Muscisaxicola cinerea   CINEREOUS GROUND-TYRANT.  Open, stony hillsides.  Andes of c,s Bolivia, n Chile and nw,wc Argentina.  Sometimes treated as a race of M. alpina.
Muscisaxicola albifrons   WHITE-FRONTED GROUND-TYRANT.  Boggy areas in puna zone.  Andes of s Peru, wc Bolivia and n Chile.
Muscisaxicola flavinucha   OCHRE-NAPED GROUND-TYRANT.  Open, stony hillsides.  Andes of Chile and w,s Argentina to Tierra del Fuego.
Muscisaxicola frontalis   BLACK-FRONTED GROUND-TYRANT.  Open, stony hillsides.  Andes in Chile and w Argentina.

Muscigralla brevicauda   SHORT-TAILED FIELD-TYRANT.  Arid scrub.  Coastal areas of sw Ecuador and w Peru and probably n Chile.  Although close to Muscisaxicola, brevicauda is sufficiently distinct to warrant a monotypic genus.
Lessonia oreas   ANDEAN NEGRITO.  Damp, open areas near water.  Andes in c,s Peru, c,s Bolivia, n Chile and nw Argentina.  Now generally treated as a species distinct from L. rufa.
Lessonia rufa   PATAGONIAN NEGRITO.  Damp, open areas near water.  Lowlands and Andean slopes below 2000 m of Chile and Argentina s to Tierra del Fuego.
Knipolegus striaticeps   CINEREOUS TYRANT.  Dense scrub.  E,se Bolivia, sc Brazil, Paraguay and n Argentina.

Knipolegus hudsoni   HUDSON'S BLACK-TYRANT.  Open scrub.  C Argentina.
Knipolegus poecilocercus   AMAZONIAN BLACK-TYRANT.  Forest, usually near rivers.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, of se Colombia, s Venezuela, Guyana, Amazonian, n Brazil and ne Peru.
Knipolegus signatus   ANDEAN TYRANT.  Shrubby hillsides.  Andes of n,e Peru; c,se Bolivia and nw Argentina.  K. s. cabanisi has been placed by some authors in a genus different from K. signatus but is considered conspecific by others; cabanisi was tentatively considered to be closely related to K. cyanirostris, but there is no evidence to consider signatus and cabanisi as other than subspecies.  See Traylor 1982. Fieldiana Zool. (n.s.)13:18-20.

Knipolegus cyanirostris   BLUE-BILLED BLACK-TYRANT.  Forest edge, woodland, bushy areas, usually near water.  E Paraguay, se Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Knipolegus poecilurus   RUFOUS-TAILED TYRANT.  Forest, thickets.  Mts., 900-3100 m, from Colombia, w,n,s Venezuela and adj. n Brazil s through Andes of se Ecuador and Peru to c Bolivia.
Knipolegus orenocensis   RIVERSIDE TYRANT.  Thickets near water along the Orinoco and Amazon rivers and some tributaries.  Locally in lowlands to 300 m, e of Andes, of e Colombia and c Venezuela; ne Peru and Amazonian Brazil.  More than one species may be involved (Ridgely and Tudor, Birds of S. Amer., 2:624).

Knipolegus aterrimus   WHITE-WINGED BLACK-TYRANT.  Woodland, brushy areas, scrub.  E of Andes of n,se Peru, Bolivia, w Argentina and Paraguay; ce Brazil.  The isolated population, franciscanus, of ce Brazil, may be a separate species.
Knipolegus nigerrimus   VELVETY BLACK-TYRANT.  Brushy areas, scrub.  Se Brazil.
Knipolegus lophotes   CRESTED BLACK-TYRANT.  Forest edge and thickets, often near water, reedbeds.  S Brazil and Uruguay.
Hymenops perspicillatus   SPECTACLED TYRANT.  Reedbeds, swamps.  W of Andes in Chile; e of Andes from n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, s Brazil and Uruguay s to n,c Argentina.

Fluvicola pica   PIED WATER-TYRANT.  Marshes, swamps, reedbeds, brushy areas near water.  Locally in lowlands to 1000 m from e Panama and n,e Colombia e across Venezuela and Trinidad to Guianas and extreme n Brazil.
Fluvicola albiventer   BLACK-BACKED WATER-TYRANT.  Marshes, swamps, reedbeds, brushy areas near water.  E of Andes of e Peru and Amazonian, e Brazil, n,e, se Bolivia, Paraguay and n Argentina.  Sometimes considered conspecific with F. pica, but appears to be a distinct species.
Fluvicola nengeta   MASKED WATER-TYRANT.  Riverbanks, marshes, towns.  Lowlands, w of Andes, of sw Ecuador and nw Peru; e of Andes in e Brazil.
Arundinicola leucocephala   WHITE-HEADED MARSH-TYRANT.  Marshes, wet pastureland, riverbanks.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m from n,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, e of Andes, through n,c,e Brazil, incl. I. Marajó, ne Peru, n,e Bolivia and Paraguay to n Argentina.  Sometimes placed in Fluvicola.

Alectrurus tricolor   COCK-TAILED TYRANT.  Grassland.  N,e Bolivia, Paraguay, s Brazil and ne Argentina.
Alectrurus risora   STRANGE-TAILED TYRANT. Grasslands, marshes, shrubbery.  Paraguay, s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Gubernetes yetapa   STREAMER-TAILED TYRANT.  Open woodland, savanna.  N,e Bolivia, Paraguay, s Brazil and ne Argentina.
Satrapa icterophrys   YELLOW-BROWED TYRANT.  Woodland, farmlands.  Extreme se Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, e,s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Colonia colonus   LONG-TAILED TYRANT.  Forest, edge, savanna, generally near water.  Lowlands to 1800 m from ne Honduras s on Caribbean slope to Panama on both slopes, and from Colombia, se Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, n Bolivia and sw Amazonian,e,s Brazil, incl. I. Marajó, to e Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Machetornis rixosus   CATTLE TYRANT.  Bushy savanna, fields near water, sea beaches.  Locally in lowlands to 1000 m of n,e Colombia and Venezuela; n,e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, c,s Brazil, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Muscipipra vetula   SHEAR-TAILED GREY TYRANT.  Scrub.  E Paraguay, ne Argentina and se Brazil.
Attila phoenicurus   RUFOUS-TAILED ATTILA.  Forest.  Locally in Amazonian,c,s Brazil, ne Bolivia and ne Argentina; a record from Venezuela probably pertains to a vagrant.
Attila cinnamomeus   CINNAMON ATTILA.  Mangroves, swampy forest, woodland, usually near water.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, of Colombia, s,e Venezuela, Guianas, e Ecuador, ne Peru, n Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Attila torridus   OCHRACEOUS ATTILA.  Forest.  Pacific lowlands to 1000 m of sw Colombia and w Ecuador.  Sometimes considered conspecific with A. cinnamomeus.
Attila citriniventris   CITRON-BELLIED ATTILA.  Forest.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, of s Venezuela, e Ecuador, ne Peru and w Amazonian Brazil.
Attila bolivianus   DULL-CAPPED ATTILA.  Riverine forest, swamps.  E of Andes in extreme se Colombia, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Amazonian, sw Brazil.
Attila rufus   GREY-HOODED ATTILA.  Forest.  Se Brazil.
Attila spadiceus   BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA.  Forest, edge.  Lowlands to 2100 m from Mexico in extreme s Sonora, Sinaloa, w Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, México, San Luis Potosí and Veracruz, s along both slopes, incl. Yucatán Pen., Cozumel and other small is., to Panama, incl. I. Coiba, and from w,c,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil; coastal se Brazil.  Exceedingly variable in color with a green morph, a gray-headed morph, a brown morph and a rufous morph; the different morphs more or less connected by various intermediates.  Details of the distribution and relative frequency of these plumage types are not well known.

