Tribe DULINI
Dulus dominicus  PALMCHAT.  Palms and pine woods.  Lowlands to mts. of Hispaniola, West Indies.

Tribe PTILOGONATINI
Ptilogonys cinereus  GREY SILKY-FLYCATCHER.  Open pine-oak forest, juniper scrub.  Mts., 1200-3050 m of Mexico from Sinaloa, s Chihuahua, w Durango, Zacatecas, c Nuevo León and sw Tamaulipas s to Chiapas and w Guatemala.
Ptilogonys caudatus  LONG-TAILED SILKY-FLYCATCHER.  Humid oak forest, edge, open woods.  Mts. of Costa Rica and the Volcán de Chiriquí in w Panama.
Phainopepla nitens  PHAINOPEPLA.  Brushy desert, riparian woods, junipers, chaparral; often associated with mistletoe.  From c California (incl. Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina is.), s Nevada, s Utah, s New Mexico and w Texas, s to Baja California, Sonora, w Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo León and San Luis Potosí, possibly to Puebla and Veracruz.
Phainoptila melanoxantha  BLACK-AND-YELLOW SILKY-FLYCATCHER.  Forest.  Mts. in Costa Rica and w Panama e to Veraguas.

Tribe BOMBYCILLINI
Bombycilla garrulus  BOHEMIAN WAXWING.  Coniferous forest, birch woods.  N Eurasia from n,c Scandinavia e across n,c Russia and c Siberia to Kolyma River and Kamchatka, s to Upper Yenesei River, Lake Baikal and n Amurland.  Nw N. America from w,n Alaska, c Yukon, nw,s Mackenzie, n Saskatchewan and s Manitoba e across s Canada to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, s to sw,sc Alaska w to the base of the Alaskan Peninsula, and through interior British Columbia and n,sw Alberta to c Washington, n Idaho and nw Montana.
Bombycilla japonica  JAPANESE WAXWING.  Coniferous forest.  E Asia in se Siberia and n Manchuria.  Nomadic in winter to coastal areas and islands off e Asia s to se China, Taiwan, Japan, etc.
Bombycilla cedrorum  CEDAR WAXWING.  Forest, edge, woods, orchards, towns.  N. America from se Alaska, nc British Columbia and n Alberta e across c Canada to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, s to n,c (occasionally s) California, n Utah, Colorado, w Oklahoma, Kansas, c Missouri, s Illinois, ec Mississippi, n Alabama, n Georgia and South Carolina.

Family CINCLIDAE
Cinclus cinclus  WHITE-THROATED DIPPER.  Rapid, rocky streams.  Locally in hills and mts. of the Palearctic from the British Isles, Scandinavia, nw,c Russia and sw Siberia, s to nw Africa in the Atlas Mts. of n Morocco and n Algeria, n Mediterranean region, incl. islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Cyprus; Turkey, Near East, w,n Iran, Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Transcaspia, Turkestan, e Kazakhstan, n Afghanistan, n India in the Himalayas from Kashmir e to Bhutan, se Tibet, nw,c,sc China and Mongolia.
Cinclus pallasii  BROWN DIPPER.  Rapid, clear streams.  Lowlands to high mts. of Asia from the Himalayas of Turkestan, Afghanistan, n Pakistan and n India e across se Tibet and c,e China to e Siberia and the Kuril Is., s to w,e,ne Burma, nw Thailand, n,c Laos, n Vietnam, Taiwan and Japan.  Occurs at lower elevations and along larger, slower streams than cinclus where they are sympatric.

Cinclus mexicanus  AMERICAN DIPPER.  Swift mt. streams.  Mostly in mts. from w,ne Alaska, nc Yukon, n British Columbia, sw Alberta, nw Montana and sw South Dakota s to the Aleutian Is. (Unalaska, Unimak), s California, s Nevada, nc,se Arizona and s New Mexico, and through mts. 700-3050 m of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras to nc Nicaragua, Costa Rica and w Panama in Chiriquí and Veraguas.
Cinclus leucocephalus  WHITE-CAPPED DIPPER.  Swift streams.  Mts. 1000-3900 m of w S. America from Colombia and nw Venezuela s to Ecuador, Peru and c Bolivia.
Cinclus schulzi  RUFOUS-THROATED DIPPER.  Swift streams.  Andes, 800-2500 m of se Bolivia (Tarija) and nw Argentina in Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman and Catamarca.

Family MUSCICAPIDAE
Subfamily TURDINAE
Neocossyphus finschii  FINSCH'S FLYCATCHER-THRUSH.  Forest.  Lowlands from Sierra Leone and Liberia e to Ghana and s Nigeria.  Treated as conspecific with fraseri by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 353).  A hybrid individual in e Nigeria had "... calls at a tempo intermediate between those of the two forms."  Has been placed in Stizorhina, as noted below under fraseri.
Neocossyphus fraseri  RUFOUS FLYCATCHER-THRUSH.  Forest.  Lowlands in s Cameroon, Fernando Po I., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, C. African Rep., n,ne Zaire, sw Sudan and Uganda s to c,nc Angola, cs,ce Zaire, nw Zambia and extreme nw Tanzania.

Placed in Stizorhina by the East African List Committee, based on the belief that the similarity to N. rufus is convergence and noting that one species of each genus occur together in many parts of West Africa, one occupying the mid-strata and the other the forest floor.  (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 353) make the same points.

