme n Brazil; Andes, 700-1800 m, of se Peru, Bolivia and n Argentina.
Basileuterus chrysogaster  GOLDEN-BELLIED WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Andes, 300-1200 m, of sw Colombia, on Pacific slope n to Valle, w Ecuador and c,s Peru.

Basileuterus signatus  PALE-LEGGED WARBLER.  Humid forest edge and undergrowth.  Locally in Andes in Colombia, c,se Peru, c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.  Some races of this species may belong in B. luteoviridis or vice versa.
Basileuterus luteoviridis  CITRINE WARBLER.  Humid forest, second growth, bamboo thickets.  Andes of w Colombia; c,e Andes, 1700-3650 m of Colombia and sw Venezuela s through Ecuador to se Peru in Cuzco; Andes, 2300-3400 m, of extreme se Peru and wc Bolivia.  The southern race B. l. euophrys is vocally distinct and may be a separate species (J. Curson. 1994. Cotinga 2:50).
Basileuterus nigrocristatus  BLACK-CRESTED WARBLER.  Humid forest in shrubby areas and bamboo thickets.  Mts., 1300-3400 m, of Colombia, and w,n Venezuela s to n Peru.

Basileuterus griseiceps  GREY-HEADED WARBLER.  Humid forest, second growth.  Coastal mts., 1200-1600 m, of n Venezuela.
Basileuterus basilicus  SANTA MARTA WARBLER.  Humid forest, edge, bamboo.  Santa Marta Mts., 2100-3000 m, of n Colombia.
Basileuterus cinereicollis  GREY-THROATED WARBLER.  Humid forest, edge, second growth.  Mts., 800-2100 m, of Colombia and w Venezuela.
Basileuterus conspicillatus  WHITE-LORED WARBLER.  Humid forest, second growth.  Santa Marta Mts., 750-2200 m, of n Colombia.  Sometimes regarded as conspecific with B. coronatus or B. cinereicollis.

Basileuterus coronatus  RUSSET-CROWNED WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth, second growth.  Andes, 1400-3100 m, of Colombia and sw Venezuela s to cw Ecuador, Peru and wc Bolivia; n,sw,c,e Ecuador and nw Peru.
Basileuterus culicivorus  GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, deciduous woodland, second growth.  Mexico, from Nayarit, Jalisco, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas s on both slopes to w Panama; mts., 300-2100 m of w,n Colombia, locally on Pacific slope and e to Santa Marta Mts., Cesar and Santander and Sierra de Perijá, and n Venezuela; lowlands to 2100 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia e across s Venezuela to Trinidad, Guianas and adj. n Brazil; c,s Brazil, n,e Bolivia and Paraguay to Uruguay and n Argentina.
Basileuterus trifasciatus  THREE-BANDED WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge.  Andes, 500-2000 m, of sw Ecuador and nw Peru.  Sometimes considered conspecific with B. culicivorus.

Basileuterus hypoleucus  WHITE-BELLIED WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Lowlands to 1000 m of e Bolivia, sc Brazil and ne Paraguay.
Basileuterus rufifrons  RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER.  Forest edge, riparian scrub, brushy areas.  Mts. of Mexico from n Sonora, w Chihuahua, San Luis Potosí, c Nuevo León and w Tamaulipas s to c Veracruz, through c Oaxaca and c Chiapas to c Guatemala; Gulf-Caribbean  foothills of s Veracruz, Tabasco, n Oaxaca, n Chiapas, n Guatemala and Belize; lowlands to 1900 m from s Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras s to Panama, incl. Isla Coiba, nc,ne,c Colombia and nw Venezuela.  Sporadic and apparently unsuccessful nesting attempts in s Arizona.
Basileuterus belli  GOLDEN-BROWED WARBLER. Humid forest, dense pine-oak, brushy areas.  Mts. of Mexico from Sinaloa, w Durango, México, e San Luis Potosí and sw Tamaulipas s to c Honduras.

Basileuterus melanogenys  BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth, open woodland, scrub.  Mts. of Costa Rica and w Panama.
Basileuterus ignotus  PIRRE WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge.  Mts., 1200-1400 m of extreme e Panama on Cerro Tacarcuna and extreme nw Colombia in nw Chocó.  Often considered conspecific with B. melanogenys.
Basileuterus tristriatus  THREE-STRIPED WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth, second growth, thickets.  Mts., 300-2700 m of Costa Rica, w,e Panama, Colombia in Andes and Sierra de Perijá, and n Venezuela s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and e of Andes through e Ecuador and e Peru to c Bolivia.
Basileuterus leucoblepharus  WHITE-BROWED WARBLER.  Forest and woodland undergrowth.  Lowlands to 1300 m from Brazil s to Paraguay, s Brazil, e Uruguay and ne Argentina.  Has been considered closely related to B. griseiceps, but may be closer to B. leucophrys.