Casiornis rufa   RUFOUS CASIORNIS.  Open scrub, riparian woodland, campos, forest.  Se Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, sw,c,s Brazil and n Argentina; records from Peru, Bolivia and nw Brazil are probably migrants.
Casiornis fusca   ASH-THROATED CASIORNIS.  Scrub, caatinga.  C,e Brazil.  May be conspecific with C. rufa; intermediates are known.
Rhytipterna holerythra   RUFOUS MOURNER.  Forest, edge, cleared woodland.  Lowlands to 1000 m from Mexico in Veracruz, n Oaxaca and Chiapas s along Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica, Panama and w,n Colombia and nw Ecuador.
Rhytipterna simplex   GREYISH MOURNER.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1300 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian, se Brazil.

Rhytipterna immunda   PALE-BELLIED MOURNER.  Bushy savanna.  Locally in lowlands to 300 m, e of Andes, of e Colombia, Surinam, French Guiana and w Amazonian Brazil.
 Laniocera  May be most closely related to the Schiffornis group.
Laniocera rufescens   SPECKLED MOURNER.  Forest, dense second growth.  Lowlands to 1000 m from Mexico in n Oaxaca and Chiapas s on Caribbean slope to Costa Rica, both slopes of Panama, w,n Colombia and nw Ecuador.
Laniocera hypopyrra   CINEREOUS MOURNER.  Forest.  Lowlands to 600 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian, e Brazil.
Sirystes sibilator   SIRYSTES.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands to 750 m from Panama, nw,e Colombia, sw Venezuela and s Surinam s through e Ecuador and ne Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil; c,e,s Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.  The albogriseus subspecies group (including albocinereus) is vocally distinct and may be a separate species.

Myiarchus semirufus   RUFOUS FLYCATCHER.  Arid scrub, arid woodland.  Coastal nw Peru.
Myiarchus yucatanensis   YUCATAN FLYCATCHER.  Open forest, edge, woodland.  Se Mexico in Yucatán Pen. and Cozumel I., n Guatemala in Petén and n Belize.
Myiarchus tuberculifer   DUSKY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.  Open forest, edge, towns.  Lowlands and mts. to 3400 m from n Sonora, se Arizona, sw New Mexico, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León and c Tamaulipas s along both slopes, incl. Tres Marías Is., Yucatán Pen., and Cozumel I., to Panama, incl. most is. off Pacific coast, and from Columbia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to s Ecuador and, e of Andes, to n Bolivia and sw,c,e Brazil; on w slope of Andes, to 2400 m, from s Ecuador s through Peru and Bolivia to nw Argentina.

Myiarchus barbirostris   SAD FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, mt. forest.  Jamaica.  Sometimes considered conspecific with M. tuberculifer.
Myiarchus swainsoni   SWAINSON'S FLYCATCHER.  Mangroves, bushy savanna, cerrado.

 The races phaeonotus and pelzelni are sometimes treated as separate species, but they are vocally identical to the swainsoni group (Lanyon 1978. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 161:427-628).
 M. s. phaeonotus  Lowlands to 1800 m, e of Andes, of s Venezuela and extreme nw Brazil, with intergrade zone from Guianas s to lower Rio Negro, lower Rio Madeira and lower Amazon.
 M. s. pelzelni  Se Peru, n,e,se Bolivia, sw,c,e Brazil, w Paraguay and n Argentina, with an intergrade zone from w Paraguay to ne Argentina and w Uruguay.
 M. s. swainsoni  Se Brazil, ne Argentina and w Uruguay.

Myiarchus venezuelensis   VENEZUELAN FLYCATCHER.  Forest edge, open woodland.  Ne Colombia and n Venezuela; Tobago.  Sometimes considered conspecific with M. panamensis or M. ferox, but has different vocalizations from both and is widely sympatric with panamensis.
Myiarchus panamensis   PANAMA FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, forest edge, scrubby areas, mangroves.  Lowlands to 750 m of sw,wc Costa Rica, Panama, incl. Coiba, Taboga and Pearl is., w,n,c Colombia and nw Venezuela.  Sometimes considered conspecific with M. ferox, but vocalizations are distinct.
Myiarchus ferox   SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.  Forest clearings, riverine woodland, savanna, open moist woodland.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes from e Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay, ne Argentina and Uruguay.

Myiarchus cephalotes   PALE-EDGED FLYCATCHER.  Forest edge, clearings.  Mts., 1400-2700 m, from Colombia and n Venezuela s through Andes of e Ecuador and e Peru to c Bolivia.
Myiarchus phaeocephalus   SOOTY-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.  Arid scrub, woodland.  Lowlands to 1500 m of w Ecuador and nw Peru.  Includes M. toddi, of n Peru, now regarded as a lipochrome-deficient individual variant.
Myiarchus apicalis   APICAL FLYCATCHER.  Dry forest, edge, woodland, arid scrub.  Foothills, 400-2300 m of c,sw Colombia.
Myiarchus cinerascens   ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.  Desert scrub, pinyon-juniper and oak woodland, chaparral, thorn scrub, riparian woodland.  From nw Oregon, e Washington, s Idaho, n Utah, s Wyoming, w Kansas, c Oklahoma and n,c Texas s to s Baja Calif., s Sonora and, in Mexican highlands, to n Jalisco, n Michoacán, n Guanajuato, s San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas.

Myiarchus nuttingi   NUTTING'S FLYCATCHER.  Arid scrub, thorn scrub, open deciduous woodland.  From nw Mexico in c Sonora and sw Chihuahua, s along Pacific slope and interior in México, Morelos and Puebla and s San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo, and in Pacific lowlands and int. valleys of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and nw Costa Rica.
Myiarchus crinitus   GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER.  Forest, open woodland, towns, orchards.  From ec Alberta and c,se Saskatchewan e across s Canada to Prince Edward I. and s Nova Scotia and s, e of Rockies, to c,se Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida.
Myiarchus tyrannulus   BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, scrub, mangroves.

 The subspecies brachyurus and the magister subspecies groups are sometimes treated as separate species, but all intergrade where their ranges are in contact in Central America.
 M. t. magister  From se Calif., s Nevada, sw Utah, Arizona, sw New Mexico and s Texas s through Mexico, incl. Yucatán Pen., Tres Marías, Cozumel and Cancun is., (but not in Baja Calif.) to Guatemala, Belize and n Honduras, incl. Bay Is., El Salvador and Pacific Honduras.
 M. t. brachyurus  Pacific slope of Nicaragua and nw Costa Rica.
 M. t. tyrannulus  Lowlands to 1200 m from n,e Colombia, Venezuela, incl. is. from Aruba e to Tobago, Trinidad and Guianas s through Brazil, n,e Peru and Bolivia to n Argentina and Paraguay.

Myiarchus nugator   GRENADA FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, scrub.  S Lesser Antilles on Grenada, Grenadines and St. Vincent.
Myiarchus magnirostris   LARGE-BILLED FLYCATCHER.  Scrub.  Galapagos Is.
Myiarchus validus   RUFOUS-TAILED FLYCATCHER.  Woodland.  Hills and mts. of Jamaica.
Myiarchus sagrae   LA SAGRA'S FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, mangroves.  W. Indies in Bahama Is. (exc. Turks and Caicos), Cuba, incl. I. of Pines and Grand Cayman.  M. sagrae, M. antillarum and M. oberi are sometimes considered conspecific with M. stolidus, but they are distinct species.

Myiarchus stolidus   STOLID FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, mangroves.  Greater Antilles in Jamaica and Hispaniola, incl. Gônave, Tortue, Grand Cayemite and Beata is.
Myiarchus antillarum   PUERTO RICAN FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, mangroves.  Greater Antilles in Puerto Rico, incl. Vieques and Culebra is., and Virgin Is.
Myiarchus oberi   LESSER ANTILLEAN FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, cleared lands.  Lesser Antilles, from St. Kitts and Barbuda s to St. Lucia, exc. Montserrat.
Deltarhynchus flammulatus   FLAMMULATED FLYCATCHER.  Deciduous forest, open woodland, scrub.  Pacific lowlands of w Mexico from Sinaloa s to w Chiapas.