Neocossyphus rufus  RED-TAILED ANT-THRUSH.  Forest undergrowth.  Locally in lowlands in s Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, nc,ne Zaire, s Somalia, w Uganda, se Kenya n to Tana River and ne Tanzania, incl. Zanzibar.
Neocossyphus poensis  WHITE-TAILED ANT-THRUSH.  Forest undergrowth.  Lowlands in se Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, s Cameroon, Fernando Po I., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, s C. African Rep., ne,ce Zaire, w Uganda and w Kenya, s to nw Angola and sc,ce Zaire.
  Pseudocossyphus sharpei  FOREST ROCK-THRUSH.  Humid forest floor.  Lowlands to 1800 m of n,e Madagascar.  Sometimes lumped with imerinus.
Pseudocossyphus bensoni  BENSON'S ROCK-THRUSH.  Rocky areas.  Mts. of sc Madagascar.
Pseudocossyphus imerinus  LITTORAL ROCK-THRUSH.  Coastal bush on sandy soil.  Coastal lowlands of n,e Madagascar.
 Monticola rupestris  CAPE ROCK-THRUSH.  Rocks, bushes, trees.  Lowlands and mts. in se Botswana, s Mozambique and S. Africa in n,e,s Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal, e Orange Free State, ne,c,s Cape Prov.
Monticola explorator  SENTINEL ROCK-THRUSH.  Open rocky hillsides.  S. Africa in sw,s,e Cape Prov., se Transvaal, Lesotho, e Orange Free State, w,n Natal.
Monticola brevipes  SHORT-TOED ROCK-THRUSH.  Rocky hills with trees, habitations.  Sw Angola, Namibia (except sw desert and ne), s,se Botswana and nw S. Africa in n Cape Prov., w Orange Free State and sw Transvaal.  Probably includes pretoriae.  (Are they allopatric?  Do they intergrade?).

Monticola pretoriae  TRANSVAAL ROCK-THRUSH.  Cliffs, rocks.  Mts. in se Botswana and ne S. Africa in w Transvaal.  Treated as a "well-marked" race of brevipes by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 353).  Males lack the pale, whitish crown typical of male brevipes. 
Monticola angolensis  MIOMBO ROCK-THRUSH.  Brachystegia woods.  From Angola, cs,se,ce Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi and c,s Tanzania s through Zambia and Malawi to Zimbabwe, ne Botswana and sc Mozambique.
Monticola saxatilis  RUFOUS-TAILED ROCK-THRUSH.  Open rocky hills often with scattered trees; ruins.  S Europe n to se France, Switzerland and Poland, Mediterranean region (incl. islands except Sicily and Crete) and nw Africa in the mts. of c,n Morocco and cn Algeria; e through the Balkans, Turkey, Near East, n Iraq, Iran and s Russia to Crimea, Caucasus, s Transcaspia, Turkestan, e Kazakhstan and Afghanistan to sw Siberia, Manchuria, nw,n China, Inner Mongolia and Mongolia.  Winters s to c Africa, rarely in s Asia.

Monticola rufocinereus  LITTLE ROCK-THRUSH.  Rocky hills, wooded ravines, towns.  Sw Arabia from the Asir Mts. in sw Saudi Arabia s to sw Yemen; se Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and nw Somalia s through e Uganda and Kenya to ne Tanzania.
Monticola cinclorhynchus  BLUE-CAPPED ROCK-THRUSH.  Open forest, esp. pine, rocky grassy hills.  Himlayas, 1200-2750 m in e Afghanistan, n Pakistan and n,e India from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh and s to Bangladesh, Assam and Nagaland.
Monticola gularis  WHITE-THROATED ROCK-THRUSH.  Conifers and mixed forest, often near swamps.  Hills and mts in se Siberia, ne China and n Korea.

Monticola rufiventris  CHESTNUT-BELLIED ROCK-THRUSH.  Open forest, rocky slopes, cliffs.  Mts., 900-3200 m from the Himalayas of n Pakistan, n,e India and se Tibet to w,ne,e,s China, w,ne,n Burma, n Laos and n Vietnam.
Monticola solitarius  BLUE ROCK-THRUSH.  Open rocky areas, usually arid, cliffs, coasts, open forest.  Intergrades are common in w,se China.

M. s. solitarius.  Lowlands to mts. from s Europe from the Iberian Peninsula e to Greece (incl. most Mediterranean islands except Crete), nw Africa from Morocco and Senegal e through n Algeria and Tunisia to nw Libya, e through Turkey, Near and Middle East, Caucasua, Transcaucasus, Transcaspia e to Turkestan and Kazakhstan, sw Siberia (Altai Mts.), n Pakistan and n India to se Tibet, w,c,se China; lowlands of Malaya and, possibly, Sumatra.
 M. s. philippensis.  Ne China, se Siberia, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu, Bonin and Volcano islands, Taiwan and the Batan Islands in the n Philippines.

Myiophonus blighi  CEYLON WHISTLING-THRUSH.  Damp, dense forest, ravines with rapid streams.  Mts., 900-1800 m of Sri Lanka.
Myiophonus melanurus  SHINY WHISTLING-THRUSH.  Riparian forest, semiaquatic.  Mts., 800-3300 m of Sumatra.
Myiophonus glaucinus  SUNDA WHISTLING-THRUSH.  Small, rocky streams and riparian forest.  Foothills and mts., 400-1850 m, rarely in lowlands.  Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo.  The Sumatran race, castaneus, has distinctive plumage and may be a separate species.  Vocalizations unknown.
Myiophonus robinsoni  MALAYAN WHISTLING-THRUSH.  Forest, usually near streams or deep ravines.  Mts. above 600 m of c Malaya.

Myiophonus horsfieldii  MALABAR WHISTLING-THRUSH.  Swift, rocky streams in dense forest, ravines.  Hills up to 2100 m in w,c India from w Gujarat s in the western hills to Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and e in the central hills of Maharashtra and s Madhya Pradesh to Orissa.
Myiophonus caeruleus  BLUE WHISTLING-THRUSH.  Rivers and streams in forest or sparse trees, limestone bluffs.  The two subspecies may be separate species.