Basileuterus leucophrys  WHITE-STRIPED WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth.  Lowlands to 1000 m of c Brazil.
Basileuterus flaveolus  FLAVESCENT WARBLER.  Deciduous forest undergrowth, second growth, bushes.  Foothills, 200-1200 m, of ne Colombia and w,nc Venezuela; s Guyana, c,e Brazil, n,e Bolivia and Paraguay.
Basileuterus fulvicauda  BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER.  Humid forest along streams, mangroves.  Lowlands to 1000 m on Caribbean slope of c,e Honduras and Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from w,c,se Colombia s, w of  Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, to e Peru, n Bolivia and extreme w Amazonian Brazil.  Sometimes considered conspecific with B. rivularis.
Basileuterus rivularis  NEOTROPICAL RIVER WARBLER.  Humid forest undergrowth near streams,  Locally in lowlands to 1400 m, e of Andes, from e,s Venezuela and Guianas s through e,s Brazil and n,e,se Bolivia to Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Zeledonia coronata  WRENTHRUSH.  Dense thickets, bamboo, brushy areas in humid forest.  Mts. of Costa Rica and w Panama.  Originally described as a thrush in 1889 and assigned to the Turdidae or Zeledoniidae until 1968 when electrophoretic comparisons of egg-white proteins indicated its true relationships (Sibley, C. 1968. Postilla No. 125, Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ.).  Zeledonia is closely related to Basileuterus.
Icteria virens  YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.  Second growth, riparian forest undergrowth, thickets, scrub, woodland undergrowth.  From s British Columbia e across s Canada to s Ontario, c New York and c New England and s to Baja Calif., c Mexico, to Jalisco, México and s Tamaulipas, Gulf coast and nc Florida.

Granatellus venustus  RED-BREASTED CHAT  Deciduous forest, second growth, arid scrub.  Pacific lowlands of w Mexico from n Sinaloa s to Chiapas; Tres Marías Is.
Granatellus sallaei  GREY-THROATED CHAT  Deciduous forest, second growth, brushy areas.  Lowlands of Mexico from s Veracruz, Tabasco, n Oaxaca, n Chiapas and Yucatán Pen. s to n Guatemala and Belize.
Granatellus pelzelni  ROSE-BREASTED CHAT.  Humid forest, second growth, esp. near water.  Lowlands to 900 m of s Venezuela, Guyana and Surinam s through Amazonian Brazil to n Bolivia.
Xenoligea montana  WHITE-WINGED WARBLER.  Forest undergrowth, thickets.  Mts. of Hispaniola.

This species may be a tanager.

Tribe THRAUPINI:  Tanagers.  Bananaquit, Conebills, Bush-Tanagers, Hemispingus, Palm-Tanagers, Shrike-Tanagers, Ant-Tanagers, Mountain-Tanagers, Euphonias, Chlorophonias, Honeycreepers, Dacnis, Swallow-Tanager, Plushcap, Finch-Tanagers, Sierra-Finches, Diuca-Finches, Warbling-Finches, Yellow-Finches, Grass-Finches, Grassquits, Seedeaters, Seed-Finches, Flower-piercers, Orangequit, Ground-Finches, etc.
 Like the New World suboscines (Tyranni), the tanagers apparently evolved in South America during its long isolation from other continents.  The finch-billed tanagers were placed in the Emberizidae or Fringillidae in the past, but DNA hybridization comparisons showed that they are thraupines that adapted to the ecological niches in the Neotropics that are occupied by emberizine and fringilline finches elsewhere.  The nectar-feeding tanagers, including Coereba, Conirostrum, Diglossa, Cyanerpes, Chlorophanes, Iridophanes, Dacnis, Hemidacnis, Xenodacnis, Ateleodacnis, Oreomanes and Euneornis were often placed in the family Coerebidae.  In other treatments some of these genera were placed with the Wood Warblers (Parulini) and other arrangements have been used.  The Swallow-Tanager was usually placed in the monotypic Tersinidae or Tersininae and the Plushcap in the monotypic Catamblyrhynchidae.  The Thraupini herein defined includes what seem to be the results of an extensive adaptive radiation in South America that produced ecotypes that resemble the true finches and other groups.  The problem is complicated by the fact that the tanagers are closely related to the emberizines, parulines, cardinalines and icterines -- in this classification all are placed in the Emberizinae, but additional molecular data may modify this classification.  Morphological differences are mainly those associated with feeding, such as bills and tongues, which are especially subject to convergent evolution.  Details of thraupine phylogeny remain to be clarified.  See Bledsoe (1988.  Auk 105:504-515) and Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) for the molecular evidence.

Coereba flaveola  BANANAQUIT.  Scrub, woodland, second growth, towns, mangroves, forest, from humid to xeric habitats.  Lowlands in Bahama Is., from Grand Bahama and Little Abaco s to Great Inagua and Turk Is.; lowlands to 2000 m of W. Indies (but not Cuba and Swan Is.) and Mexico from c Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Chiapas and is. off Yucatán Pen., incl. Holbox, Cancun, Cozumel is. and Cayo Culebra, s in Caribbean lowlands to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, incl. Coiba and Pearl is., Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, to e Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay, ne Argentina and Brazil.

Seutin, et al. (1994. Evolution 48:1041-1061) analyzed mtDNA restriction-site variation in Bananaquit population samples from 12 Caribbean islands and 5 localities in Central and n South America.  The Jamaican birds are the most divergent; C. American, n S. American and e Antillean (Puerto Rico to Grenada) are nearly equally divergent among themselves and may represent a single, recent range expansion.  In the e Antilles three groups were identified: Puerto Rico, n-c Lesser Antilles (U.S. Virgin Is. to St. Lucia), and Grenada-St. Vincent.  The results suggest a series of range changes with strong geographic variation over small distances.  The mtDNA data were consistent with several subspecific units, but named subspecies do not define equally differentiated populations.

Conirostrum speciosum  CHESTNUT-VENTED CONEBILL.  Gallery forest, edge, open deciduous woodland, second growth.  Lowlands to 1000 m of e Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas and n Brazil; e Peru, Amazonian,s,se Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, n Argentina.