Ramphotrigon megacephala   LARGE-HEADED FLATBILL.  Bamboo thickets, undergrowth.  Locally in lowlands to 750 m, e of Andes, from n,se Colombia and nw,s Venezuela s through e Ecuador, se Peru, n,e Bolivia and w,se Brazil to e Paraguay and ne Argentina.  There is evidence that Ramphotrigon is related to Deltarhynchus and therefore is associated with the myiarchine flycatchers.
Ramphotrigon fuscicauda   DUSKY-TAILED FLATBILL.  Bamboo thickets in forest.  Known from a few specimens from localities in the lowlands to 500 m of se Colombia, ne Ecuador, e Peru and n Bolivia.
Ramphotrigon ruficauda   RUFOUS-TAILED FLATBILL.  Forest.  Lowlands to 750 m, e of Andes, of e Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonian, ne Brazil, se Ecuador, e Peru and n Bolivia.

Tyrannus niveigularis   SNOWY-THROATED KINGBIRD.  Arid scrub.  Pacific lowlands to 1200 m of sw Colombia, w Ecuador, incl. islands, and nw Peru.
Tyrannus albogularis   WHITE-THROATED KINGBIRD.  Savanna, riverine scrub, forest edge, wet cerrado.  Lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, from se Venezuela and Guianas s through Amazonian, c,e Brazil to ne Peru and n Bolivia.
Tyrannus melancholicus   TROPICAL KINGBIRD.  Open woodland, savanna, forest edge, clearings, farmlands, human habitation.  Lowlands and foothills to 2700 m from se Arizona, Sonora, e San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s along both slopes of Mexico, incl. Yucatán Pen., Tres Marías Is. and most small is., to Panama and from Colombia, Venezuela, incl. is. from Netherlands Antilles e to Trinidad, Tobago and Grenada, and Guianas s over most of S. America to c Argentina.

 Includes T. occidentalis of w Mexico which is sometimes treated as a separate species based on vocal differences, but it is morphologically indistinguishable from other Central American populations.  Also includes T. apolites, sometimes considered a distinct species, but now believed to be a hybrid T. melancholicus x Empidonomus varius.  See T. couchii.

Tyrannus couchii   COUCH'S KINGBIRD.  Open woodland, thorn scrub, towns, farmlands.  Lowlands of s Texas, in Rio Grande V., e Mexico along Gulf-Caribbean slope, Yucatán Pen., and most coastal is., n Guatemala in Petén, and Belize.  Formerly considered conspecific with T. melancholicus, but T. couchii is a distinct species that is extensively sympatric with T. melancholicus.
Tyrannus vociferans   CASSIN'S KINGBIRD.  Dry savanna, open scrub, pinyon-juniper-yucca, oak woodland, riparian, woodland edge.  From c Calif., s Nevada, n Arizona, s Utah, Colorado, e Wyoming, se Montana, sw S. Dakota, w Oklahoma and w Texas s to nw Baja Calif., and through Mexican highlands to Michoacán, Oaxaca, Puebla and c Tamaulipas.
Tyrannus crassirostris   THICK-BILLED KINGBIRD.  Arid scrub, savanna, riparian woodland.  From se Arizona, sw New Mexico, Sonora, sw Chihuahua, w Texas, Sinaloa and w Durango s to Guerrero, México, Morelos, s Puebla and w Oaxaca.

Tyrannus verticalis   WESTERN KINGBIRD.  Open country, grassland, savanna, desert scrub, farmlands.  From cs British Columbia, s Alberta, c,s Saskatchewan, s Manitoba and w,s Minnesota s to n Baja Calif., Sonora, nw Chihuahua, s Arizona, s New Mexico and s,sc Texas, sporadically e to s Ontario, w Missouri, sw Illinois, w,sw Wisconsin, w Arkansas and sw Louisiana.
Tyrannus forficata   SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHER.  Open country, scrub, savanna, farmlands.  From e New Mexico, se Colorado, s Nebraska, nc Missouri, c Arkansas and w Louisiana.  s to n Nuevo León and s Texas, with isolated breeding in c Iowa, ne Mississippi, nc Tennessee, nw Alabama and S. Carolina.
Tyrannus savana   FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER.  Open situations, primarily savanna, scrub, farmlands.  Locally in lowlands to 2600 m from Veracruz, Tabasco and Yucatán Pen. s, mostly on Caribbean slope, to Costa Rica and c Panama; Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, c,ne, extreme s Brazil, e Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina s to Patagonia; Falkland Is.

Tyrannus tyrannus   EASTERN KINGBIRD.  Forest edge, clearings, open woodland, farmlands, towns.  From sw,nc British Columbia, s Mackenzie, n Saskatchewan and c Manitoba e across s Canada to New Brunswick, Prince Edward I. and Nova Scotia s to w Washington, c,e Oregon, ne Calif., n Nevada, n Utah, Colorado, nw,c New Mexico, wc,e Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida.
Tyrannus dominicensis   GREY KINGBIRD.  Open country, esp. insular and coastal regions, mangroves, beach edges.  Coastal se U.S. from S. Carolina s to s Florida and w to s Alabama and s Mississippi; W. Indies, incl. is. from Netherlands Antilles e to Trinidad and Tobago; locally in lowlands to 2600 m of n,c Colombia and n Venezuela.
Tyrannus caudifasciatus   LOGGERHEAD KINGBIRD.  Open woodland.  W. Indies in n Bahama Is. on Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Greater Antilles e to Puerto Rico, incl. Vieques I., and Cayman Is.

Tyrannus cubensis   GIANT KINGBIRD.  Woodland, esp. pine, swamp borders.  Cuba, incl. I. of Pines, formerly s Bahama Is. on Great Inagua and Caicos.
Empidonomus varius   VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, second growth, forest edge.  Lowlands to 1900 m, e of Andes, from wc Venezuela and Guianas s through Amazonian,c,e Brazil, n,e,se Bolivia and Paraguay to n Argentina and Uruguay.
Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus   CROWNED SLATY FLYCATCHER.  Open brushy areas, forest edge, cerrado.  Lowlands from Bolivia, Paraguay and c,e Brazil s to n Argentina and Uruguay.
Tyrannopsis sulphurea   SULPHURY FLYCATCHER.  Open forest, areas near Mauritia palms.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia, s,e Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and Amazonian, nc Brazil.

Megarynchus pitangua   BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, forest edge, clearings, usually near water.  Lowlands to 1900 m from s Sinaloa, s San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s along both slopes, incl. Yucatán Pen., to Panama, incl. I. Cébaco, and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay to ne Argentina.
Conopias albovittata   WHITE-RINGED FLYCATCHER.  Forest, edge, second growth, open woodland.  Lowlands to 900 m of e Honduras, Costa Rica, c,e Panama, w Colombia and nw Ecuador.  When considered conspecific with C. parva, this species is often called C. parva, but C. albovittata has priority.
Conopias parva   YELLOW-THROATED FLYCATCHER.  Forest, edge, second growth, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1300 m, e of Andes, of se Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas and n Brazil.  Often considered conspecific with C. albovittata, but parva differs in vocalizations.

Conopias trivirgata   THREE-STRIPED FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, often in colonies of icterids.  Locally in lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, in s Venezuela, ne Peru, c Bolivia, Amazonian se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Conopias cinchoneti   LEMON-BROWED FLYCATCHER.  Forest.  Locally in foothills and mts., 400-2200 m, of Colombia, nw Venezuela, e Ecuador and Peru.
Myiodynastes hemichrysus   GOLDEN-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.  Forest edge, usually near water.  Mts. of Costa Rica and w Panama.  Sometimes treated as a subspecies of M. chrysocephalus.
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus   GOLDEN-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.  Forest edge, often near water.  Foothills and mts., 400-2400 m, from extreme e Panama and w,n Venezuela s through Andes of e Ecuador and e Peru to c,se Bolivia.