M. c. caeruleus occurs up to 3650 m from Himalayas and foothills of Turkestan and n,c Afghanistan e through n Pakistan, n,e India to se Tibet, c,s China and s through se Asia to s Burma and n Thailand.
   M. c. flavirostris.  Malay Peninsula, peninsular Thailand; Sumatra and Java.

Myiophonus insularis  FORMOSAN WHISTLING-THRUSH.  Forest streams.  Mts. of Taiwan.
Geomalia heinrichi  GEOMALIA..  Forest floor.  Mts., 1500-3500 m of n,sc,se Sulawesi. Affinities unclear, probably closest to Myiophonus or Zoothera, but sometimes treated as a babbler (Sylviidae:Timaliini) or close to Garrulax.

Zoothera schistacea  SLATY-BACKED THRUSH.  Forest.  Lowlands of theTanimbar Islands.
Zoothera dumasi  MOLUCCAN THRUSH.  Forest.  Mts., 800-1300 m on Buru and Ceram islands in the s Moluccas.
Zoothera interpres  CHESTNUT-CAPPED THRUSH.  Forest floor.  Hills and mts., 200-1800 m in s peninsular Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Borneo; s Philippine islands of Basilan, Sulu Arch.

More than one species may be involved, but all forms are insular in distribution; Z. leucolaema of w Sumatra is especially distinctive.

Zoothera erythronota  RED-BACKED THRUSH.  Forest floor.  Lowlands to 1000 m of Sulawesi and Peleng Island and sympatric with Z. peronii on Timor and with Z. interpres from Lombok to Flores.
Zoothera dohertyi  CHESTNUT-BACKED THRUSH.  Forest floor.  Lowlands of the Lesser Sunda Is. of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores and w Timor.
Zoothera wardii  PIED THRUSH.  Wooded ravines, forest, towns.  Mts., 1200-2450 m of n,ne India from Himachal Pradesh e to Arunachal Pradesh and the Cachar Hills.  Winters in Sri Lanka.
Zoothera cinerea  ASHY THRUSH.  Forest.  Philippine Islands of Luzon and Mindoro.

Zoothera peronii  ORANGE-BANDED THRUSH.  Forest.  Up to 1200 m on Timor, Wetar, Romang, Damar and Babar in the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Zoothera citrina  ORANGE-HEADED THRUSH.  Forest, often riparian, second growth, farms.  Locally in foothills and mts. to 2300 m from n Pakistan and India s to Kerala, e to s,e China, Hainan, and s through se Asia in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, s Vietnam and Malaya; Andaman and Nicobar islands; Sumatra, Java, Bali; n Borneo (= Sabah) where known only from Mt. Kinabalu and Mt. Trus Madi.
Zoothera everetti  EVERETT'S THRUSH.  Forest.  Mts., 1200-2100 m of Borneo in c,n Sarawak and Sabah e to Mt. Kinabalu.

Zoothera sibirica  SIBERIAN THRUSH.  Forest undergrowth.  E Asia in c,e Siberia, n Manchuria, s to Lake Baikal, e to Sakhalin and Sea of Okhotsk; Japan from Hokkaido to c Honshu.
Zoothera naevia  VARIED THRUSH. (Formerly placed in Ixoreus).  Humid coniferous forest, tall shrubs.  From w,n Alaska, n Yukon and w,nw Mackenzie s through c,s Alaska, British Columbia, including Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands, sw Alberta, nw Montana, n Idaho, Washington and Oregon (exc. se) to extreme nw California.
Zoothera pinicola  AZTEC THRUSH.  Humid montane forests, pine-oak.  Mts., 2400-3350 m from s Chihuahua and wc Coahuila s through Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, Distrito Federal, Hidalgo and Puebla to wc Veracruz and c Oaxaca w of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.  Previously placed in Ridgwayia.

Zoothera piaggiae  ABYSSINIAN GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest.  Mts., 1500-2800 m, usually below 2050 m where in contact with tanganjicae.  Ne,ce Zaire, se Sudan, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya and ne Tanzania.  Sympatric with gurneyi on Mt. Kenya.  Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 354) include tanganjicae in piaggiae, "... pending evidence that the parapatry claimed by Prigogene exists between breeding populations of the two in eastern Zaire" rather than due to altitudinal movements of one or the other.
Zoothera tanganjicae  KIVU GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest.  Mts., 1500-2900 m, usually above 2050 m where in contact with piaggiae.  Ne, ce Zaire and sw Uganda.  Occurs above oberlaenderi.  See note under Z. piaggiae.

Zoothera crossleyi  CROSSLEY'S GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest.  Mts. in se Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo and adjacent Zaire.  Sometimes included in gurneyi.
Zoothera gurneyi  ORANGE GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest.  Locally in mts. and lowlands to 1450 m in wc Angola and from ne,ce,se Zaire, Tanzania (except nw) and se Kenya s through Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique and e Zimbabwe to e S. Africa in n,e Transvaal, sw Swaziland, w Natal and se Cape Prov.  Occurs with piaggiae only on Mt. Kenya.
Zoothera oberlaenderi  OBERLAENDER'S GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest.  Up to 1450 m in ne,ce Zaire and w Uganda.  Sympatric with gurneyi in e Zaire.

Zoothera cameronensis  BLACK-EARED GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands in Cameroon, Gabon, ne Zaire and nw Uganda.  Apparently sympatric with gurneyi, oberlaenderi and princei in ne Zaire.

The East African List Committee treat the two specimens from the mts. of w Uganda which formed the basis for Z. kibalensis, as specimens of Z. cameronensis (D. A. Turner, pers. comm.).

Zoothera princei  GREY GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest.  Locally in lowlands in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, s Cameroon, Gabon and ne Zaire.
Zoothera guttata  SPOTTED GROUND-THRUSH.  Forest, often riparian.  Records of migrants or vagrants in Sudan (?), Kenya, Tanzania and extreme se Zaire; breeding records in s Malawi and se S. Africa in coastal Natal and se Cape Prov.  The name Zoothera fischeri was used for this species by Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993, p. 206), but only the name Z. guttata was cited by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 353).  Turdus fischeri is used in other publications.
Zoothera spiloptera  SPOT-WINGED THRUSH.  Forest, woods.  Mts. 300-1500 m of Sri Lanka.