Myiodynastes bairdii   BAIRD'S FLYCATCHER.  Arid scrub and woodland, deciduous woodland.  Coastal lowlands of w Ecuador and nw Peru.
Myiodynastes maculatus   STREAKED FLYCATCHER.  Riverine forest, forest edge, mangroves.  Lowlands to 2000 m from Mexico in s San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s on Gulf-Caribbean slope through se Mexico, incl. Yucatán Pen., n Guatemala and Belize to n Honduras; sw Costa Rica, Panama, incl. Coiba, Cébaco and Pearl is., and from Colombia, Venezuela, incl. Margarita I., Trinidad, Tobago and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, to ne Peru, Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil e at least to nw Maranhão; s,c Peru, Bolivia, c,s,e Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.

 The migratory subspecies solitarius sometimes is treated as a separate species, but does not appear to differ vocally.

Myiodynastes luteiventris   SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, riparian woodland edge, scrub.  Lowlands from se Arizona, e Sonora, w Chihuahua, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas s along both slopes of Mexico, incl. Yucatán Pen., to c Costa Rica.
Myiozetetes cayanensis   RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER.  Forest, edge, scrub, open woodland, often near water.  Lowlands to 2100 m from Panama, Colombia, w,n Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to sw Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and Amazonian,c,se Brazil to extreme se Peru and n,e Bolivia.
Myiozetetes similis   SOCIAL FLYCATCHER.  Open woodland, scrubby growth, forest edge, around human habitation, along streams.  Lowlands from Mexico in s Sonora, Sinaloa, w Durango, Zacatecas, se San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s along both slopes, incl. Yucatán Pen. and Cancun, to Costa Rica; lowlands to 1500 m of sw Costa Rica, w,c Panama; w Ecuador, nw Peru; from n,c,e Colombia and Venezuela s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador,e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to ne Argentina and Paraguay.  The texensis subspecies group is vocally distinct and sometimes is treated as a species.

Myiozetetes granadensis   GREY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.  Shrubby areas, open woodland and mangroves, frequently near water.  Lowlands to 1000 m on Caribbean slope of e Honduras and Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from w,cn,se Colombia and s Venezuela s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru and w Amazonian Brazil to n Bolivia.
Myiozetetes luteiventris   DUSKY-CHESTED FLYCATCHER.  Forest edge, treefalls, often near water.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from Colombia, s Venezuela and sw Surinam s through n,Amazonian Brazil to e Peru and n Bolivia.
Legatus leucophaius   PIRATIC FLYCATCHER.  Forest edge, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1700 m from Mexico in s San Luis Potosí, Puebla, Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and s Quintana Roo s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and most of Brazil to c Peru, n,e Bolivia, Paraguay and n Argentina.

Philohydor lictor   LESSER KISKADEE.  Edges of lakes, streams and marshes, mangroves.  Lowlands to 500 m from Panama, n,e Colombia and Venezuela s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru and most of Brazil to n,e Bolivia.
Pitangus sulphuratus   GREAT KISKADEE.  Open woodland, savanna, towns, usually near water.  Lowlands to 1600 m from s Texas and Mexico in s Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, Nuevo León s along both slopes, incl. Yucatán Pen. and Cancun, to Panama and from n,c,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s over most of S. America, e of Andes, to n Argentina.  Intro. Bermuda, c Argentina.
Phelpsia inornata   WHITE-BEARDED FLYCATCHER.  Savanna, shrubby areas, swamps, farmlands, often near water. Lowlands to 500 m of wc, n Venezuela.
 

Subfamily TITYRINAE
Tribe SCHIFFORNITHINI

 Schiffornis major   GREATER SCHIFFORNIS.  Riverine forest. Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, of s Venezuela, ne Ecuador, e Peru, e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.
Schiffornis turdinus   THRUSH-LIKE SCHIFFORNIS.  Forest undergrowth, woodland.  Lowlands to 1500 m from Mexico in s Veracruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche and Quintana Roo s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua and on both slopes of Costa Rica.  and w Panama; lowlands to 1800 m from c,e Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and n,c,e Brazil.  Geographic variation in songs and plumage suggest that more than one species may be involved.
Schiffornis virescens   GREENISH SCHIFFORNIS.  Forest, scrub.  Lowlands of Brazil, se Paraguay and ne Argentina.
 

Tribe TITYRINI

Xenopsaris albinucha   WHITE-NAPED XENOPSARIS.  Open forest, thickets, riverbanks, reedbeds.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, of Venezuela, e Brazil, n,e Bolivia, w Paraguay and n Argentina.
Pachyramphus viridis   GREEN-BACKED BECARD.  Forest, edge.  Up to ca. 1000 m, of w Guyana, e Venezuela, lower Amazonian and e,c,se Brazil, e,se Bolivia, Paraguay, n,e Uruguay and n Argentina.
Pachyramphus  xanthogenys  YELLOW-CHEEKED BECARD.  Montane forest borders and clearings with scattered tall trees.  800-1700 m in the foothills of the Andes in e Ecuador and e Peru.  Has been considered conspecific with P. viridis, but their ranges are widely allopatric and their habitats and plumages differ.  See Ridgely and Tudor (Birds of S. Amer., 2:675-676).

Pachyramphus versicolor   BARRED BECARD.  Forest, edge, scrubby ravines.  Mts., 1300-3000 m of Costa Rica and w Panama; locally in mts., 1600-2900 m, from Colombia and nw Venezuela s through Andes of nw Ecuador and nw,e Peru to c Bolivia.
Pachyramphus cinnamomeus   CINNAMON BECARD.  Forest, edge, woodland.  Lowlands to 1300 m from Mexico in n Oaxaca, Tabasco and n Chiapas s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and in Colombia, nw Venezuela and nw Ecuador.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. castaneus; they are closely related, but allopatric.
Pachyramphus castaneus   CHESTNUT-CROWNED BECARD.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1700 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia and n Venezuela s through e Ecuador, e Peru and Amazonian,e Brazil to n Bolivia, Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Pachyramphus polychopterus   WHITE-WINGED BECARD.  Riverine woodland, forest edge, mangroves.  Lowlands and mts. to 2700 m on Caribbean slope of e Guatemala, Belize and Honduras, both slopes of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama and from Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Trinidad and Tobago s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia and most of Brazil to Paraguay, Uruguay and n Argentina.
Pachyramphus major   GREY-COLLARED BECARD.  Woodland.  Lowlands to 2400 m from Mexico in e Sonora, se Sinaloa, w Durango, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León s on both slopes of c,s Mexico, incl. Yucatán Pen.; highlands from Chiapas s to nc Nicaragua.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. albogriseus.  Also see P. marginatus.  These three are closely related and possibly conspecific.
Pachyramphus albogriseus   BLACK-AND-WHITE BECARD.  Forest, edge, second-growth woodland.  Lowlands to 2700 m, mostly above 900 m, of Costa Rica and w Panama; from e Colombia and n Venezuela s through Andes of w,e Ecuador to nw, e Peru.  May be conspecific with major.

Pachyramphus marginatus   BLACK-CAPPED BECARD.  Forest, edge.  Lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia, nc,se Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and Amazonian, e Brazil.  Closely related to albogriseus, which may be conspecific with major.
Pachyramphus surinamus   GLOSSY-BACKED BECARD.  Forest.  Lowlands of Surinam, French Guiana and ne Brazil.
Pachyramphus rufus   CINEREOUS BECARD.  Savanna, open woodland, forest, mangroves.  Locally in lowlands to 1500 m of c Panama; from n,c,ne,se Colombia, n,e Venezuela and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and ne Peru to Amazonian Brazil, incl. Marajó and Mexiana is.
Pachyramphus spodiurus   SLATY BECARD.  Open woodland, forest.  Pacific lowlands from nw Ecuador s to nw Peru.

Pachyramphus aglaiae   ROSE-THROATED BECARD.  Open woodland, forest edge, riparian woodland.  Lowlands to 1800 m from se Arizona, ne Sonora, w Chihuahua, ne Coahuila, Nuevo León and s Texas s along both slopes, incl. Tres Marías Is., Yucatán Pen. and Cozumel I., to nw,ne Costa Rica.  Related to P. homochrous and P. minor, less closely to P. validus and P. niger.
Pachyramphus homochrous   ONE-COLORED BECARD.  Open woodland, forest edge.  Lowlands to 1000 m from c Panama, w,n Colombia and nw Venezuela s in Pacific lowlands to w Ecuador and nw Peru.  Possibly a race of P. aglaiae.
Pachyramphus minor   PINK-THROATED BECARD.  Forest edge, scrub.  Lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Pachyramphus niger   JAMAICAN BECARD.  Forest, wooded hills.  Jamaica.
Pachyramphus validus   CRESTED BECARD.  Open woodland, savanna.  Lowlands, e of Andes, of c,se Peru, c,se Bolivia, Paraguay, s,e Brazil and n Argentina.
Tityra cayana   BLACK-TAILED TITYRA.  Forest, deciduous woodland, savanna.  Lowlands to 1100 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s through e Ecuador, e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Tityra semifasciata   MASKED TITYRA.  Forest, mostly riverine, edge, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1800 m from Mexico in s Sonora, Sinaloa, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas s along both slopes, incl. Yucatán Pen., to Panama, incl. Cébaco and Coiba is., and from Colombia, w,n Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and c,e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Tityra inquisitor   BLACK-CROWNED TITYRA.  Humid forest, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1200 m from Mexico in e San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, e Puebla, n Oaxaca, Chiapas and Yucatán Pen. s on Gulf-Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to w Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, c,e Peru, n,e Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay and ne Argentina. 
Includes T. leucura, which is known only from the type from the upper Rio Madeira of w Brazil; probably only an aberrant individual, not a separate species.

Subfamily COTINGINAE

Phoenicircus nigricollis   BLACK-NECKED RED-COTINGA.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes in se Colombia, sw Venezuela, e Ecuador, ne Peru and Amazonian Brazil.
Phoenicircus carnifex   GUIANAN RED-COTINGA.  Humid Forest.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes in se Venezuela, Guianas and n, Amazonian Brazil.  The relationships and sympatry of P. carnifex and P. nigricollis along Rio Tapajós in Amazonian Brazil are uncertain; despite marginal sympatry they are treated here as allospecies.
Laniisoma elegans   SHRIKE-LIKE COTINGA.  Humid forest.  Locally in foothills, 300-1800 m, along a narrow belt of the Andes, mostly e slope of ne Colombia, nw Venezuela, e Ecuador, e Peru and cw Bolivia; se Brazil.  The Andean buckleyi group may be a separate species.

Phibalura flavirostris   SWALLOW-TAILED COTINGA.  Forest.  Locally in cw Bolivia; se Brazil, ne Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Tijuca atra   BLACK-AND-GOLD COTINGA.  Forest.  Coastal mts. of se Brazil.
Tijuca condita   GREY-WINGED COTINGA.  Forest.  Mts. of se Brazil.
Carpornis cucullatus   HOODED BERRYEATER.  Woodland, forest.  Se Brazil.
Carpornis melanocephalus   BLACK-HEADED BERRYEATER.  Forest.  Coastal se Brazil.
Doliornis sclateri   BAY-VENTED COTINGA.  Open forest and timberline elfin woods.  Andes, 2700-3500 m, of c Peru and Colombia (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 114(2)).

Doliornis remseni  CHESTNUT-BELLIED COTINGA.  New species:  Robbins et al. 1994. Auk 111:1-7.  Woods, esp. Escallonia myrtilloides.  Presently known from three localities along the E. Cordillera of the Andes, 3100-3650 m, from ne Ecuador to extreme n Peru.
Ampelion rubrocristata   RED-CRESTED COTINGA.  Forest edge, woodland.  Mts., 2200-3700 m, from Colombia, w Venezuela s through Andes of Ecuador and Peru to wc Bolivia.
Ampelion rufaxilla   CHESTNUT-CRESTED COTINGA.  Forest.  Locally in Andes, 1350-2700 m, of e,c Colombia, e Peru and cw Bolivia.

Phytotoma raimondii   PERUVIAN PLANTCUTTER.  Arid woodland, scrub.  Arid coastal region of nw Peru.
Phytotoma rutila   WHITE-TIPPED PLANTCUTTER.  Woodland edge, scrub.  Bolivia, w Paraguay, sw Uruguay and nc Argentina e to Buenos Aires.  Closely related to P. raimondii.
Phytotoma rara   RUFOUS-TAILED PLANTCUTTER.  Woodland, farmlands.  Lowlands to 2100 m of c,s Chile and cs Argentina.
Zaratornis stresemanni   WHITE-CHEEKED COTINGA.  Associated with mistletoe in Polylepis woodland surrounded by shrubbery and grassland.  Mts., 2700-4250 m, of wc Peru.

Pipreola riefferii   GREEN-AND-BLACK FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Mts., 1200-2750 m, from Colombia and w,n Venezuela s through Andes of w,e Ecuador to e Peru; e slope of Andes, 2100-2300 m, of c Peru.  P. r. tallmanorum may be specifically distinct (O'Neill and Parker 1981. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 101:294-299).
Pipreola intermedia   BAND-TAILED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Andes, 2300-3050 m of n,c Peru and w,c Bolivia, generally occurring at higher elevations than P. riefferii.  Related to P. riefferii, with which it is marginally sympatric.
Pipreola arcuata   BARRED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Mts., 900-3450 m, from Colombia and w Venezuela s through Andes of w,e Ecuador and e Peru to wc Bolivia.

Pipreola aureopectus   GOLDEN-BREASTED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Foothills and mts., 300-2600 m, of Colombia and nw,nc Venezuela.  This and the following three species are often treated as conspecific, but differences and lack of intergradation suggest allospecies status.
Pipreola jucunda   ORANGE-BREASTED FRUITEATER.  Forest. Andes, 1600-2300 m of se Colombia and nw Ecuador.
Pipreola lubomirskii   BLACK-CHESTED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Andes, 1600-2300 m, of se Colombia, e Ecuador and ne Peru.
Pipreola pulchra   MASKED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Andes, 1800-2100 m, of e Peru.

Pipreola chlorolepidota   FIERY-THROATED FRUITEATER.  Forest. Andes, 1200-2600 m of se Colombia, e Ecuador and e Peru.
Pipreola frontalis   SCARLET-BREASTED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Andes, 1200-2600 m of se Ecuador and ne Peru; e Peru and c Bolivia.  Closely related to P. chlorolepidota but altitudinally separated.
Pipreola formosa   HANDSOME FRUITEATER.  Humid forest.  Mts., 800-2200 m of n Venezuela.
Pipreola whitelyi   RED-BANDED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Pantepui, 1200-2600 m of se Venezuela and w Guyana.

Ampelioides tschudii   SCALED FRUITEATER.  Forest.  Mts., 650-2700 m, from Colombia and w Venezuela s through Andes of w,e Ecuador and e Peru to cw Bolivia.
Iodopleura pipra   BUFF-THROATED PURPLETUFT.  Forest edge, scrub.  Known from two specimens reportedly from "Guyana", and se Brazil in Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, se São Paulo, probably Minas Gerais.
Iodopleura isabellae   WHITE-BROWED PURPLETUFT.  Forest, edge.  Lowlands to 500 m of Andes from se Colombia and extreme s Venezuela s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and Amazonaian Brazil.  May be conspecific with I. fusca.