Zoothera andromedae  SUNDA THRUSH.  Forest.  Lowlands and mts. of Sumatra incl. Enggano, w Java and Lesser Sunda Is. of Bali, Lombok, Flores, Timor, Wetar, Romang and Moa; mts. above 1000 m of the Philippine islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and Mindanao.
Zoothera mollissima  PLAIN-BACKED THRUSH.  Forest undergrowth, rocky ground with bushes, bare slopes above timberline.  Himalayas, 2400-4300 m in n Pakistan, n,e India, se Tibet and sw China.
Zoothera dixoni  LONG-TAILED THRUSH.  Dense forest of fir, birch, rhododendron near timberline; junipers and scrub above timberline.  Himalayas, 1800-4300 m from n,e India, se Tibet, sw China and n Burma.
Zoothera dauma  SCALY THRUSH.  Forest floor, woods, undergrowth.

The two subspecies groups may be separate species, and there may be more than one species in the dauma group; it includes many insular forms.  The song of the aurea group is similar to that of the Varied Thrush (Z. naevia).  Songs of the dauma group (and Z. major), are typical thrush songs, varied with tonal variation in phrases (Cramp, et al. Handbook Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa, 5:917).  Haffer (1989. p. 739 in Glutz and Bauer, Handbook Vögel Mitteleuropas, vol. 2, pt. 1) commented on the "subspecies groups".
 Z. d. aurea.  From lowlands of c,se Russia w to the Ural Mts., e across s Siberia to ne Mongolia, nw Manchuria, Korea and Japan from Hokkaido to c Honshu.

Z. d. dauma.  Hills and mts., 600-2650 m in the Himalayas of n Pakistan , n,e,s peninsular India and the Himalayas from Kashmir e to Arunachal Pradesh and s to Bangladesh and Manipur; w Ghats from Mysore to Kerala; Sri Lanka; se Tibet, w,sc China, Taiwan; se Asia except c,sw Thailand and Malaya; mts., 2000-2800 m in Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok.  Includes horsfieldi.

Zoothera major  AMAMI THRUSH.  Forest floor, woods, undergrowth.  Amami-o-Shima I. in the Ryukyu Islands.
Zoothera machiki  FAWN-BREASTED THRUSH.  Forest floor, woods, undergrowth.  Known only from Larat Island in the Tanimbar Islands.
Zoothera lunulata  OLIVE-TAILED THRUSH.  Humid forest floor, wood, coastal scrub.  Locally in New Guinea where known from a few scattered localities, 750-1700 m in the Snow Mts., e highlands, Adelbert Mts., Huon Peninsula and se ranges; Mussau I. in the St. Matthias Group in the n Bismarck Arch., and on Choiseul I. in the n Solomon Is.  E,se Australia from ne,se Queensland (Atherton Tableland region from Bunya Mts. area south), s through e New S. Wales to e,s Victoria and se S. Australia w to the Mt. Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo I.; Tasmania.  Often included in dauma; sympatric with heinei between 550 and 775 m elevation in Queensland.

Zoothera heinei  RUSSET-TAILED THRUSH.  Forest.  E Queensland n to Bowen River, and New S. Wales s to Newcastle area.  Occurs at lower elevations than lunulata.
Zoothera talaseae  NEW BRITAIN THRUSH.  Forest.  Mts., 550-1500 m on Umboi I. and New Britain Island in the cs Bismarck Arch., and Bougainville I. in the nw Solomon Is.
Zoothera margaretae  SAN CRISTOBAL THRUSH.  Forest floor.  Mts. above 550 m on San Cristobal and Guadalcanal islands in the Solomon Islands.  Sometimes merged with talaseae.
Zoothera monticola  LONG-BILLED THRUSH.  Riparian forest thickets, swampy areas.  Himalayas, 1800-3050 m in n,e India, w,ne Burma and n Vietnam.

Zoothera marginata  DARK-SIDED THRUSH.  Riparian forest.  Himalayas, 900-1950 m in ne,e India, sw China, Burma, nw,sw,se Thailand, Laos and n,c Vietnam.
*Zoothera terrestris  BONIN THRUSH.  Extinct.  Bonin Islands off s Japan.
Cataponera turdoides  SULAWESI THRUSH.  Humid forest floor.  Mts., 1100-2400 m of c,s,se Sulawesi.
Nesocichla eremita  TRISTAN THRUSH.  Forest.  Inaccessible, Nightingale and Tristan da Cunha islands in the Tristan da Cunha group.  Probably related to Turdus.
Cichlherminia lherminieri  FOREST THRUSH.  Forest.  Lesser Antillean islands of Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica and St. Lucia.

Sialia sialis  EASTERN BLUEBIRD.  Open woods, forest edge, farms, pine savanna.  From s Saskatchewan e across s Canada to New Brunswick and sw Nova Scotia; south, east of the Rockies to n Tamaulipas, s Texas, Gulf coast and s Florida, and from se Arizona s in highlands, 1200-3200 m of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras to n Nicaragua; lowland pine savanna in Honduras and Nicaragua.
Sialia mexicana  WESTERN BLUEBIRD.  Open woods, forest edge, farms, savanna.  From s British Columbia, s Alberta, cw Saskatchewan, w,sc Montana and nc Colorado s through mts. to n Baja California, w,s Nevada, s Utah, w,se Arizona and ne Sonora; Mexican highlands, 2000-2750 m, to Michoacán, México, Morelos, Puebla and wc Veracruz, and e to sw Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, w Texas and c New Mexico.
Sialia currucoides  MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.  Open forest, meadows, pinyon-juniper woods, open country.  From ec Alaska s Yukon, s Mackenzie, nc Alberta, c Saskatchewan and w Manitoba and nw Minnesota, s in mts. to s Calif., c,se Nevada, n,se Arizona and s New Mexico, e to ne N. Dakota, w S. Dakota, w Nebraska and c Oklahoma.