Iodopleura fusca   DUSKY PURPLETUFT.  Forest, edge.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m of se Venezuela and Guianas.  Possibly a race of I. isabellae.
Calyptura cristata   KINGLET CALYPTURA.  Forest.  Se Brazil in Espírito Santo and mts. in Rio de Janeiro.  Possibly extinct, not observed since the late 1800's.
Lipaugus subalaris   GREY-TAILED PIHA.  Forest.  Andes, 1200-1500 m, of se Colombia, e Ecuador and n,c Peru.
Lipaugus cryptolophus   OLIVACEOUS PIHA.  Forest.  Andes, 900-2600 m of Colombia, nw,e Ecuador and e Peru.
Lipaugus fuscocinereus   DUSKY PIHA.  Forest.  Locally in Andes, 1350-3500 m, in Colombia, Ecuador and nw Peru.

Lipaugus uropygialis   SCIMITAR-WINGED PIHA.  Forest.  Andes, 1350-2600 m, of extreme se Peru and wc Bolivia.  This species has been placed in Lipaugus as a probable allospecies of L. fuscocinereus (Remsen, et al. 1982. Le Gerfaut 77:72-82).
Lipaugus vociferans   SCREAMING PIHA.  Forest, savanna, often near water.  Lowlands to 1500 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, e,s Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and Amazonian, e Brazil.
Lipaugus unirufus   RUFOUS PIHA.  Humid forest, edge, second-growth woodland.  Lowlands to 1000 m from Mexico in s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas s on Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, w,n Colombia and w Ecuador.

Lipaugus lanioides   CINNAMON-VENTED PIHA.  Forest.  Mts. of se Brazil.
Lipaugus streptophorus   ROSE-COLLARED PIHA.  Forest.  Pantepui, 1000-2600 m, of se Venezuela, w Guyana and adj. n Brazil.
Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema   PURPLE-THROATED COTINGA.  Riverine forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, of se Colombia, e Ecuador, ne,se Peru and w, Amazonian Brazil.
Cotinga amabilis   LOVELY COTINGA.  Humid forest, edge, second-growth woodland.  Lowlands from Mexico in s Veracruz, n Oaxaca and n Chiapas s on Caribbean slope to Costa Rica.  This and the following five species replace each other geographically and are sometimes treated as a single species.  There is no objective way to resolve their status, but they are more closely related to each other than to C. cayana; the degrees of morphological difference among males suggest that isolating mechanisms might be involved in potential zones of contact; treatment as allospecies seems appropriate.

Cotinga ridgwayi   TURQUOISE COTINGA.  Humid forest, second growth, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1850 m of sw Costa Rica and extreme w Panama.
Cotinga nattererii   BLUE COTINGA.  Humid forest, edge, second growth woodland.  Lowlands to 1000 m of c,e Panama, w,n Colombia, sw Venezuela and nw Ecuador.
Cotinga maynana   PLUM-THROATED COTINGA.  Riverine forest.  Lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, of se Colombia, e Ecuador, e Peru, n Bolivia and w Amazonian Brazil.
Cotinga cotinga   PURPLE-BREASTED COTINGA.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 750 m, e of Andes, of s Venezuela, Guianas and Amazonian, c Brazil.
Cotinga maculata   BANDED COTINGA.  Humid forest.  Lowlands of se Brazil.

Cotinga cayana   SPANGLED COTINGA.  Forest, savanna, open woodland.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia,sw,e,s Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.
Xipholena punicea   POMPADOUR COTINGA.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1300 m, e of Andes, of e Colombia, sw,e,s Venezuela, Guianas, e Ecuador, and n, Amazonian Brazil.  The three species of Xipholena are closely related but do not interbreed where in contact.
Xipholena lamellipennis   WHITE-TAILED COTINGA.  Forest, palms.  Lowlands of e Brazil.
Xipholena atropurpurea   WHITE-WINGED COTINGA.  Forest.  Lowlands of coastal e Brazil.  Nearing extinction due to habitat destruction.

Carpodectes nitidus   SNOWY COTINGA.  Humid forest, edge, second growth, scrub.  Caribbean lowlands to 1000 m from n Honduras s to extreme w Panama.  Sometimes considered conspecific with C. antoniae and C. hopkei.
Carpodectes antoniae   YELLOW-BILLED COTINGA.  Mangroves, riverine forest.  Pacific lowlands to 750 m of sw Costa Rica and extreme w Panama.
Carpodectes hopkei   BLACK-TIPPED COTINGA.  Humid forest, edge, scrub.  Lowlands to 1500 m of e Panama, w Colombia and nw Ecuador.
Conioptilon mcilhennyi   BLACK-FACED COTINGA.  Humid forest.  Lowlands of se Peru.

Gymnoderus foetidus   BARE-NECKED FRUITCROW.  Riverine forest, edge, second growth.  Lowlands, e of Andes, from e Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and n, Amazonian Brazil.
Haematoderus militaris   CRIMSON FRUITCROW.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands of Guianas and e Amazonian Brazil.
Querula purpurata   PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW.  Forest, edge, second-growth woodland. Lowlands to 1200 m on Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and Panama, incl. Pacific lowlands from Canal Zone e, and from w,c,se Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and n, Amazonian Brazil.
Pyroderus scutatus   RED-RUFFED FRUITCROW.  Humid forest, savanna.  Mts., 1200-2900 m, of Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana s through w Ecuador to e,c Peru; lowlands of se Brazil, se Paraguay and ne Argentina.  P. s. occidentalis may be a separate species.

Cephalopterus glabricollis   BARE-NECKED UMBRELLABIRD.  Humid forest.  Highlands, 800-2000 m, of Costa Rica and w Panama, descending to lowlands in nonbreeding season.
Cephalopterus penduliger   LONG-WATTLED UMBRELLABIRD.  Humid forest.  Andes, 700-1800 m, of sw Colombia and w Ecuador.
Cephalopterus ornatus   AMAZONIAN UMBRELLABIRD.  Humid forest.  Foothills to 1200 m, e of Andes, from e Colombia, s Venezuela and Guyana s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n,e Bolivia and n, Amazonian Brazil.  The three umbrellabirds may be conspecific, but they are allopatric and here treated as allospecies.
Perissocephalus tricolor   CAPUCHINBIRD.  Forest.  Lowlands to 1400 m of s Venezuela, Guianas and n Amazonian Brazil.

Procnias tricarunculata   THREE-WATTLED BELLBIRD.  Humid forest.  Highlands, 1000-3000 m of e Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and w Panama, in nonbreeding season descending to lowlands and ranging e to Canal Zone.
Procnias alba   WHITE BELLBIRD.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 1100 m, e of Andes, of se Venezuela, Guianas and, perhaps as a vagrant, nw,c Brazil.
Procnias averano   BEARDED BELLBIRD.  Humid forest, edge, second growth.  Locally in lowlands to 1600 m, e of Andes, in extreme ne Colombia, n,se Venezuela, Trinidad, sw Guyana and nw,e Brazil.
Procnias nudicollis   BARE-THROATED BELLBIRD.  Forest.  Se Brazil, se Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Rupicola rupicola   GUIANAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK.  Forest, second growth, usually near rock outcroppings.  Lowlands to 2000 m, e of Andes, of Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas and n Amazonian Brazil.
Rupicola peruviana   ANDEAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK.  Humid forest, generally in steep ravines near streams.  Andes, 500-2400 m, from Colombia and nw Venezuela s through nw,e Ecuador and Peru to wc Bolivia.  R. p. sanguinolenta may be a separate species.
Oxyruncus cristatus   SHARPBILL.  Humid forest, edge.  Locally in highlands, 700-1500 m, of nw,c Costa Rica, w,e Panama; Pantepui of s Venezuela and Guyana; e Peru, wc Bolivia, Amazonian, se Brazil, s Paraguay.  Descends to lowlands in nonbreeding season.  Often treated in a monotypic family or as a tyrannine, but DNA-DNA hybridization data show it to be a cotingine.
 