Myadestes myadestinus  KAMAO.  Forest.  Mts. on Kauai I., Hawaiian Is.  Near extinction.

*Myadestes oahensis  AMAUI.  Forest.  Extinct; last recorded in 1825.  Formerly on Oahu, Hawaii Is.
Myadestes lanaiensis  OLOMAO.  Forest.  Mts. of Molokai; nearing extinction.  Formerly also on Lanai I., now extirpated.
Myadestes obscurus  OMAO.  Forest, alpine scrub.  Mts. of Hawaii I., nearing extinction.
Myadestes palmeri  PUAIOHI.  Forest.  Kauai I.; near extinction.
Myadestes townsendi  TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE.  Coniferous forest.  From ec,sc,se Alaska, s Yukon, wc,sw Mackenzie, sw Alberta, sw Saskatchewan, w,s Montana, ne Wyoming, sw S. Dakota and nw Nebraska s in mts. to s Calif., n,ec Arizona, c New Mexico and, in Mexico to Durango, Jalisco and Zacatecas.

Myadestes occidentalis  BROWN-BACKED SOLITAIRE.  Pine-oak forest, humid forest.  Mts. 600-3050 m, from se Sonora, s Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Tres Marías Is., Jalisco, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí and s Tamaulipas s through Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador to c Honduras, e to the Comayagua Valley.  Formerly called Myadestes obscurus, but with the merger of Phaeornis in Myadestes, the species name obscurus must be applied to the Omao of Hawaii; see above.
Myadestes elisabeth  CUBAN SOLITAIRE.  Forest.  Locally in mts. of w,e Cuba; formerly Isle of Pines.
Myadestes genibarbis  RUFOUS-THROATED SOLITAIRE.  Forest.  Mts. of Jamaica, Hispaniola, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia and St. Vincent in the Antilles.

Myadestes melanops  BLACK-FACED SOLITAIRE.  Humid forest.  Mts., 900-1800 m in Costa Rica and w Panama, e to Veraguas.  Often lumped with ralloides.
Myadestes coloratus  VARIED SOLITAIRE.  Humid forest.  Mts. above 800 m in e Panama (e Darien) and extreme nw Colombia on Cerro Tacarcuna in nw Chocó.  Often combined with M. ralloides.
Myadestes ralloides  ANDEAN SOLITAIRE.  Humid forest.  Mts., 750-2700 m from Colombia and w,n Venezuela, s through the Andes of w,e Ecuador and e,c Peru to wc Bolivia in La Paz and Cochabamba.
Myadestes unicolor  SLATE-COLORED SOLITAIRE.  Woods, brush, cloud forest.  Mts., 300-2100 m from Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz s through Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, n El Salvador and Honduras to nc Nicaragua.

Cichlopsis leucogenys  RUFOUS-BROWN SOLITAIRE.  Often placed in Myadestes.  Forest.  Locally in mts. 900-2300 m in sw Guyana, se Venezuela, nw Ecudor, c Peru and coastal se Brazil. Bill short, black maxilla, yellow mandible; plumage of back, head, and upper breast pale rufous, pale gray to rufescent below with pale orange crissum; tail brown, central pair of rectrices with ochraceous tips.
Entomodestes leucotis  WHITE-EARED SOLITAIRE.  Humid forest.  Andes, 1350-2600 m in n,e Peru and wc Bolivia.
Entomodestes coracinus  BLACK SOLITAIRE.  Humid forest.  Andes, 400-2450 m in w Colombia and nw Ecuador.

Catharus gracilirostris  BLACK-BILLED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.  Woods, scrub, park-like open pastures.  Mts., 2400-3500 m in Costa Rica and w Panama.
Catharus aurantiirostris  ORANGE-BILLED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.  Scrub, brush, woodland edge, undergrowth.  Mts., 600-2600 m from Sinaloa, sw Chihuahua, Durango Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, se San Luis Potosí and sw Tamaulipas s (except Yucatán and Belize) to Nicaragua and nw,sw Costa Rica, w Panama and mts. 600-2900 m in n,w Colombia, w,n Venezuela; Trinidad.
Catharus fuscater  SLATY-BACKED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.  Humid forest, woods.  Mts. 900-1850 m in Costa Rica and w Panama; mts. 600-2900 m from e Panama, Colombia, w Venezuela s through the Andes of w,e Ecuador and Peru to wc Bolivia.

Catharus occidentalis  RUSSET NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, pine-oak.  Mts. in the Sierra Madre Occidental of w Chihuahua, e Sinaloa and nw,s Durango, Nayarit, Michoacán, Guanajuato, e Coahuila, s Nuevo León, sw Tamaulipas and e San Luis Potosí s to wc Veracruz and c Oaxaca.

Formerly confused with, and included in, C. frantzii, from which it differs vocally and with which it is sympatric during the breeding season.

Catharus frantzii  RUDDY-CAPPED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.  Humid forest, undergrowth, edge, pine-oak.  Mts., 1500-3050 m from w Jalisco, Michoacán, se San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo s (except Yucatán and Belize) through Central America to w Panama.  In Costa Rica tends to occur below gracilirostris and above aurantiirostris and fuscater.
Catharus mexicanus  BLACK-HEADED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.  Forest undergrowth, woods, second growth.  Mts., 300-1600 m from s Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, Veracruz, México, Puebla, n,se Oaxaca and Chiapas s through e Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica to w Panama, e to Veraguas.
Catharus dryas  SPOTTED NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH.  Humid forest undergrowth, edge, thickets.  Mts., 750-3050 m in e Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.  Mts. 700-2200 m from sc,e Colombia and w Venezuela s through the Andes of w,e Ecuador, Peru and c,se Bolivia to nw Argentina.