Subfamily PIPRINAE

Pipra aureola   CRIMSON-HOODED MANAKIN.  Forest, swampy woodland.  Lowlands to 1200 m, e of Andes, of e Venezuela, Guianas and ne, Amazonian Brazil.
Pipra fasciicauda   BAND-TAILED MANAKIN.  Forest, especially riverine.  Lowlands, e of Andes, of e Peru, n,e Bolivia, s Amazonian,sc Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Pipra filicauda   WIRE-TAILED MANAKIN.  Forest, especially riverine.  Lowlands to 1000 m, e of Andes, of e Colombia, nc,nw,s Venezuela, e Ecuador, ne Peru and w Amazonian Brazil.  Often placed in the monotypic genus Teleonema but here considered an allospecies of the P. aureola complex despite slight overlap in w Amazonia.
Pipra mentalis   RED-CAPPED MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, second growth.  Lowlands to 1100 m from Mexico in s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas and Yucatán Pen., s on Caribbean slope to e Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and in w Colombia and nw Ecuador.

Pipra erythrocephala   GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, second growth.  Lowlands to 2000 m from e Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s through e Ecuador to ne Peru and Amazonian Brazil.  Sometimes considered conspecific with P. rubrocapilla, but they are sympatric in ne Peru along Río Ucayali and lower Río Huallaga.
Pipra rubrocapilla   RED-HEADED MANAKIN.  Humid forest, edge.  Lowlands, e of Andes, of e Peru, n Bolivia and s Amazonian Brazil.
Pipra chloromeros   ROUND-TAILED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 1400 m, e of Andes, in e Peru and n,e Bolivia.
Pipra cornuta   SCARLET-HORNED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Pantepui, 500-1800 m, of s Venezuela, w Guyana and n Brazil.

Pipra pipra   WHITE-CROWNED MANAKIN.  Undergrowth of forest and savanna.  Mts., 800-1500 m of Costa Rica and w,c Panama; lowlands to 1600 m from Colombia, nw,e,s Venezuela and Guianas s to e Ecuador, e Peru and Amazonian,n,e Brazil.  Geographic variation in vocalizations suggests that more than one species is involved.
 Lepidothrix:  The species of Lepidothrix were formerly included in Pipra.  Prum (1994.  Condor 96:692-702 and earlier papers cited therein) provided evidence supporting the recognition of Lepidothrix for the following eight species.
Lepidothrix coronata   BLUE-CROWNED MANAKIN.  Humid forest, dense second growth woodland.  Lowlands to 1400 m of sw,se Costa Rica, Panama, w,nc Colombia and nw Ecuador; lowlands to 1200 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia and s Venezuela s through e Ecuador to c Peru and extreme w Amazonian Brazil; c Peru, n Bolivia and w Amazonian Brazil.

 Lepidothrix serena  WHITE-FRONTED MANAKIN.  Humid forest, edge.  Lowlands to 1000 m in the Acary Mts. along the s border between Guyana and Surinam to interior of Surinam and French Guiana s in Brazil to near Manaus and s Amapá near the mouth of the Amazon River; probably more widely distributed in w,s Surinam and n Pará, Brazil between Manaus and Amapá.
Lepidothrix suavissima   ORANGE-BELLIED MANAKIN (=TEPUI MANAKIN of Sibley and Monroe 1990; see Ridgely and Tudor, Birds of S. Amer., 2:721).  Humid forest, edge.  Lowlands and slopes of Pantepui, 500-1800 m, of s Venezuela, w,c,e Guyana and nw Brazil in Roraima adjacent to the s tip of Venezuela.  L. suavissima has been recognized as a species distinct from L. serena; they differ in vocalizations, plumage, ecology and syringeal structure (Prum, R. 1994. Condor 96:692-702).

Lepidothrix iris   OPAL-CROWNED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands of se Amazonian Brazil; does not overlap with L. vilasboasi or L. nattereri.
Lepidothrix vilasboasi   GOLDEN-CROWNED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Known only from the Rio Cururú, a tributary of the upper Rio Tapajós in sw Pará, c Amazonian Brazil.  Threatened by deforestation.  Pipra obscura is now believed to be based on a female or immature male of vilasboasi.
Lepidothrix nattereri   SNOW-CAPPED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands in extreme ne Bolivia and s Amazonian Brazil; does not overlap with L. coronata, L. vilasboasi or L. iris.

Lepidothrix isidorei   BLUE-RUMPED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Andean foothills, 500-100 m, e of Andes, of e Colombia, e Ecuador and e Peru.  Most closely related to coeruleocapilla.  Sympatric with coronata, suavissima, serena, iris, vilasboasi and nattereri where ranges overlap.
Lepidothrix coeruleocapilla   CERULEAN-CAPPED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Andes, 1200-1500 m of c,e Peru.
Antilophia galeata   HELMETED MANAKIN.  Swampy forest, second growth.  Tableland of c,s Brazil and ne Paraguay.
Chiroxiphia linearis   LONG-TAILED MANAKIN.  Forest edge, undergrowth, second growth, woodland.  Pacific lowlands to 1500 m from s Mexico in Oaxaca s to nw Costa Rica.  This and the following two species are sometimes regarded as conspecific.

Chiroxiphia lanceolata   LANCE-TAILED MANAKIN.  Forest edge, undergrowth, second growth, woodland.  Lowlands to 1700 m of sw Costa Rica, Panama, incl. Coiba and Cébaco is., n Colombia and n Venezuela, incl. Margarita I.
Chiroxiphia pareola   BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN.  Forest edge, undergrowth, second growth, woodland.  Lowlands to 750 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia, e Venezuela, Tobago and Guianas s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and Amazonian,e Brazil.
Chiroxiphia boliviana   YUNGAS MANAKIN.  Forest edge, undergrowth, second growth.  Andean foothills of se Peru and c,se Bolivia.  Differs from C. pareola in morphology, vocalizations and display (Parker and Remsen 1987. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 167:94-107).

Chiroxiphia caudata   SWALLOW-TAILED MANAKIN or BLUE MANAKIN.  Forest.  Lowlands of se Brazil, s Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Masius chrysopterus   GOLDEN-WINGED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Andes, 600-2300 m of Colombia, nw Venezuela, Ecuador and n Peru.
Ilicura militaris   PIN-TAILED MANAKIN.  Forest, scrub.  Lowlands of se Brazil.
Corapipo gutturalis   WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN.  Forest.  Lower slopes of Pantepui, 250-1100 m, of s Venezuela, Guianas and n Brazil.
Corapipo altera   WHITE-RUFFED MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, second-growth woodland.  Lowlands to 2400 m from se Honduras to Panama and nw Colombia.  Often considered conspecific with C. leucorrhoa but differs in morphology and vocalizations.

Corapipo leucorrhoa   WHITE-BIBBED MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, second-growth woodland.  Locally in lowlands to 1500 m of sw,c,ne Colombia and nw Venezuela.  C. l. altera may be a separate species.
Manacus candei   WHITE-COLLARED MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, dense second growth, thickets.  Lowlands to 1000 m from Mexico in s Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, s Campeche and s Quintana Roo s on Caribbean slope to e Costa Rica.  The relationships of the members of this genus are unclear.  They replace each other geographically and hybridize at points of contact, viz., M. manacus x M. vitellinus in n Colombia and M. vitellinus x M. candei in nw Panama.  All could be considered conspecific, but because hybridization and backcrossing are limited in zones of contact, treatment as four allospecies seems appropriate.