Catharus fuscescens  VEERY.  Deciduous or mixed woods, swampy forest, riparian willows, alders.  From sc,se British Columbia and c Alberta e across s Canada to sw Newfoundland and c Nova Scotia, s to c Oregon, ne Nevada, s Idaho, se Wyoming, locally in ec Arizona, sc Colorado, ne S. Dakota, Iowa, n Illinois, nc Indiana, n Ohio; Appalachian Mts. to e Tennessee, w N. Carolina and nw Georgia; and Atlantic lowlands to e Pennsylvania, c New Jersey and Washington, D.C.
Catharus minimus  GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH.  Coniferous forest, tall shrubby areas.  Ne Siberia from the Kolyma and Anadyr rivers to the Chukotski Peninsula; from n Alaska, n Yukon, n Mackenzie and s Keewatin e across n Canada to Labrador and Newfoundland, s to s Alaska, nw British Columbia, ne Saskatchewan, n Manitoba, extreme nw Ontario, c Quebec, Newfoundland, St. Pierre and Miquelon.

Catharus bicknelli  BICKNELL'S THRUSH.  Depressed spruce and balsam fir, mostly on mountain summits.  At least formerly in se Quebec, the Maritime Provinces of e Canada, e New York and c New England.  Now confined to scattered localities in the Maritime Provinces and Vermont.

C. bicknelli was viewed as a race of C. minimus until Ouellet (1993. Wilson Bull. 105:545) provided evidence that bicknelli is a separate species.  It is smaller and browner than minimus, differs in bill color and vocalizations.  It is possibly an endangered species.

Catharus ustulatus  SWAINSON'S THRUSH.  Coniferous forest, mixed woods, riparian woods, thickets, second growth.

C. u. swainsoni.  From w,c Alaska, c Yukon, w,s Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across n Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland, s to s Alaska, ce Calif., c Nevada, c Utah, nc New Mexico, extreme n Nebraska, e Wyoming, w Montana, sw,c Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, n Minnesota, n Wisconsin, n Michigan, s Ontario, s Quebec, s New York, n Pennsylvania and Massachusetts; Appalachians of e W. Virginia, w Virginia and w Maryland.
 C. u. ustulatus.  Humid coastal regions from se Alaska s to s Calif., inland to c Washington and c Oregon.

Catharus guttatus  HERMIT THRUSH.  Mixed forest or conifers, wooded bogs, dry sandy pine woods, second growth.  From w,c Alaska, s Yukon, s Mackenzie and n Saskatchewan e across c Canada to s Labrador and Newfoundland, s to s Alaska and in mts. to s Calif., s Nevada, c,se Arizona, s New Mexico and extreme w Texas; e of the Rockies to c Alberta, c Saskatchewan, s Manitoba, nc,ne Minnesota, c Wisconsin, nc Michigan, s Ontario, ne Ohio, c Pennsylvania, e W. Virginia, w Virginia, w Maryland, s New Jersey, s New York and s New England.
Catharus mustelinus  WOOD THRUSH.  Deciduous forest, woods.  From se Manitoba, e N. and S. Dakota, e Nebraska, c,e Kansas, c,e Oklahoma and e,c Texas e in s Canada to Nova Scotia and in the e U.S. to the Atlantic coast, s to the Gulf coast and n Florida.

DNA hybridization indicates a closer relationship to Catharus than to Turdus, but it has some Turdus-like behavior patterns.

Platycichla flavipes  YELLOW-LEGGED THRUSH.  Forest.  Locally in mts., 500-2600 m in ne,e Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago and w Guyana; e,se Brazil, e Paraguay and ne Argentina.
Platycichla leucops  PALE-EYED THRUSH.  Humid forest.  Locally in mts., 900-2600 m in Colombia, nw,w,s Venezuela, w Guyana and extreme nw Brazil; Andes from w,e Ecuador s through Peru to c Bolivia.

Psophocichla litsipsirupa  GROUNDSCRAPER THRUSH.  Open savanna woodland.  Highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea; hills and lowlands from Angola, Zambia, se Zaire and s Tanzania, s through Malawi and Zimbabwe to c Namibia, Botswana, sw Mozambique and ne S. Africa.  Often placed in Turdus, but generic relationships uncertain.

  The name "litsipsirupa" is based on a native name describing the song.

Turdus pelios  AFRICAN THRUSH.  Humid forest and savanna near water.  Lowlands in Senegambia, s Mali, Burkina Faso, s Niger, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Cameroon Mountain, Fernando Po I., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Zaire, C. Afr. Rep., s Chad and s Sudan to Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and w Kenya, s to c Angola, c Zambia, w Tanzania.  Sometimes included in olivaceus, but sympatry reported.
Turdus tephronotus  BARE-EYED THRUSH.  Arid thorn scrub.  Lowlands in c,s Ethiopia, s Somalia, n,e Kenya and ne Tanzania.
Turdus libonyanus  KURRICHANE THRUSH.  Deciduous woods, acacia, often near water.  Lowlands in Tanzania, Burundi, se Zaire and Angola s to ne Namibia, n,e Botswana, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and ne S. Africa in Transvaal, Natal and e Cape Province.
Turdus olivaceofuscus  OLIVACEOUS THRUSH.  Forest.  São Tomé and Príncipe islands in the Gulf of Guinea, off West Africa.  Closely related to olivaceus.

Turdus olivaceus  OLIVE THRUSH.  Forest, riparian bush, woods.

Some of these allopatric montane populations may be separate species.
 T. o. abyssinicus.  Mts. from s Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea s through Uganda, w,c Kenya, ne,ce Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi and sw,c Tanzania to ne Zambia and n Malawi.
 T. o. ludoviciae.  Mts. of n Somalia.
 T. o. oldeani.  Mts., nc Tanzania.
 T. o. roehli.  Mts., ne Tanzania.
 T. o. swynnertoni.  Mts., s Malawi, wc,sw Mozambique and e Zimbabwe.
 T. o. olivaceus.  Lowlands and mts. in s Namibia and S. Africa.

Turdus helleri  TAITA THRUSH.  Forest, woods.  Taita Hills area of se Kenya.  Formerly treated as a race of T. olivaceus, but the East African List Committee follow Zimmerman, Turner and Pearson (in prep.) in considering helleri a separate species.  Treated as a race of T. olivaceus by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1993, p. 353).
Turdus menachensis  YEMEN THRUSH.  Woods, forest.  Mts. of sw Arabia from the Asir Mts. to Yemen; n at least to the Hejaz Mts. of w Saudi Arabia where a nest was found ca. 10 km sse of Taif, June 20, 1982 (R. Merriss, pers. comm.).  Treated as a race of T. olivaceus by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire (1990, p. 353).

Turdus bewsheri  COMORO THRUSH.  Evergreen forest.  Grand Comoro, Mohéli and Anjouan islands in the Comoro Islands.
Turdus hortulorum  GREY-BACKED THRUSH.  Open oak woods and riparian thickets.  Ne Asia in e Siberia, Manchuria and Korea.
Turdus unicolor  TICKELL'S THRUSH.  Open woods, willow groves, orchards.  Himalayas, 1350-2000 m in n Pakistan and n India from Kashmir e to Nepal and possibly Sikkim.
Turdus dissimilis  BLACK-BREASTED THRUSH.  Forest, woods, usually with undergrowth.  Mts., 1200-2450 m in e India, w,ne Burma, sw China, n Thailand, ne Laos and nw Vietnam.
Turdus cardis  JAPANESE THRUSH.  Deciduous woods in sparse undergrowth.  Japan on Hokkaido, n,c Honshu, Shikoku and c China in the Yangtze Valley in Kweichow, Anhwei, Hunan and Hupeh.

Turdus albocinctus  WHITE-COLLARED BLACKBIRD.  Open mixed forest, undergrowth, edge.  Himalayas, 2250-4300 m of n India, se Tibet, sw China and nw Burma.
Turdus torquatus  RING OUZEL.  Open moors, rocky hills, sparse woods, edge.  Locally, mostly in mts.  British Isles (exc. se), n Scandinavia, incl. most of Norway and extreme nw Russia.  Cn Algeria; n Iberian Peninsula, nw,c,e France, s Germany, Switzerland, n Italy, s Poland, Czechoslovakia, Balkans s to Albania, Turkey, Caucasus, w Transcaspia and n Iran.
Turdus boulboul  GREY-WINGED BLACKBIRD.  Dense broad-leaved forest, oaks, rhododendron.  Himalayas, 1800-3200 m in n Pakistan, n,e India, n Burma, s China, nw Thailand, n Laos and n Vietnam.

Turdus merula  EURASIAN BLACKBIRD.  Woods, undergrowth, thickets, towns, open areas.  Lowlands to high mts. from Iceland, the British Isles and c Scandinavia e across c Russia to the Ural Mts., s to e Atlantic islands of Madeira, Azores and Canary Is.; nw Africa from nw Mauritania and Morocco e to Tunisia; n Mediterranean region incl. most islands exc. Cyprus; Turkey, Near East, ne Egypt, n Iraq, Caucasus, s Transcaspia, Turkestan, Iran, ne Afghanistan and Himalayas (2700-4900 m) of n Pakistan and n India to s Tibet and China n to w Sinkiang, se Shensi, s Hupeh and s Honan; Hainan I.; hills above 900 m of peninsular India from Gujarat s to Kerala and from Orissa s to s Andhra Pradesh; Sri Lanka.  Introduced in e Australia and New Zealand.
Turdus poliocephalus  ISLAND THRUSH.  Forest floor, edge, second growth.

Many subspecies have been described and named in addition to those listed below.  Some are so distinctive that they could be treated as species.
 T. p. poliocephalus.  Lowlands and mts. to 3500 m, mostly above 700 m. on islands.  Taiwan; Christmas I. in the Indian Ocean; Sumatra, Java, Bali, Timor, n Borneo (Sabah), s,sw Sulawesi; Philippines on Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Mindanao; Seram I. in s Moluccas; Mussau, Tolokiwa, New Britain, New Ireland in the Bismarck Arch.; Bougainville, Kulambangra, Guadalcanal and Rennell in the Solomon Is.; Utupua and Vanikoro in the Santa Cruz Is.; Banks Is.; Vanuatu from Espíritu Santo to Tanna; Loyalty Is.; Norfolk I.; Lord Howe I.; Fiji; w Samoa on Savaii, Upolu.
 T. p. papuensis.  Mts., 2200-4100 m of New Guinea from the Snow Mts. to the central highlands, se ranges and Huon Peninsula, incl Karkar I.

T. p. canescens.  Goodenough I. in the D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago.
 T. p. xanthopus.  New Caledonia.

Turdus rubrocanus  CHESTNUT THRUSH.  Coniferous forest, mainly firs and mixed forest.  Himalayas, 1500-3650 m in n Afghanistan, n Pakistan, n India from Kashmir e to Nepal and Sikkim; se Tibet, sw,c China.
Turdus kessleri  WHITE-BACKED THRUSH.  Coniferous forest, junipers.  Himalayas of w China from Kansu and e Tsinghai s to w Szechwan.
Turdus feae  GREY-SIDED THRUSH.  Forest.  Mts. of ne China in n Hopeh n of Beijing.
Turdus obscurus  EYEBROWED THRUSH.  Dense conifers or mixed woods, often riparian.  E Asia in c,s Siberia, ne Mongolia and Japan on c Honshu and probably on Hokkaido.