Manacus aurantiacus   ORANGE-COLLARED MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, dense second-growth woodland.  Lowlands to 1100 m of Pacific slope of sw Costa Rica and w Panama; lowlands to 1200 m of w,nc Colombia and nw Ecuador.
Manacus vitellinus   GOLDEN-COLLARED MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, dense second-growth woodland.  Lowlands of Panama, incl. Bastimentos and Escudo de Veraguas is., and nw,nc Colombia.  Includes M. v. cerritus, a variable population of nw Panama that sometimes is treated as a separate species or as a hybrid/intergrade between M. candei and M. aurantiacus.
Manacus manacus   WHITE-BEARDED MANAKIN.  Forest undergrowth, edge, open woodland.  Lowlands to 1900 m, w of Andes, of w Ecuador and nw Peru; from n,e Colombia, Venezuela (locally) and Trinidad s through e Ecuador, ne Peru, n Bolivia and Amazonian, se Brazil to e Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Machaeropterus pyrocephalus   FIERY-CAPPED MANAKIN.  Humid forest, dense second growth.  Locally in lowlands to 500 m of s Venezuela, e Peru, n Bolivia and ne,c Brazil.
Machaeropterus regulus   STRIPED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 1500 m of Colombia, nw,s Venezuela, e Ecuador, ne Peru, and w Amazonian, e Brazil.  M. r. striolatus may be a separate species.
Machaeropterus deliciosus   CLUB-WINGED MANAKIN.  Humid mossy forest, second-growth woodland.  Andean slopes, 400-1900 m, from cw Colombia s to nw Ecuador.
Xenopipo atronitens   BLACK MANAKIN.  Thickets in savanna, woodland.  Lowlands to 1200 m, e of Andes, of se Colombia, s Venezuela, extreme se Peru, ne Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Chloropipo unicolor   JET MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Mts., 1200-2600 m, of e Ecuador and n,c Peru.
Chloropipo uniformis   OLIVE MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Pantepui, 800-2100 m, of s Venezuela, w Guiana and adj. n Brazil.
Chloropipo holochlora   GREEN MANAKIN.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Lowlands to 1300 m of e Panama, w Colombia, e Ecuador and e Peru.  The isolated race litae may be a separate species.
Chloropipo flavicapilla   YELLOW-HEADED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Mts., 1200-2400 m, of Colombia.
Neopipo cinnamomea   CINNAMON TYRANT-MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia, s Venezuela and Guianas s through e Ecuador to e Peru and Amazonian, ne Brazil.

Heterocercus flavivertex   YELLOW-CRESTED MANAKIN.  Humid forest, second growth.  Lowlands to 300 m, e of Andes, in e Colombia, s Venezuela and n Amazonian Brazil.  H. linteatus and H. aurantiivertex are sometimes considered conspecific with H. flavivertex.
Heterocercus aurantiivertex   ORANGE-CRESTED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands of e Ecuador and ne Peru.
Heterocercus linteatus   FLAME-CRESTED MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands of ne Peru, w,c Amazonian Brazil and extreme ne Bolivia.
Neopelma chrysocephalum   SAFFRON-CRESTED TYRANT-MANAKIN.  Forest, open savanna.  Lowlands to 750 m of se Colombia, s Venezuela, Guianas and nw Brazil.  Sometimes treated as a race of N. aurifrons.

Neopelma sulphureiventer   SULPHUR-BELLIED TYRANT-MANAKIN.  Forest undergrowth, mostly bamboo.  Lowlands, e of Andes, in e Peru, n,e Bolivia and w Brazil.
Neopelma pallescens   PALE-BELLIED TYRANT-MANAKIN.  Savanna, dense low woodland.  Lowlands of e,c Brazil and ne Bolivia.
Neopelma aurifrons   WIED'S TYRANT-MANAKIN.  Forest.  Lowlands of e Brazil.
Tyranneutes stolzmanni   DWARF TYRANT-MANAKIN.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, from se Colombia and s Venezuela s through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil.

Tyranneutes virescens   TINY TYRANT-MANAKIN.  Forest.  Lowlands to 500 m of se Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam and Brazil.
Piprites pileatus   BLACK-CAPPED PIPRITES.  Forest, edge, woodland.  Lowlands of coastal se Brazil and ne Argentina.  Biochemical data suggest that Piprites is not piprine.
Piprites griseiceps   GREY-HEADED PIPRITES.  Humid forest, dense second-growth woodland.  Caribbean lowlands to 900 m of e Guatemala, e Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Piprites chloris   WING-BARRED PIPRITES.  Humid forest.  Lowlands to 2400 m of n,c,se Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Ecuador and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e,c Peru and Brazil to n,e Bolivia, Paraguay and ne Argentina.

Family THAMNOPHILIDAE
Cymbilaimus lineatus   FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE.  Humid forest undergrowth, second growth, thickets.  Lowlands to 1300 m on Caribbean slope of se Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, both slopes of Panama and from Colombia, w,s Venezuela and Guianas s, e of Andes, through e Ecuador and e Peru to n Bolivia and Amazonian,n Brazil.
Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae   BAMBOO ANTSHRIKE.  Bamboo thickets.  Lowlands to 1200 m of se Peru, w Amazonian Brazil and n Bolivia.  Usually considered a race of C. lineatus, but they are sympatric and distinct.
Hypoedaleus guttatus   SPOT-BACKED ANTSHRIKE.  Forest, bamboo.  E,se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Batara cinerea   GIANT ANTSHRIKE.  Forest undergrowth, bamboo.  E,se Bolivia, nw,ne Argentina, Paraguay and se Brazil.

Mackenziaena severa   TUFTED ANTSHRIKE.  Forest undergrowth.  Se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Mackenziaena leachii   LARGE-TAILED ANTSHRIKE.  Forest undergrowth, bamboo.  Se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Frederickena viridis   BLACK-THROATED ANTSHRIKE.  Humid forest, savanna.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, in s Venezuela, Guianas and n Brazil, n of Amazon River.
Frederickena unduligera   UNDULATED ANTSHRIKE.  Humid forest undergrowth.  Lowlands to 500 m, e of Andes, of se Colombia, e Ecuador, e Peru, n Bolivia and w Amazonian Brazil.
Taraba major   GREAT ANTSHRIKE.  Humid forest undergrowth, swampy forest, edge, humid thickets, bamboo, dense grassy areas, dry forest.  Lowlands to 2200 m from Mexico in Veracruz, n Oaxaca, Tabasco and Chiapas s along Caribbean slope to Nicaragua, both slopes of Costa Rica and Panama and from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Guianas s, w of Andes, to nw Peru and, e of Andes, through e Ecuador, e Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil to Uruguay and n Argentina.

Sakesphorus canadensis   BLACK-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE. Open forest, savanna, mangroves, brush, farmlands, arid cactus.  Lowlands to 500 m of n,e Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, ne Peru and nw Amazonian Brazil.
Sakesphorus cristatus   SILVERY-CHEEKED ANTSHRIKE.  Savanna, caatinga.  E Brazil.
Sakesphorus bernardi   COLLARED ANTSHRIKE.   Arid scrub. Lowlands of w Ecuador and nw,nc Peru.
Sakesphorus melanonotus   BLACK-BACKED ANTSHRIKE.  Thick scrub, semi-arid country.  Lowlands to 500 m of ne Colombia and w, n Venezuela.
Sakesphorus melanothorax   BAND-TAILED ANTSHRIKE.  Forest undergrowth.  Locally in lowlands of sw Surinam, French Guiana and Amazonian Brazil.

Sakesphorus luctuosus   GLOSSY ANTSHRIKE.  Riparian thickets.  Amazonian, c Brazil.
Biatas nigropectus   WHITE-BEARDED ANTSHRIKE.  Forest undergrowth.  Se Brazil and ne Argentina.