Turdus pallidus  PALE THRUSH.  Dense forest, mixed or coniferous.  E Asia in se Siberia and n Manchuria.
Turdus chrysolaus  BROWN-HEADED THRUSH.  Mixed open woods with shrubs.  Se Siberia on Sakhalin, n,c Kuril Is., and Japan from Hokkaido to the mts. of Honshu.
Turdus celaenops  IZU THRUSH.  Deciduous woods, towns.  Tokara Islands of Tairajima and Nakanoshima.  Formerly on Yaku Jima in the Izu Is., but no records since 1911.
Turdus ruficollis  DARK-THROATED THRUSH.  Open riparian woods, thickets.

The black-throated populations occur in the western portion of the range, red-throated in the eastern portion.  They interbreed in the contact zone in the Altai region and along the lower Tunguska River.
 T. r. atrogularis.  Black-throated populations.  E Russia from upper Kama River to the Ural Mts.; w Siberia from Yenisei River and lower Tunguska River, s to Altai Mts., and w China in w,n Sinkiang.
 T. r. ruficollis.  Red-throated populations.  W Siberia from Altai Mts. and Sayan Mts. e to upper Tunguska River and Lake Baikal, and n Mongolia.

Turdus naumanni  DUSKY THRUSH.  Open forest, woods, edge, scrub.

T. n. naumanni differs from eunomus by having the breast and flanks spotted with chestnut instead of brownish black, less chestnut in the wing but more in the tail, chestnut pigments much brighter (Vaurie, C. 1959. The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna, vol. 2, p. 398).
 T. n. eunomus.  N Siberia from lower Yenisei River and Tunguska River e across the n taiga to Lena R., Kolyma R., Kamchatka and Commander Is.
 T. n. naumanni.  C,se Siberia from upper Yenisei and s Tunguska rivers e to upper Lena R. and the Sea of Okhotsk, s to Lake Baikal, n Amurland and Sakhalin.

Turdus pilaris  FIELDFARE.  Forest, woods, often near marshes, towns.  From s Greenland, Faroes, British Isles (locally) and Scandinavia e across n,c,se Russia and w,c Siberia to Lena R., Lake Baikal and Sayan Mts., s to France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, nc Greece and Ukraine.
Turdus iliacus  REDWING.  Birch, alder and coniferous forest, tundra with scrub willow and birch.  From Iceland, Faroe Is., Scotland and n Scandinavia e across n,c Russia and n Siberia to Lena R., Kolyma R. and Lake Baikal, s to ne France, Belgium, ne Germany, Poland and n Ukraine.  The Redwing was formerly called Turdus musicus.
Turdus philomelos  SONG THRUSH.  Woods, thickets, scrub, towns.  From British Isles and Scandinavia e across nw,c Russia and wc,sw Siberia to Lake Baikal and Sayan Mts., s to n Spain, n Mediterranean region, incl. Corsica and Sicily, Balkans (exc. c,s Greece), n Turkey, s Russia to the Black Sea, Caucasus, Transcaucasus; n Iran and extreme w China in w Sinkiang.  Intro. Australia and New Zealand.  The Song Thrush was formerly called Turdus ericetorum.

Turdus mupinensis  CHINESE THRUSH.  Mixed forest with undergrowth.  Mts. of n,w,sw China from c,s Kansu e to Shensi and Hupeh and s to Szechwan and nw Yunnan.
Turdus viscivorus  MISTLE THRUSH.  Woods, forest, towns, alpine scrub.  Lowlands in the west and mts. to 3900 m in the s,e of the Palearctic.  From British Isles and Scandinavia (exc. most of Norway) e across nw,c Russia to sw Siberia (Altai, L. Baikal, Sayan Mts.) and s to nw Africa from nw Morocco to Tunisia; Mediterranean region (exc. Crete and Cyprus), Turkey and Lebanon, e through w,n Iran, Crimea, Caucasus, Transcausas, c Transcaspia, Turkestan, e Kazakhstan and Middle East to n Pakistan, n India from Kashmir to w Nepal and w China in w,n Sinkiang.
Turdus aurantius  WHITE-CHINNED THRUSH.  Woods, towns.  Hills and mts. of Jamaica.

*Turdus ravidus  GRAND CAYMAN THRUSH.  Extinct.  Formerly Grand Cayman I., last recorded 1938.
Turdus plumbeus  RED-LEGGED THRUSH.  Forest, woods, towns, thickets.  Lowlands and mts. in the n Bahamas s to Andros and Cat I.; Cuba, incl. adj. islets and Isle of Pines; Cayman Brac I. in the Cayman Is.; Swan Is.; Hispaniola incl. Gonâve, Tortue and Saona is.; Puerto Rico and Dominica.
Turdus chiguanco  CHIGUANCO THRUSH.  Riparian woods, orchards.  Coastal lowlands and mts. from s Ecuador s through Peru to n,c Chile, cw,c,s Bolivia and w Argentina.
Turdus nigrescens  SOOTY THRUSH.  Paramo, humid forest edge, pastures, scrub.  High mts. near and above timberline in Costa Rica and w Panama in extreme w Chiriquí.

Turdus fuscater  GREAT THRUSH.  Forest edge, grassland with small trees, bushes, paramo.  Mts., 1350-4300 m from Colombia and nw Venezuela s through the Andes of Ecuador to Peru and wc Bolivia.
Turdus infuscatus  BLACK THRUSH.  Humid forest, edge, oak woods.  Mts., 900-3500 m from Guerrero, México, Hidalgo, e San Luis Potosí and sw Tamaulipas s through Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala and El Salvador to w,c Honduras.